{"title":"Identifying Trends in the Open-Access Behavior Analytic Literature via Computational Analyses (I): Simple Descriptions of Text.","authors":"Jacob Sosine, David J Cox","doi":"10.1007/s40616-022-00179-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40616-022-00179-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Published research in scientific journals are critical resources for researchers as primary sources about: what is important in the field, the direction the field is headed, how the field relates to other sciences, and as a historical record for each of these. In this exploratory study, we analyzed the articles of five behavior analytic journals to identify trends in these areas. To do this, we downloaded all available articles (<i>N</i> = 10,405) since the inception of five behavior analytic journals and one control journal. We then used computational techniques to turn the collection of raw text into a structured dataset for descriptive, exploratory analyses. We found consistent differences in the length and variability of published research across behavior analytic journals compared to a control journal. We also found increasing article lengths over time which, combined with the previous finding, may highlight changing editorial contingencies that influence the writing behavior of researchers. Further, we found evidence suggesting distinct (though still connected) verbal communities between the experimental analysis of behavior and applied behavior analysis. Lastly, keyword trends suggest that increased focus on \"functional analyses,\" \"problem behavior,\" and \"autism spectrum disorder\" currently dominates the research being published in these journals similar to the practitioner arm of behavior analysis. Researchers interested in studying published behavior analytic textual stimuli will find the corresponding open dataset useful. And, for those interested in computational analyses of these data, this first pass at simple descriptions provides a launching point for much fruitful future research.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40616-022-00179-4.</p>","PeriodicalId":51684,"journal":{"name":"Analysis of Verbal Behavior","volume":"39 1","pages":"146-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10313888/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10121822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barbara E Esch, Tracie L Lindblad, Brittany Clark, Zareen Ali
{"title":"Intraverbal Assessment for Persons with Aphasia or Other Acquired Brain Injury.","authors":"Barbara E Esch, Tracie L Lindblad, Brittany Clark, Zareen Ali","doi":"10.1007/s40616-022-00180-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40616-022-00180-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An intraverbal assessment was administered to older adults with aphasia, using a hierarchy of questions that required increasingly complex verbal discriminative stimulus control. Five categories of errors were defined and analyzed for putative stimulus control, with the aim to identify requisite assessment components leading to more efficient and effective treatments. Evocative control over intraverbal error responses was evident throughout the database, as shown by commonalities within four distinct categories of errors; a fifth category, representing a narrow majority of errors, was less clear in terms of functional control over responses. Generally, questions requiring increasingly complex intraverbal stimulus control resulted in weaker verbal performance for those with aphasia. A new 9-point intraverbal assessment model is proposed, based on Skinner's functional analysis of verbal behavior. The study underscores that loss or disruption of a formerly sophisticated language repertoire presents differently than the fledgling language skills and errors of new learners, such as typically developing children and those with autism or developmental disabilities. Thus, we would do well to consider that rehabilitation may require a different approach to intervention than habilitation. We offer several thematic topics for future research in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":51684,"journal":{"name":"Analysis of Verbal Behavior","volume":"39 1","pages":"30-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10313596/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10121823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Delanie F Platt, Tom Cariveau, Alexandria Brown, Paige Ellington, Camille Bayer, James D Stocker
{"title":"Simultaneous Prompting to Teach Intraverbal Synonyms to Struggling Readers.","authors":"Delanie F Platt, Tom Cariveau, Alexandria Brown, Paige Ellington, Camille Bayer, James D Stocker","doi":"10.1007/s40616-022-00177-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40616-022-00177-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In simultaneous prompting procedures, an immediate (i.e., 0-s) prompt is presented during all training trials, and transfer to the target discriminative condition is assessed during daily probes. Previous research suggests that simultaneous prompting procedures are efficacious and may produce acquisition in fewer errors to mastery when compared to prompt delay procedures. To date, only a single study on simultaneous prompting has included intraverbal targets. The current study evaluated the efficacy of a simultaneous prompting procedure on the acquisition of intraverbal synonyms for six children at risk for reading failure. Simultaneous prompting alone produced responding at mastery levels in seven of the 12 evaluations. Antecedent-based procedural modifications were effective in four of the five remaining evaluations. Errors were generally low for all but one participant. The current findings support the use of simultaneous prompting procedures when targeting intraverbals for young children exhibiting reading deficits.</p>","PeriodicalId":51684,"journal":{"name":"Analysis of Verbal Behavior","volume":"39 1","pages":"60-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10313594/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10104621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Crafting Sequences of Sight and Sound: A Behavior Analysis of Filmmaking.","authors":"Evan Schleifer-Katz, Daniele Ortu","doi":"10.1007/s40616-022-00178-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40616-022-00178-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The discipline of film studies often engages in analyses of the functions of filmmakers' decisions in terms of their effects on viewers. Behavior analysis uses a similar, functional-analytic approach toward understanding the relationship between individuals' behavior and the environmental effects that maintain their behavior. Given converging similarities between the two disciplines, a functional analysis of filmmaking is provided, using Skinner (1957)'s <i>Verbal Behavior</i> as a guiding framework. Similar to behavioral conceptualizations of language and speaker-listener verbal episodes, the analysis prioritizes functional explanation of the controlling variables and conditions that underlie the meaning of filmmakers' behavior and behavioral products, rather than solely focusing on their topographical description. Viewers' responses to the audiovisual stimuli of the film are emphasized as key controlling variables, through rules specifying contingency relations as well as through contingency shaping, including when the filmmaker acts as a self-viewer who directly shapes their own behavior. Their responding as a self-viewer during the production and editing of a film is explored as a problem-solving process, similar to other artists who serve as their own audience when creating and editing their behavioral products.</p>","PeriodicalId":51684,"journal":{"name":"Analysis of Verbal Behavior","volume":"39 1","pages":"99-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10313603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9744839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephanie H Keesey-Phelan, Judah B Axe, Ashley L Williams
{"title":"The Effects of Teaching a Problem-Solving Strategy on Recalling Past Events with a Child with Autism.","authors":"Stephanie H Keesey-Phelan, Judah B Axe, Ashley L Williams","doi":"10.1007/s40616-022-00176-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40616-022-00176-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Problem-solving strategies, such as visual imagining and self-questioning, may assist children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in recalling past events. In the current study, at the start of each session, a 7-year-old boy with ASD engaged in a novel activity with a behavior therapist who took pictures of the activity. Ninety minutes later, a different therapist asked the participant to describe the prior activity. The intervention consisted of showing the participant pictures of the activity, telling him to close his eyes and imagine the activity, modeling asking and answering seven questions (e.g., \"Who was there?\" \"What was one thing that happened?\"), prompt fading, and reinforcement. Following the intervention, recall statements increased.</p>","PeriodicalId":51684,"journal":{"name":"Analysis of Verbal Behavior","volume":"38 2","pages":"190-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9747991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10512855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Systematic Review of Emergent Learning Outcomes Produced by Foreign language Tact Training.","authors":"John R Wooderson, Lewis A Bizo, Kirsty Young","doi":"10.1007/s40616-022-00170-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40616-022-00170-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review evaluated the effects of foreign tact training on emergent learning outcomes in ten published studies. We also conducted a meta-analysis of aggregate data from seven studies comparing outcomes of foreign tact training with other verbal operant procedures. The preliminary findings indicated foreign tact training produced criterion-level responses in 84 of 106 (79.2%) post-test probes across 37 learners and 55 evaluations of foreign tact training. The meta-analysis results revealed significantly higher within-subjects mean levels of emergent responding following foreign tact training than foreign-to-native intraverbal, native-to-foreign intraverbal, and foreign listener training. Emergent outcomes for adults were not significantly greater than for children. Finally, foreign tact training was slightly more efficient than the other verbal operant procedures, although most of the differences were not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40616-022-00170-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":51684,"journal":{"name":"Analysis of Verbal Behavior","volume":"38 2","pages":"157-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9747999/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10488569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tom Cariveau, Alexandria Brown, Delanie Platt, Paige Ellington, Richelle Hurtado
{"title":"An Evaluation of Instructive Feedback During Mastered Demands.","authors":"Tom Cariveau, Alexandria Brown, Delanie Platt, Paige Ellington, Richelle Hurtado","doi":"10.1007/s40616-022-00174-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40616-022-00174-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presentation of non-target stimuli during trial-based instruction is known as instructive feedback. Previous research on instructive feedback has shown that learners with developmental disabilities may acquire these additional (i.e., secondary) targets without further training. Embedding secondary targets during the review of previously mastered targets may be used to bolster instructional gains. The current study evaluated the efficacy of embedding secondary targets during maintenance sessions for a child with autism spectrum disorder. The participant's responding met the mastery criterion for two target sets presented during the consequence portion of maintenance trials. For the remaining five target sets, a more intrusive intervention was required. Additional research is needed to evaluate the conditions under which secondary targets may be acquired.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40616-022-00174-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":51684,"journal":{"name":"Analysis of Verbal Behavior","volume":"38 2","pages":"179-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9747992/pdf/40616_2022_Article_174.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10172904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mariéle Diniz Cortez, Rafael H Mazzoca, Douglas Fernandes Donaris, Ricardo P Oliveira, Caio F Miguel
{"title":"Audience Control over Children's Honest Reports.","authors":"Mariéle Diniz Cortez, Rafael H Mazzoca, Douglas Fernandes Donaris, Ricardo P Oliveira, Caio F Miguel","doi":"10.1007/s40616-022-00169-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40616-022-00169-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We evaluated audience control over children's honest reports using a reversal (ABA or ABAB) design. Four typically developing children performed a computer game in which they had to shoot a target and then report on their performance during and at the end of each session. Baseline assessed the accuracy of their reports in the absence of an experimenter. During the audience condition, an adult was present in the room and observed the child during the task. Participants accurately reported their errors when an adult was present, whereas they lied about their performance by systematically reporting errors as correct responses when an adult was absent. Honest reports about their total score at the end of the session also increased in the presence of the audience member. These results suggest that the presence of an adult exerted control over children's honest/accurate reports. We discussed the reasons why the presence of an adult may have served as a discriminative stimulus for honest reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":51684,"journal":{"name":"Analysis of Verbal Behavior","volume":"38 2","pages":"139-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9748010/pdf/40616_2022_Article_169.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9634920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tom Cariveau, Alexandria Brown, Delanie F Platt, Paige Ellington
{"title":"Control by Compound Antecedent Verbal Stimuli in the Intraverbal Relation.","authors":"Tom Cariveau, Alexandria Brown, Delanie F Platt, Paige Ellington","doi":"10.1007/s40616-022-00173-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40616-022-00173-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Control by compound antecedent stimuli in verbal behavior represents an understudied but promising area of research. To date, reference to compound verbal stimulus control has generally only included descriptions of convergent multiple control. A sizeable experimental literature exists on the topic of compound stimulus control, which differs from convergent multiple control in that the stimulus elements often do not have a prior conditioning history (i.e., do not separately strengthen any response). The current study attempted to bridge the experimental and verbal behavior literatures by including a two-component antecedent verbal stimulus during intraverbal training for which neither component currently served an evocative function. Subsequent analyses of stimulus control suggested overshadowing by temporal location in the compound verbal stimulus and lack of emergence of the divergent intraverbal relation across all sets. Additional research is needed on compound stimulus control and verbal behavior researchers may be poised to answer several questions relevant to the experimental and verbal behavior literatures on the topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":51684,"journal":{"name":"Analysis of Verbal Behavior","volume":"38 2","pages":"121-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9436464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10402412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephanie C Chan, Shannon Ormandy, August Stockwell, Ruth Anne Rehfeldt
{"title":"The Application of Relational Frame Theory to Teaching Early Piano Skills to Children on the Autism Spectrum.","authors":"Stephanie C Chan, Shannon Ormandy, August Stockwell, Ruth Anne Rehfeldt","doi":"10.1007/s40616-022-00175-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40616-022-00175-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Music is a unique form of verbal stimuli (Reynolds & Hayes, <i>The Psychological Record</i>, <i>67</i>(3), 413-421, 2017) and the literature has indicated some success in using procedures involving the frame of coordination or stimulus equivalence to teach early piano skills to learners with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Hill et al., <i>Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis</i>, <i>53</i>(1), 188-208, 2020). However, these studies only targeted narrow skills rather than a complete repertoire. Also, whether such teaching procedure is effective for young children with ASD at different ages, with different needs, and with common accompanied diagnosis, is unknown. The current study (a) explored the possibility of applying relational frame theory (RFT; Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Roche, 2001) in piano program development that aims to teach a complete early piano repertoire, and (b) confirmed the effectiveness of an adjusted teaching procedure using the frame of coordination on teaching early piano skills to six young children on the autism spectrum. A multiple probe across participants design was used. After direct training of two relations (AC & AE), post-instructional tests were conducted on eight relations. The results showed that with remedial training, five out of six participants demonstrated mutual entailment, combinatorial entailment, and transformation of stimulus function in these relations. All participants could read and play the song on keyboard without extra training. The study provided practical guidance on applying the procedure to these young learners. Implications of RFT in piano curriculum development were also discussed.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40616-022-00175-8.</p>","PeriodicalId":51684,"journal":{"name":"Analysis of Verbal Behavior","volume":"39 1","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10313595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10121817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}