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Mortality inequality in Chile 智利的死亡率不平等
IF 7.3 3区 经济学
Fiscal Studies Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1111/1475-5890.12387
Gedeão Locks
{"title":"Mortality inequality in Chile","authors":"Gedeão Locks","doi":"10.1111/1475-5890.12387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12387","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses trends in mortality inequality in 330 Chilean communes from 1990 to 2010 for different age groups and both genders. Chile had substantial inequalities in local‐level mortality rates in 1990 but by 2010 these disparities had significantly decreased, especially among infants, children and the elderly. The only exception was Chilean men aged 20–39, for whom inequality in mortality remained persistently high. Robust economic growth and targeted health interventions in the 1990s contributed to declining mortality rates and mortality inequality. From 2000 to 2010, efforts to expand safety nets and improve health‐care access continued, with a greater impact on adults aged 49 years and above. Despite these advances, child mortality remains significantly higher than in developed countries, and the increasing number of female suicides in younger age groups represents a concerning trend.","PeriodicalId":51602,"journal":{"name":"Fiscal Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142191679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is there a public sector earnings premium in UK healthcare? 英国医疗行业是否存在公共部门收入溢价？
IF 7.3 3区 经济学
Fiscal Studies Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1111/1475-5890.12380
Melanie Jones, Ezgi Kaya
{"title":"Is there a public sector earnings premium in UK healthcare?","authors":"Melanie Jones, Ezgi Kaya","doi":"10.1111/1475-5890.12380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12380","url":null,"abstract":"Using data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, we provide the first estimates of intra‐occupation sectoral hourly remuneration differentials in Britain. Focusing on healthcare, we find that public sector remuneration differentials for comparable workers vary substantially across occupations, with benchmark estimates from a premium of 34 per cent for care workers to no significant differential for medical secretaries. This variation, as well as differences in trends in intra‐occupational estimates, illustrates the insights from intra‐occupation estimates for government pay setting. Indeed, in stark contrast to national estimates of a relatively small public sector differential, we find sizeable and robust public sector premiums for doctors, auxiliary nurses and care workers.","PeriodicalId":51602,"journal":{"name":"Fiscal Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Market concentration and productivity: evidence from the UK 市场集中度与生产率：英国的证据
IF 7.3 3区 经济学
Fiscal Studies Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1111/1475-5890.12381
Anthony Savagar, Oluwaseun Aguda, Yannis Galanakis, Jingwei Wu
{"title":"Market concentration and productivity: evidence from the UK","authors":"Anthony Savagar, Oluwaseun Aguda, Yannis Galanakis, Jingwei Wu","doi":"10.1111/1475-5890.12381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12381","url":null,"abstract":"We measure product market concentration and business dynamism in the UK from 1997 to 2020 and study the relationship with productivity. Our results show that concentration in the UK is increasing among narrow industries on average, but for a broad market definition, concentration and business dynamism are stable. We find a negative relationship between concentration and productivity for the average firm, but a positive relationship for the average worker. This occurs because higher industry concentration is associated with better allocative efficiency, measured by the proportion of workers in higher‐productivity firms.","PeriodicalId":51602,"journal":{"name":"Fiscal Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141744262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Canadian inequality over the last 40 years: common and contrary variations on universal themes 过去 40 年加拿大的不平等现象：普遍主题的共同和相反变化
IF 2.2 3区 经济学
Fiscal Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/1475-5890.12374
Kelly Foley, David A. Green, W. Craig Riddell
{"title":"Canadian inequality over the last 40 years: common and contrary variations on universal themes","authors":"Kelly Foley,&nbsp;David A. Green,&nbsp;W. Craig Riddell","doi":"10.1111/1475-5890.12374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12374","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Gini coefficient for disposable income for Canada in 2019 was approximately the same level it was at in 1995. Underlying this flat recent long-term pattern is an increase in the level of market earnings inequality in the 1980s and 1990s that Canada shared with other countries followed by a continuing period of flatness in that measure as well. This trend interacted with changes in policy that have, at times, offset earnings inequality trends and at other times exacerbated them. In this paper, we describe these trends and the combination of market and policy forces that drove them. We conclude that explanations rooted in ongoing technology or globalisation forces are less relevant than explanations based on deeper structural changes in the labour market. Those changes affecting earnings inequality were ultimately fully offset by changes in the tax and transfer system as well as labour market policies such as the minimum wage.</p>","PeriodicalId":51602,"journal":{"name":"Fiscal Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1475-5890.12374","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Family and career: an analysis across Europe and North America 家庭与职业：对欧洲和北美的分析
IF 2.2 3区 经济学
Fiscal Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/1475-5890.12366
Luis Guirola, Laura Hospido, Andrea Weber
{"title":"Family and career: an analysis across Europe and North America","authors":"Luis Guirola,&nbsp;Laura Hospido,&nbsp;Andrea Weber","doi":"10.1111/1475-5890.12366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12366","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using data on 17 countries in Europe and North America, we compare the career trajectories of mothers and fathers and of women and men without children across cohorts, and at different points of their life cycle. There is wide variation across countries in employment and earnings gaps at age 30. At age 50, however, the employment gap between mothers and non-mothers has closed in most countries. We also observe convergence in employment gaps between mothers and fathers by age 50, but these gaps do not fully close. Motherhood gaps in earnings also close by age 50 between mothers and non-mothers, particularly among the highly educated. But there is strong persistence in earnings gaps between mothers and fathers even among highly educated parents. The main reasons for the remaining gaps at later stages in the life cycle are part-time work among women and fatherhood premia as fathers' earnings outperform non-fathers' over their life cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":51602,"journal":{"name":"Fiscal Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1475-5890.12366","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Inequality in Denmark, 1987–2021 丹麦的不平等，1987-2021 年
IF 2.2 3区 经济学
Fiscal Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/1475-5890.12365
Søren Leth-Petersen, Johan Sæverud
{"title":"Inequality in Denmark, 1987–2021","authors":"Søren Leth-Petersen,&nbsp;Johan Sæverud","doi":"10.1111/1475-5890.12365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12365","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigate the progression of income inequality in Denmark over the years 1987–2021. During this time, we observe a consistent rise in inequality in household disposable income. This rise is influenced by shifts at both the high and low ends of the income spectrum, despite the fact that inequality in gross earnings remained unchanged up until 2008. The growing inequality in household disposable income coincides with various policy reforms aimed at enhancing incentives for employment. These changes include the reduction of the marginal tax rate on earned income and a decrease in the generosity of unemployment benefits and other forms of social assistance. At the same time, Denmark has experienced a noticeable increase in immigration, particularly from non-Western countries and Eastern Europe. Immigrants, who rely more heavily on social transfers, find themselves increasingly at the lower income levels. Our analysis underscores that while the policy reforms were designed to encourage employment, they have also led to heightened inequality in disposable income.</p>","PeriodicalId":51602,"journal":{"name":"Fiscal Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1475-5890.12365","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Examining inequalities: from labour markets to social outcomes in Finland 审查不平等现象：从芬兰的劳动力市场到社会成果
IF 2.2 3区 经济学
Fiscal Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/1475-5890.12369
Tuuli Paukkeri, Terhi Ravaska, Marja Riihelä
{"title":"Examining inequalities: from labour markets to social outcomes in Finland","authors":"Tuuli Paukkeri,&nbsp;Terhi Ravaska,&nbsp;Marja Riihelä","doi":"10.1111/1475-5890.12369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12369","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Finland is known for low income inequality by international comparison. In this paper we provide a long-run perspective on inequalities in Finland, and show that inequality is higher in the 21<sup>st</sup> century compared with many previous decades. We discuss the drivers of inequality in more detail, focusing on wages, earnings, employment and education, and also social outcomes such as partner-finding and family formation in the working-age population. The collective wage-setting system is a likely contributor to the relatively low and stable wage and earnings inequality among working indviduals. However, women fare worse in the labour market than men, despite having a higher education level on average. We also find that individuals who are out of work or have low education have a lower probability of finding a partner, indicating that social inequalities are linked with those in the labour market. Finally, we discuss the importance of redistribution as well as changes in tax legislation that have contributed to an increasing concentration of capital income, which has been an important factor in increasing households’ disposable income inequality.</p>","PeriodicalId":51602,"journal":{"name":"Fiscal Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1475-5890.12369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Income inequality in Ireland, 1987–2019 1987-2019 年爱尔兰的收入不平等情况
IF 2.2 3区 经济学
Fiscal Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/1475-5890.12370
Barra Roantree, Michelle Barrett
{"title":"Income inequality in Ireland, 1987–2019","authors":"Barra Roantree,&nbsp;Michelle Barrett","doi":"10.1111/1475-5890.12370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12370","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ireland has experienced rapid – if volatile – growth over the last three decades. While this performance looks less impressive when considered over a longer horizon and is better seen as belated convergence making up for lost time in the first 50 years of independence, this paper highlights an aspect of the Irish experience that does stand out as quite remarkable: how broad-based and inclusive growth in household disposable income was. Drawing on over three decades of harmonised household survey data, we first show that income inequality fell substantially over this period, the product of disposable income growth that was stronger at the bottom than the middle or top of the distribution. We then tentatively suggest some important factors that might have contributed towards the patterns of growth experienced – including tax and transfer reforms, a rise in two-earner couples and a fall in the average size of households – before concluding with some directions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":51602,"journal":{"name":"Fiscal Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1475-5890.12370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Components of the evolution of income inequality in Sweden, 1990–2021 1990-2021 年瑞典收入不平等演变的组成部分
IF 2.2 3区 经济学
Fiscal Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/1475-5890.12367
Arizo Karimi, Charlotte Lucke, Mårten Palme
{"title":"Components of the evolution of income inequality in Sweden, 1990–2021","authors":"Arizo Karimi,&nbsp;Charlotte Lucke,&nbsp;Mårten Palme","doi":"10.1111/1475-5890.12367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12367","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper documents how the inequality of household equivalent disposable income has changed in Sweden over the period 1990–2021. We find that income inequality has unambiguously increased. Measured by the Gini coefficient, inequality increased from around 0.19 to almost 0.3 by the end of 2020. We then analyse the backgrounds to this change by measuring the importance of changes in different components of the overall income distribution: the wage distribution; the distribution of hours of work; capital incomes; income differences between labour market participants and non-participants; income redistribution through income taxes and benefits; and, finally, the effect of increased immigration to Sweden.</p>","PeriodicalId":51602,"journal":{"name":"Fiscal Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1475-5890.12367","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Changing labour market and income inequalities in Europe and North America: a parallel project to the IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities in the 21st century 欧洲和北美不断变化的劳动力市场和收入不平等现象：与 IFS 迪顿 21 世纪不平等现象审查并行的项目
IF 2.2 3区 经济学
Fiscal Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/1475-5890.12379
James Banks, Richard Blundell, Antoine Bozio, Jonathan Cribb, David Green, James P. Ziliak
{"title":"Changing labour market and income inequalities in Europe and North America: a parallel project to the IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities in the 21st century","authors":"James Banks,&nbsp;Richard Blundell,&nbsp;Antoine Bozio,&nbsp;Jonathan Cribb,&nbsp;David Green,&nbsp;James P. Ziliak","doi":"10.1111/1475-5890.12379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12379","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolution of labour market and disposable income inequalities over recent decades in high-income countries has generated intense interest in academia and the wider public. The extent to which there have been common trends, or diverging experiences, across a broad range of different countries, remains relatively understudied. The papers in this two-part special issue seek to provide the bases for consistent comparisons across 17 North American and European countries. In this Introduction we provide background for the cross-country project, which has been conducted in parallel to the wider IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities. In addition, we provide brief summaries of key trends and findings in the four English-speaking countries and four Nordic countries, as well as a companion paper on gender pay gaps across all 17 countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":51602,"journal":{"name":"Fiscal Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1475-5890.12379","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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