Air最新文献 - Book学术

Designating Airsheds in India for Urban and Regional Air Quality Management 为城市和区域空气质量管理指定印度空气流域

Air Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.3390/air2030015

S. Guttikunda

引用次数: 0

Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Fogwater Chemistry in Alsace 阿尔萨斯雾水化学的时空演变

Air Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.3390/air2030014

Dani Khoury, Maurice Millet, Y. Jabali, Thomas Weissenberger, O. Delhomme

{"title":"Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Fogwater Chemistry in Alsace","authors":"Dani Khoury, Maurice Millet, Y. Jabali, Thomas Weissenberger, O. Delhomme","doi":"10.3390/air2030014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air2030014","url":null,"abstract":"For the current article, forty-two fogwater samples are collected at four sites in Alsace (Strasbourg, Geispolsheim, Erstein, and Cronenbourg) between 2015 and 2021, except 2019 and 2020. Spatio-temporal evolution is studied for their inorganic fraction (ions and heavy metals), and physico-chemical properties (pH, conductivity (K), liquid water content (LWC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)). The analyses show a remarkable shifting in pH from acidic to basic mainly due to the significant decrease in sulfate and nitrate levels. The calculated median LWC is somehow low (37.8–69.5 g m3) in fog samples, preventing the collection of large fog volumes. The median DOC varies between 14.3 and 24.4 ppm, whereas the median conductivity varies from 97.8 to 169.8 µS cm−1. Total ionic concentration (TIC) varies from 1338.3 to 1952.4 µEq L−1, whereas the total concentration of metals varies in the range of 1547.2 and 2860.3 µg L−1. The marine contribution is found to be negligible at all sites for the investigated elements. NH4+, in most samples, is capable alone to neutralize the acidity. On one hand, NH4+, Ca2+, NO3−, and SO42− are the dominant ions found in all samples, accounting for more than 80% of the TIC. On the other hand, Zn and Ni are the dominant metals accounting for more than 78% of the total elemental concentration. Heavy metals are found to primarily originate from crust as well as human-made activities. The median concentrations of individual elements either decrease or increase over the sampling period due to the wet deposition phenomenon or weather conditions. A Pearson analysis proves some of the suggested pollutant sources due to the presence of strong and significant correlations between elements.","PeriodicalId":517268,"journal":{"name":"Air","volume":"81 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141664394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Diesel Engine Age and Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in School Buses 柴油发动机机龄与校车细颗粒物浓度

Air Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3390/air2030013

M. Szyszkowicz

{"title":"Diesel Engine Age and Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in School Buses","authors":"M. Szyszkowicz","doi":"10.3390/air2030013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air2030013","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we examine and assess the potential impact of diesel engine age on the levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in school buses. The concentration of air pollutants is influenced by several factors, including the technical characteristics of the bus and its engine, the type of fuel used, the length of the commute, the weather conditions, and the ambient air pollution. The behavior of the bus on the road, during the commute to and from school, is also important. This includes its position in traffic, the number of bus stops, boarding procedures, as well as the opening of doors and windows. Data were collected by accompanying a student during their commute to and from school, with bus commutes serving as the sampling unit. A semi-parametric regression was applied to assess the link between the PM2.5 concentration and the bus engine age. It was demonstrated that the bus engine age has a statistically significant positive correlation with the PM2.5 concentration inside the bus. The fine particulate matter concentrations during boarding at the school also depend on the engine age, indicating that bus idling affects the PM2.5 concentration. In the first two minutes before boarding in front of the school and the first two minutes inside the bus, the PM2.5 concentrations were 26.3 and 40.3 μg/m3, respectively. The findings of this study highlight the impact of bus engine age on the PM2.5 concentration, showing that the PM2.5 concentration increases with the engine age. However, the effect becomes less visible as the duration of the bus ride increases.","PeriodicalId":517268,"journal":{"name":"Air","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141706747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ozone Pollution in the North China Plain during the 2016 Air Chemistry Research in Asia (ARIAs) Campaign: Observations and a Modeling Study 2016 年亚洲空气化学研究（ARIAs）活动期间华北平原的臭氧污染：观测和模拟研究

Air Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.3390/air2020011

Hao He, Zhanqing Li, Russell R. Dickerson

{"title":"Ozone Pollution in the North China Plain during the 2016 Air Chemistry Research in Asia (ARIAs) Campaign: Observations and a Modeling Study","authors":"Hao He, Zhanqing Li, Russell R. Dickerson","doi":"10.3390/air2020011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020011","url":null,"abstract":"To study air pollution in the North China Plain (NCP), the Air Chemistry Research in Asia (ARIAs) campaign conducted airborne measurements of air pollutants in spring 2016. High pollutant concentrations, with O3 > 100 ppbv, CO > 500 ppbv, and NO2 > 10 ppbv, were observed. CMAQ simulations with the 2010 EDGAR emissions capture the spatial and temporal variations in ozone and its major precursors such as NO2 and VOCs, with significant underestimation. Differences between CMAQ simulations and satellite observations reflect changes in anthropogenic emissions, decreased NOx emissions in megacities such as Beijing, but slight increases in other cities and rural areas. CMAQ also underestimates HCHO and CO, suggesting adjustments of the 2010 EDGAR emissions are necessary. HCHO/NO2 column ratios derived from OMI measurements and CMAQ simulations show that VOC-sensitive chemistry dominates the ozone photochemical production in eastern China, suggesting the importance of tightening regulations on anthropogenic VOC emissions. After adjusting emissions based on satellite observations, better model performance was achieved. Because of the VOC-sensitive environment in ozone chemistry over the NCP, the underestimation of anthropogenic emissions could be important for CMAQ simulations, while future study and regulations should focus on VOC emissions with continuous controls on NOx emissions in China.","PeriodicalId":517268,"journal":{"name":"Air","volume":"62 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141381724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantifying the Environmental Impact of Private and Commercial Pilot License Training in Canada 量化加拿大私人和商业飞行员执照培训对环境的影响

Air Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.3390/air2020010

Syed A. Q. Rizvi, Suzanne Kearns, S. Cao

{"title":"Quantifying the Environmental Impact of Private and Commercial Pilot License Training in Canada","authors":"Syed A. Q. Rizvi, Suzanne Kearns, S. Cao","doi":"10.3390/air2020010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020010","url":null,"abstract":"As the global aviation sector expands to accommodate increasing air travel demand, the subsequent rise in flights exacerbates carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, challenging the sector’s environmental sustainability. Targeting net-zero emissions by 2050, international aviation agencies are stressing the imperative of reducing emissions directly at their source. While the literature provides abundant estimates of aviation emissions from airline flights, there has been a lack of work aimed at quantifying CO2 emissions specific to the general aviation sector. This study investigates CO2 emissions attributed to the pilot training sub-sector within Canada’s general aviation sector. It specifically examines the initial phase of pilot training, known as ab initio training, extending through to the attainment of a commercial pilot license. Utilizing a mathematical framework alongside assumptions, combined with data on license issuances over a 23-year period, it estimated that each hour of flight training emits about 70.4 kg of CO2, varying between 44.9 kg and 94.9 kg per hour. Annual CO2 emissions from Canada’s ab initio pilot training are estimated at approximately 30,000 tons, with a possible range of 19,000 to 40,000 tons. The study also explores mitigation opportunities, such as flight simulation training devices and electric aircraft. Though focusing on Canada’s ab initio pilot training, the findings have international relevance.","PeriodicalId":517268,"journal":{"name":"Air","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140993999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Montana Statewide Google Earth Engine-Based Wildfire Hazardous Particulate (PM2.5) Concentration Estimation 蒙大拿州全州基于谷歌地球引擎的野火有害颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度估算

Air Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.3390/air2020009

Aspen Morgan, Jeremy Crowley, Raja M. Nagisetty

{"title":"Montana Statewide Google Earth Engine-Based Wildfire Hazardous Particulate (PM2.5) Concentration Estimation","authors":"Aspen Morgan, Jeremy Crowley, Raja M. Nagisetty","doi":"10.3390/air2020009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020009","url":null,"abstract":"Wildfires pose a direct threat to the property, life, and well-being of the population of Montana, USA, and indirectly to their health through hazardous smoke and gases emitted into the atmosphere. Studies have shown that elevated levels of particulate matter cause impacts to human health ranging from early death, to neurological and immune diseases, to cancer. Although there is currently a network of ground-based air quality sensors (n = 20) in Montana, the geographically sparse network has large gaps and lacks the ability to make accurate predictions for air quality in many areas of the state. Using the random forest method, a predictive model was developed in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment to estimate PM2.5 concentrations using satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD), dewpoint temperature (DPT), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WIND), wind direction (WDIR), pressure (PRES), and planetary-boundary-layer height (PBLH). The validity of the prediction model was evaluated using 10-fold cross validation with a R2 value of 0.572 and RMSE of 9.98 µg/m3. The corresponding R2 and RMSE values for ‘held-out data’ were 0.487 and 10.53 µg/m3. Using the validated prediction model, daily PM2.5 concentration maps (1 km-resolution) were estimated from 2012 to 2023 for the state of Montana. These concentration maps are accessible via an application developed using GEE. The product provides valuable insights into spatiotemporal trends of PM2.5 concentrations, which will be useful for communities to take appropriate mitigation strategies and minimize hazardous PM2.5 exposure.","PeriodicalId":517268,"journal":{"name":"Air","volume":"97 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Source Apportionment of Air Quality Parameters and Noise Levels in the Industrial Zones of Blantyre City 布兰太尔市工业区空气质量参数和噪音水平的来源分配

Air Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.3390/air2020008

Constance Chifuniro Utsale, C. Kaonga, Fabaino Gibson Daud Thulu, I. Kosamu, Fred Thomson, U. Chitete-Mawenda, Hiroshi Sakugawa

{"title":"Source Apportionment of Air Quality Parameters and Noise Levels in the Industrial Zones of Blantyre City","authors":"Constance Chifuniro Utsale, C. Kaonga, Fabaino Gibson Daud Thulu, I. Kosamu, Fred Thomson, U. Chitete-Mawenda, Hiroshi Sakugawa","doi":"10.3390/air2020008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020008","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in industrial activities has raised concerns regarding air quality in urban areas within Malawi. To assess the source apportionment of air quality parameters (AQPs) and noise levels, concentrations of AQPs (CO, TSP, PM 2.5, PM10) and noise levels were monitored at 15 sites in Makata, Limbe, Maselema, Chirimba, and Maone during dry and wet seasons, respectively. Active mobile multi-gas monitors and a Dylos DC1100 PRO Laser Particle Counter (2018 model) were used to monitor AQPs, while Integrated Sound Level Meters were used to measure noise levels. Monitoring and analysis were guided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Malawi Standards (MS). A Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was used to determine source apportionment of AQPs, and matrix trajectories analysed air mass movement. In the wet season, the average concentration values of CO, TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 were 0.49 ± 0.65 mg/m3, 85.03 ± 62.18 µg/m3, 14.65 ± 8.13 µg/m3, and 11.52 ± 7.19 µg/m3, respectively. Dry season average concentration values increased to 1.31 ± 0.81 mg/m3, 99.86± 30.06 µg/m3, 24.35 ± 9.53 µg/m3, and 18.28 ± 7.14 µg/m3. Noise levels remained below public MS and WHO standards (85 dB). Positive correlations between AQPs and noise levels were observed, strengthening from weak in the dry season to moderately strong in the wet season. PMF analysis identified key factors influencing AQPs accumulation, emphasizing the need for periodic sampling to monitor seasonal pollution trends, considering potential impacts on public health and environmental sustainability. Further studies should look at factors affecting the dynamics of PMF in Blantyre City.","PeriodicalId":517268,"journal":{"name":"Air","volume":"1998 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141027857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emission of Particulate Inorganic Substances from Prescribed Open Grassland Burning in Hirado, Akiyoshidai, and Aso, Japan 日本平户、秋吉台和阿苏的露天草地焚烧产生的无机物颗粒排放物

Air Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.3390/air2010004

Satoshi Irei, Seiichiro Yonemura, Satoshi Kameyama, Asahi Sakuma, Hiroto Shimazaki

{"title":"Emission of Particulate Inorganic Substances from Prescribed Open Grassland Burning in Hirado, Akiyoshidai, and Aso, Japan","authors":"Satoshi Irei, Seiichiro Yonemura, Satoshi Kameyama, Asahi Sakuma, Hiroto Shimazaki","doi":"10.3390/air2010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air2010004","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass burning is one of the largest sources of particulate matter emissions globally. However, the emission of particulate inorganic species from prescribed grassland burning in Japan has not yet been characterized. In this study, we collected total suspended particulate matter from prescribed grassland burning in Hirado, Akiyoshidai, and Aso, Japan. The collected filter samples were brought to the laboratory, and water-soluble inorganic components were analyzed via ion chromatography. The measurement results showed high excess concentrations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and these substances were highly correlated, which agreed with previously reported findings. In contrast, the concentrations of sodium, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate were insignificant, even though their high concentrations were reported in other biomass burning studies. Among these low concentration substances, a high correlation was still observed between sulfate and nitrate. It is possible that the low concentrations of those species could have been biased in the measurements, particularly as a result of subtracting blank and background values from the observed concentrations. Building up more data in this area may allow us to characterize the significance of domestic biomass burning’s contribution to inorganic particulate components in Japanese air, which may consequently contributes to better understanding of adverse health effect of airborne particulate matter.","PeriodicalId":517268,"journal":{"name":"Air","volume":"2011 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140246379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emission Characteristics and Potential Exposure Assessment of Aerosols and Ultrafine Particles at Two French Airports 法国两个机场气溶胶和超细粒子的排放特征和潜在暴露评估

Air Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.3390/air2010005

S. Artous, Eric Zimmermann, Cécile Philippot, S. Jacquinot, Dominique Locatelli, Adeline Tarantini, C. Suehs, Léa Touri, Simon Clavaguera

{"title":"Emission Characteristics and Potential Exposure Assessment of Aerosols and Ultrafine Particles at Two French Airports","authors":"S. Artous, Eric Zimmermann, Cécile Philippot, S. Jacquinot, Dominique Locatelli, Adeline Tarantini, C. Suehs, Léa Touri, Simon Clavaguera","doi":"10.3390/air2010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air2010005","url":null,"abstract":"Airports are significant contributors of atmospheric pollutant aerosols, namely ultrafine particles (UFPs). This study characterizes the particle number concentration (PNC), the median particle size (dmn50), and the metallic composition of medium-haul area and engine aerosols at two French airports (Paris-CDG and Marseille). This study followed the standard operating procedures for characterizing aerosol emissions from 5 nm to 8 μm (OECD, 2015; EN 17058:2018). It allows determining which are the specific parameters directly related to the emission sources and their contribution to the overall aerosols measured at workplace in airports. The particulate emissions observed during aircraft engine start-up were ~19× higher than the average airborne concentration. The particle size distributions remained mostly <250 nm with dmn50 < 100 nm (showing a specificity for the medium-haul area with an average dmn50 of ~12 nm). The dmn50 can be used to distinguish emission peaks due to aircrafts (dmn50~15 nm) from those due to apron vehicle activities (dmn50 > 20 nm). Chemical elements (titanium and zinc) were identified as potential tracers of aircraft emissions and occurred mainly at the micrometric scale. For aircraft engine emissions, UFPs are mainly due to fuel combustion with the presence of carbon/oxygen. The study concludes with suggestions for future research to extend on the findings presented.","PeriodicalId":517268,"journal":{"name":"Air","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of Machine Learning to Estimate Ammonia Atmospheric Emissions and Concentrations 应用机器学习估算氨在大气中的排放量和浓度

Air Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.3390/air2010003

A. Marongiu, Anna Gilia Collalto, Gabriele Giuseppe Distefano, Elisabetta Angelino

{"title":"Application of Machine Learning to Estimate Ammonia Atmospheric Emissions and Concentrations","authors":"A. Marongiu, Anna Gilia Collalto, Gabriele Giuseppe Distefano, Elisabetta Angelino","doi":"10.3390/air2010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air2010003","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an innovative method that recursively applies the machine learning Random Forest to an assumed homogeneous aerographic domain around measurement sites to predict concentrations and emissions of ammonia, an atmospheric pollutant that causes acidification and eutrophication of soil and water and contributes to secondary PM2.5. The methodology was implemented to understand the effects of weather and emission changes on atmospheric ammonia concentrations. The model was trained and tested by hourly measurements of ammonia concentrations and atmospheric turbulence parameters, starting from a constant emission scenario. The initial values of emissions were calculated based on a bottom-up emission inventory detailed at the municipal level and considering a circular area of about 4 km radius centered on measurement sites. By comparing predicted and measured concentrations for each iteration, the emissions were modified, the model’s training and testing were repeated, and the model converged to a very high performance in predicting ammonia concentrations and establishing hourly time-varying emission profiles. The ammonia concentration predictions were extremely accurate and reliable compared to the measured values. The relationship between NH3 concentrations and the calculated emissions rates is compatible with physical atmospheric turbulence parameters. The site-specific emissions profiles, estimated by the proposed methodology, clearly show a nonlinear relation with measured concentrations and allow the identification of the effect of atmospheric turbulence on pollutant accumulation. The proposed methodology is suitable for validating and confirming emission time series and defining highly accurate emission profiles for the improvement of the performances of chemical and transport models (CTMs) in combination with in situ measurements and/or optical depth from satellite observation.","PeriodicalId":517268,"journal":{"name":"Air","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140435878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0