Substance use & addiction journal最新文献

{"title":"Building Multidisciplinary Consensus on Inpatient Xylazine Management through Clinical Protocols.","authors":"Margaret Shang, Ilana Hull, Jane M Liebschutz, Michael Abesamis, Michael Lynch, Kenichi Tamama, Lauren Glikes, Payel Jhoom Roy, Roberto León-Barriera, Joshua A Shulman, Brent Thiel, Krupa Patel, Danielle Heffner, Janine Then, Joan Mapel, Kimberly Baker, Graciela Bauzá, Jennifer Rickens, Simi Padival, John Alexander Viehman, Varidhi Nauriyal, Gayle Gordillo, Teun Teunis, Nicole J Jarrett, Cecilia Zamarripa, Joshua Lee, Eugenia Mangel, Matan Arnon, Kristian Feterik, Raagini Jawa","doi":"10.1177/29767342251329681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/29767342251329681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolving unregulated drug supply in the United States has led to an unprecedented rise in xylazine-adulterated synthetic opioid use-related morbidity and mortality, of which Pennsylvania shoulders a disproportionate burden. People experiencing these xylazine harms who seek acute medical care require complex clinical management, multidisciplinary coordination, and appropriate linkage to outpatient care. We describe our experience leading a hospital-wide multidisciplinary xylazine workgroup from February to June 2024 to collaboratively develop time-sensitive clinical protocols on inpatient management of patients exposed to xylazine. Workgroup participants were organized into three subgroups: (1) toxicology screening and harm reduction; (2) withdrawal management; and (3) inpatient wound care management and linkage to outpatient wound care. We summarize our implementation process and clinical protocol recommendations of each subgroup and highlight important cross-cutting issues related to the changing drug supply, standardized patient and provider educational tools, care coordination, and next steps.</p>","PeriodicalId":516535,"journal":{"name":"Substance use & addiction journal","volume":" ","pages":"29767342251329681"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"In Support of the Decriminalization of Personal Drug and Paraphernalia Use and Possession: Position Statement of AMERSA, Inc (Association for Multidisciplinary Education, Research, Substance Use and Addiction)\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/29767342251333263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/29767342251333263","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":516535,"journal":{"name":"Substance use & addiction journal","volume":" ","pages":"29767342251333263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description and Evaluation of Practice-Based Training in OUD Care for Hospital-Based Generalist Physicians.","authors":"Andrea Jakubowski, Sumeet Singh-Tan, Tiffany Lu, Aaron Fox","doi":"10.1177/29767342251330021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/29767342251330021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hospitalizations are important opportunities to deliver evidence-based opioid use disorder (OUD) care, yet most hospital-based generalist physicians receive minimal OUD training. We describe a novel OUD training for generalists and mixed-methods evaluation in a large urban hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>Training Description:</i> Hospital-based generalist physicians received a single, 1-hour, small-group, in-person OUD training (OUD diagnosis, initiating medications for OUD [MOUD], and discharge planning) and post-training support. <i>Evaluation:</i> We examined self-reported changes in knowledge, confidence, skill, and frequency of providing OUD care; barriers and facilitators to applying training skills; and suggestions for training modification. Data collection included the following: (1) end-of-training questionnaires; (2) 12-month follow-up questionnaires (retrospective pre-post-design); and (3) qualitative interviews and a focus group. Stuart Maxwell tests were used to examine pre-/post-differences in knowledge, confidence, and skill. Rapid qualitative analysis identified barriers and facilitators to applying training skills.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen generalist physicians participated, with 11 (58%) providing 12-month follow-up data. At 12 months, compared to pre-training, more participants agreed or highly agreed that after the training, they had adequate knowledge (100% vs 44%), confidence (100% vs 44%), and skill (89% vs 44%) in OUD care, but differences were not statistically significant. Self-reported frequency of providing OUD care was unchanged. During qualitative interviews (2 participants) and the focus group (3 participants), participants appreciated the training format but described confidence declining over time. Ongoing barriers to MOUD initiation included challenges with counseling patients about MOUD, discharge planning, accessing OUD care protocols and decision aides, lack of interprofessional collaboration, and time pressures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Generalist physicians reported increases in knowledge, confidence, and skill with OUD training, but a single session was insufficient to maintain confidence and change practice. Additional training sessions emphasizing patient counseling and discharge planning should be developed and evaluated in a larger sample. Simultaneous efforts to address systemic barriers are also needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":516535,"journal":{"name":"Substance use & addiction journal","volume":" ","pages":"29767342251330021"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-by-State Variation in the Credentialing, Training, Supervision, and Medicaid Reimbursement of the High-School, Associates, and Bachelor's-Level Addiction Counselor Workforce.","authors":"Lisa de Saxe Zerden, Maria Gaiser, Libby Daberko, Orrin Ware, Brianna M Lombardi","doi":"10.1177/29767342251330418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/29767342251330418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite increased demand, few people receive the addiction services they need, and substance use disorders (SUD) workforce shortages persist. Addiction counselors are a workforce that can help address SUD needs. However, recent projections highlight national shortages of nearly 88 000 addiction counselors through 2036. Given state variations, it is difficult to discern how high school- and bachelor's-level (HS/BA) addiction counselors are defined based on education and training, state credentialing requirements, and Medicaid reimbursement allowances.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A state policy analysis across all 50 states and Washington, DC was conducted from November 2023 to June 2024. A systematic review of state Practice Acts, credentialing rules, and guidance documents from licensing bodies and state organizations was conducted to extract: (1) titles and degree classifications, (2) credentialing and examination requirements, (3) supervision, and (4) Medicaid state plans.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There are 160 credentials offered across all 50 states and DC across high-school (n = 56; 35%), associate's (n = 25; 16%), and bachelor's (n = 59; 37%) degrees. Only 3 states (AZ, NY, TX), offer addiction counselor credentials across all degree types. Thirteen states do not specify a degree but instead require training hours. However, the number of credentials offered per state ranges (1-16), and there is wide variability in how HS/BA addiction counselors are credentialed. Forty states allow some type of Medicaid reimbursement for HS/BS addiction counselors, while 11 states do not.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Addiction counselors are a critical workforce tasked with addressing SUD. To do so, they require clear training pathways, regulations, and payment mechanisms. Findings highlight wide variability within the addiction counselor workforce at the HS/BA level, including inconsistencies in minimum educational requirements and training hours, as well as an overall lack of uniformity across states. Clearly articulating addiction counselor career pathways is necessary to simplify and enhance states' SUD workforce. Identifying Medicaid and other reimbursement mechanisms is an important way to further expand how the SUD workforce is deployed to meet increased addiction-related needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":516535,"journal":{"name":"Substance use & addiction journal","volume":" ","pages":"29767342251330418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outpatient Initiation of 7-Day Injectable Buprenorphine: A Direct-to-Inject Case Series.","authors":"Sarah Rosenwohl-Mack, Leslie W Suen, Alexander A Logan, Damian Peterson, Hannah R Snyder","doi":"10.1177/29767342251330412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/29767342251330412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder, but it can be challenging to avoid withdrawal in the process of buprenorphine initiation. After the recent FDA approval of 7-day long-acting injectable buprenorphine, some clinicians have used this formulation to start patients on buprenorphine without a prior sublingual \"test dose.\" Very little is known about the feasibility of this practice in an outpatient setting.</p><p><strong>Cases: </strong>In this case series, we conducted a retrospective chart review of electronic health record data for all patients who were ordered 7-day long-acting injectable buprenorphine for a \"direct-to-inject\" initiation within a single public health system from January 1, 2024 to November 15, 2024. We excluded patients who received a cumulative dose of 4 mg or more of sublingual buprenorphine in the 24 hours before injection. We reported on chart-documented patient experiences after injection, whether patients returned to care, and retention on buprenorphine at 7- and 30-days post-injection. We identified 21 unique patients who received direct-to-inject buprenorphine in 22 attempts. In 17 (77%) attempts, the patient received no buprenorphine in the preceding 24 hours. In 5 (23%) attempts, patients received some buprenorphine in the preceding 24 hours (<4 mg) and/or had evidence of buprenorphine in a same-day urine drug screen. Patient experiences post-injection fit into 1 of 3 themes: \"It felt fine\" (n = 6), \"I felt unwell but okay\" (n = 13), and \"It felt very rough\" (n = 3). Most attempts resulted in buprenorphine treatment retention at 7 days (n = 17, 77%) and 30 days (n = 16, 73%) after injection.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Direct-to-inject buprenorphine was generally well tolerated, with excellent retention on buprenorphine at 7- and 30 days post-injection. Further research is needed to evaluate the correlation between preinjection patient characteristics (time since last use, level of withdrawal) and post-injection patient experience of withdrawal.</p>","PeriodicalId":516535,"journal":{"name":"Substance use & addiction journal","volume":" ","pages":"29767342251330412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Young Adult Responses to Cannabis Prevention Message Features.","authors":"Jessica Liu, Donghee N Lee, Elise M Stevens","doi":"10.1177/29767342251329669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/29767342251329669","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Given the high prevalence of cannabis use among young adults, it is important to identify and develop appealing messaging strategies that will engage young adults when presented with cannabis health information. The purpose of this study was to identify appealing image features from a cannabis prevention campaign.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional survey among N = 303 US young adults (ages 18-30) during February 2024. Consented participants reported their cannabis use and were randomly assigned to view 2 (of 6) selected images from California's \"Mind over Marijuana\" cannabis prevention campaign. Participants were prompted to select the 3 most appealing regions of the image and report perceived message effectiveness (PME). Two-sample <i>t</i>-tests were used to compare differences between participants' cannabis use status (any past-30-day use, no past-30-day use) and selected image regions. We used linear regressions to assess associations between sociodemographic factors and PME for each image.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants indicated that people's faces (19.6%-66.3%) and anti-cannabis text (29.0%-83.6%) were the most appealing. The appeal of specific regions differed for 1 image (people who currently used cannabis found text in a unique format more appealing, and people with no past-30-day use found a person holding a phone more appealing). Depending on the image, race, and sexual orientation dictated PME scores. Non-Hispanic Black race (vs Non-Hispanic White) was associated with higher PME for 3 of the 6 images, and Multiple/Other races were associated with higher PME for 1 image. Identifying as LGBTQ+ (vs heterosexual) was associated with lower PME for 1 image.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Future cannabis prevention campaigns for young adults may continue using creative and bold text as well as people when designing images.</p>","PeriodicalId":516535,"journal":{"name":"Substance use & addiction journal","volume":" ","pages":"29767342251329669"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Spatial and Temporal Variation in Opioid-Related Incidents and Risk Factors in Lowell, Massachusetts, from 2011 to 2022: A Bayesian Spatial-Temporal Approach.","authors":"Kehe Zhang, Jack Cordes, Cici Bauer, Thomas J Stopka, Shikhar Shrestha","doi":"10.1177/29767342251323065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/29767342251323065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Lowell, Massachusetts, has been severely impacted by the opioid-related overdose crisis. Utilizing emergency medical services (EMS) data can inform local interventions by identifying opioid-related incidents (ORIs) with shorter lags in reporting. Our objective was to identify spatial and temporal variation in ORI and investigate its association with underlying socioeconomic indicators by coupling EMS data with Bayesian spatial-temporal analyses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We obtained data on ORI occurrences within the City of Lowell from January 2011 to June 2022 from Pridestar Trinity EMS. The ORI occurrences were aggregated by month and census tracts. We gathered American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2011-2022) for census-tract percentages of white, black, Hispanic, poverty, unemployed, bachelor's degree, and rent-burdened populations. Using these data, we constructed a Bayesian spatial-temporal Poisson model to identify associations between quarterly ORI rates and these tract-level measures, along with seasonal effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ORI rates in Lowell rose from 20 per 10,000 people in 2011 to 93 per 10,000 people in 2018, stabilizing around 60 per 10,000 people from 2019 to 2021, with annual peaks between July through September. Downtown Lowell had consistently higher ORI rates, which extended north-south after 2016. Census tracts with higher percentage of black (relative risk = 1.008; 95% credible interval [1.002, 1.014]) and Hispanic populations (1.014 [1.009, 1.018]) were associated with higher ORI rates. Higher rent burden (1.103 [1.095, 1.11]) and poverty rates (1.02 [1.015, 1.025]) were positively associated with ORI rates, while unemployment rates were inversely associated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ORI rates in Lowell were associated with community-level sociodemographic factors and exhibited clear seasonal patterns. These findings could inform local prevention and response planning strategies for near-real-time ORI spike detection in communities to mitigate the impact of opioid overdose.</p>","PeriodicalId":516535,"journal":{"name":"Substance use & addiction journal","volume":" ","pages":"29767342251323065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Patients at Risk for Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancies: The Importance of Addressing Multiple Risk Factors.","authors":"Bonnie G McRee, Bridget L Hanson, Janice Vendetti, Diane K King, Iwona Pawlukiewicz, Erin Berry, Jessica Johnson, Deanna Marshall, Lauren Rosato, Karen Steinberg Gallucci, Corrie Whitmore","doi":"10.1177/29767342241267086","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29767342241267086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasing prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders is a critical public health issue. Two behaviors, consuming alcohol and using less effective pregnancy prevention, may result in alcohol-exposed pregnancies (AEPs) in individuals who can become pregnant. In the context of alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) services, cutoff scores on widely used alcohol risk assessments (eg, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, U.S. version [USAUDIT]) may fail to identify individuals whose relatively low alcohol consumption may still put them at risk for an AEP due to their pregnancy prevention method.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To identify this gap in alcohol SBI service delivery, we examined data from 2 reproductive healthcare systems implementing alcohol SBI, to explore the prevalence of individuals who met both of the following risk conditions: reported any alcohol use on the USAUDIT and a pregnancy prevention method less than 88% effective. Electronic health records for individuals aged 18 to 49 presenting for preventive care in 2021 were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 11 567 screened, 7638 reported some alcohol use, but screened at a lower-risk level and were not flagged to receive an alcohol-focused brief intervention (BI). Of these, 1477 were using a method of pregnancy prevention that was less than 88% effective. In addition, 118 of the 1676 who screened positive on the USAUDIT were using less effective contraception and did not receive a BI. In summary, the number of individuals at risk of an AEP who did not receive an alcohol BI was 1595 (13.8%) of the total patients screened for at-risk alcohol use.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There is a need for system modifications to assess multiple behaviors simultaneously and alert providers when a combination of behaviors increases a specific health risk, such as an AEP. Tailored alcohol BIs that include the risks/benefits of various pregnancy prevention methods to reduce AEPs provide opportunities to enhance the reach of standard alcohol SBI services.</p>","PeriodicalId":516535,"journal":{"name":"Substance use & addiction journal","volume":" ","pages":"452-460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11789002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Lookout Project: A Student-Run Mail-Based Overdose Response Kit Distribution Program Through Social Media During COVID-19.","authors":"Shelby A Shaughnessy, Katherine C Hankes, Victoria Garrow, John A Hopper, Chin Hwa Dahlem","doi":"10.1177/29767342241288985","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29767342241288985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Naloxone distribution and overdose education are key preventive strategies to reduce opioid overdose deaths. This paper describes the development and evaluation of The Lookout Project (TLP), a 501(c)(3) organization led by college students and based in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This research aimed to examine the outreach of TLP with hopes of creating a reproducible mail-based kit distribution program for college student-run organizations to replicate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>TLP used a targeted social media advertising campaign to ask participants 7 multiple-choice questions concerning their demographics, previous incarcerations, experiences with intranasal naloxone (IN), and if they had watched the optional informational video in the opioid overdose response kit (OORK) order form.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TLP's team distributed over 900 OORKs from August 3, 2020, to January 4, 2022, first by word of mouth and then through social media advertising that began on February 13, 2021. Of the 657 respondents who agreed to participate in research, the majority identified as white (76.0%, n = 400), did not identify with any specified ethnicity group (60.2%, n = 318), were female (60.8%, n = 356), were between the ages of 18 and 22 (35.4%, n = 209), had not been previously incarcerated (95.6%, n = 564), and did watch the hyperlinked video detailing how to respond to an overdose (74.7%, n = 438). Additionally, several kit recipients (2.8%, n = 19) responded to a follow-up survey. Of those, 7 people reported using the IN provided by TLP to reverse an overdose (36.8%, n = 7).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TLP, a nonprofit organization founded by college students, shows potential for informing other student-run organizations about naloxone distribution programs using social media advertising.</p>","PeriodicalId":516535,"journal":{"name":"Substance use & addiction journal","volume":" ","pages":"364-368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State Policies Targeting Patient Brokering and Deceptive Marketing of Substance Use Disorder Treatment.","authors":"Melissa M Garrido, Kiersten Strombotne, PhiYen Nguyen, Steven D Pizer, Austin B Frakt","doi":"10.1177/29767342241279194","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29767342241279194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To characterize state laws targeting patient brokering and deceptive marketing of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Patient brokering and deceptive marketing of SUD treatment leads to poor outcomes for individuals with SUD, including relapse- or overdose-related hospitalizations, ED visits, or death. In response, several states within the United States have passed laws targeting unethical practices of SUD treatment in recent years. The context in which these laws were passed has not been previously described. The extent to which states engaged in recovery residence regulation that also pass patient brokering and deceptive marketing laws is unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a descriptive study and identified state laws relating to patient brokering and deceptive marketing that were enacted and effective as of December 31, 2022. Using a model state law for addressing unethical SUD treatment practices as a guide, we developed a taxonomy to describe the laws' elements, including covered entities, prohibited activities, and penalties. We used descriptive statistics to characterize variation across current laws.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All patient brokering laws explicitly mention referrals to SUD treatment facilities, and most specify that both individuals and facilities are prohibited from paying, receiving, or soliciting referrals in exchange for fees or commissions. All deceptive marketing laws prohibit making false or misleading statements about the nature of services provided. Beyond these common features, there is wide variability in the degree to which states specifically prohibit other patient brokering and deceptive marketing activities (e.g., indirect offerings, lead generation, or kickback schemes involving laboratories).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>State policies targeting patient brokering and deceptive marketing may be useful for preventing instances of unethical SUD treatment practices. We constructed a taxonomy to characterize elements of patient brokering and deceptive marketing laws and facilitate future evaluations of their effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":516535,"journal":{"name":"Substance use & addiction journal","volume":" ","pages":"320-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142336010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}