Journal of Global Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Scrub Typhus and its Association with Liver Disease.","authors":"Shalini Balamurugan, Reenaa Mohan, Jenifer Florence Mary, Kulkarni Sweta, Tresa Remya Athipozhi Thomas, Saranya Selvamurthy, Sanjay Pasupathy","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_98_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_98_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Scrub typhus is a vector-borne infection caused by the bacterium <i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i>, transmitted to humans through the bite of larval forms of <i>Leptotrombidium</i> mites and hence called tsutsugamushi disease or rickettsial disease. The objective of the study is to assess the disease severity, laboratory investigations, and complications of scrub typhus with the association of liver diseases and mortality rate of scrub typhus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data sources PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were systematically searched for data published up to May 2024. The studies selected were all scrub typhus patients associated with liver diseases. The data extraction was done as per the preestablished checklist. The mean difference for liver function test (LFT)'s aspartate aminotransferease and alanine aminotransferase level was analyzed, and risk difference was evaluated with liver disease and mortality rate using RevMan 5.4 software. Data analyses were performed from 2019 to 2024 (PROSPERO Registration: ID CRD42024515922).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis included a total of 901 scrub typhus cases with 554 cases associated with liver diseases. The study further investigated the LFT parameters, clinical symptoms, and 129 case mortality of scrub typhus. The meta-analyses showed that AST and ALT levels of scrub typhus patients had an overall significant effect in scrub typhus with liver disease (95% confidence interval [CI]: 135.81-153.15) with <i>P</i> < 0.00001 and scrub typhus with liver disease and mortality rate (risk ratio: 4.29 [95% CI: 3.64-5.07], <i>P</i> < 0.0001). A significant <i>Q</i> statistic <i>P</i>-value indicates the presence of heterogeneity, as reflected by high I2 values (I2 = 96% and I2= 78%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>61.50% scrub typhus with liver disease patients and 14.32% mortality rate in scrub typhus were evaluated. This study demonstrated an association betweeen scrub typhus and liver disease, highlighting its severity and the mortality rate among hospitalized patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"17 2","pages":"71-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294140/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miliary Tuberculosis in an Immunocompetent Patient Presenting with Tuberculous Meningoencephalitis Complicated by Hydrocephalus and Seizures.","authors":"Ahmed Alsahlawi, Mohanad Alkuwaiti, Mohammed Dhafer, Mudar Alwazzeh, Albaraa Juraybi, Sara M Alwarthan, Shaya AlQahtani, Marwan Jabr Alwazzeh","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_111_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_111_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Miliary tuberculosis (MTB) is a disseminated form of tuberculosis (TB) arising from the lymphohematogenous dissemination of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> bacilli followed by millet seed-sized tuberculous foci. It mainly affects immunocompromised patients and can lead to severe complications or even death. The clinical manifestation is diverse and depends on the organ affected, the patient's immune status, and the possible involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). Hence, this case report presents a case of an immunocompetent male with a decreased level of consciousness and convulsions requiring admission to the intensive care unit. The patient was diagnosed with MTB, meningoencephalitis, hydrocephalus, and severe hyponatremia. He subsequently improved after a short period of initiation of anti-TB medications. This report also highlights the clinical features of MTB and reviews the literature on associated CNS complications of MTB.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"17 2","pages":"108-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294149/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psittacosis, an Uninvited Guest.","authors":"Soma Dutta, Ujjwayini Ray","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_113_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_113_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psittacosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacteria <i>Chlamydia psittaci</i>. It commonly presents with flu-like symptoms and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The bacteria is transmitted from birds to humans. The most common bird is parrots. Here, we present a cluster of cases of psittacosis in a family which led to the hospitalization of all the five members of the family. All the five patients presented with fever, weakness, dry cough, and dyspnea on exertion. <i>Chlamydia psittaci</i> immunoglobulin M was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The family had a history of contact with parrots. The patients were treated with doxycycline and recovered without any complications. Psittacosis is an uncommon cause of CAP which can have a wide range of presentations, from being asymptomatic, to flu-like symptoms or to fulminant disease. Elaborate history and a high degree of suspicion are very important to come to the diagnosis. The infection is easily treatable with appropriate antibiotics. Public awareness and education regarding the zoonotic transmission of disease can reduce disease incidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"17 2","pages":"104-107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Risk Factors Associated with Bad Outcome among Pediatric Patients with Tubercular Bacterial Meningitis.","authors":"Sarika Gupta, Akanksha D Srivastava","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_161_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_161_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The study aimed to evaluate the risk factors linked to poor outcomes in pediatric patients diagnosed with tubercular bacterial meningitis (TBM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was conducted at King George's Medical University in India, focusing on children diagnosed with TBM (<i>n</i> = 514) over a 5-year period from 2019 to 2023. The study evaluates various aspects of TBM in this population, including clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and outcomes. Statistical analyses for the study were conducted using SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of a total of 514 patients with TBM, 98 (19.1%) patients experienced a poor outcome. Multivariate analysis identified several factors associated with a poor outcome: age over 5 years (<i>B</i> = 0.829, <i>P</i> = 0.002, odds ratio [OR] = 2.291, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.344-3.904), altered consciousness (<i>B</i> = 1.040, <i>P</i> < 0.001, OR = 2.829, 95% CI: 1.686-4.747), a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-to-plasma glucose ratio <50% (<i>B</i> = -0.892, <i>P</i> = 0.001, OR = 0.410, 95% CI: 0.244-0.688), hydrocephalus (<i>B</i> = 1.050, <i>P</i> = 0.003, OR = 2.857, 95% CI: 1.417-5.760), and lack of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunization (<i>B</i> = 1.291, <i>P</i> < 0.001, OR = 3.638, 95% CI: 2.150-6.156).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study identified key risk factors for poor outcomes in childhood TBM, including age over 5 years, high CSF protein levels, coma, hydrocephalus, and inadequate BCG immunization. These factors underline the severity of childhood TBM as a public health issue and emphasize the need for timely initiation of antituberculosis therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Household Contacts of Tuberculosis Patients, Healthcare Workers, and Tuberculosis Patients Using QuantiFERON-tuberculosis Gold Plus and Tuberculin Skin Test in a Tertiary Care Hospital Setting Bhubaneswar, Odisha - A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Braja Sundar Barik, Chinmay Divyadarshi Kar, Shritam Das, Tahziba Hussain, Sasmita Nayak, Arun Kumar Sahu, Sooman Sundaray, Sanghamitra Pati","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_78_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_78_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Contacts of tuberculosis (TB) patients have an increased risk of latent TB infection (LTBI). Currently, it is diagnosed using one of the two methods: Tuberculin skin test (TST) or QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus. This study aims to estimate the concordance of TST and QFT-TB Gold Plus and associated factors among 73 healthcare workers (HCWs) and 172 household contacts (HHCs) who came in contact with active TB patients. This study was conducted from January to June 2023.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prevalence and agreement were calculated. A regression analysis was performed to assess the predictors of discordance factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of latent TB was 20.40% (<i>n</i> = 50), defined as a positive result on either test. The overall agreement among participants was 62.04%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.26 (0.16-0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]) (McNemar, <i>P</i> < 0.001). A higher risk of LTBI was associated with BCG vaccination history, odd ratio 1.63, (95% CI 0.78-3.43) for TST and 0.51 (95% CI 0.22-1.15) for QFT, but this was not significant. Moreover, in our study, only the body mass index of 18.5-25 kg/m² yielded an odds ratio of 2.33 (95%CI 0.77-6.47) for TST and 1.72 (95% CI 0.48-6.05) for QFT, was significant. Compared with QFT-TB Gold Plus, the sensitivity and specificity of TST were 80.65 (68.63-89.58) and 55.74 (48.22-63.06).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TST exhibited a profound level of agreement with the QFT-Gold Plus assay but showed a higher rate of positivity due to some associated factors among HCWs, HHCs, and TB patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"52-59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Management: Recent Advances.","authors":"Arti Shrivas, Sarman Singh","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_112_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_112_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate and rapid diagnosis is crucial for starting effective treatment for tuberculosis (TB) and mitigating the transmission. Globally, nearly one-third of all TB cases remain undetected each year and consequently these are not reported. On top of that, the emergence of drug-resistant TB poses an added challenge. In the past 15 years, several advances have been made for improved diagnosis, including liquid culture and drug susceptibility, line probe assay for drug resistance detection, and cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification tests for rapid diagnosis of TB and drug resistance detection. However, some challenges remain, despite the clear edge of these new advances over the age-old conventional methods. Despite these advances, accurate, affordable, and accessible diagnosis of TB remains a challenge, especially in rural and difficult-to-reach settings, where the most desirable test would be a point-of-care triage test. Nevertheless, several attempts are being made in this direction, and in this article, we review these research advances that can help the TB elimination from India.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021348/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The State of the Globe: Antimicrobial Resistance - A Silent Pandemic.","authors":"Tanmoy Ghatak, Steve Kamm","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_69_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_69_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Hesitancy and Acceptance among the Indian Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Janmejaya Samal, G S Preetha, R Praveen Kumar, Neha Lakshman, Ranjit Kumar Dehury, Hari Singh","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_129_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_129_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The disastrous impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide necessitated the prompt development of vaccines to combat the situation; however, vaccination drives have been challenged by vaccine hesitancy among several communities across geographies. Understanding vaccine hesitancy and acceptance can help design appropriate vaccination strategies. With this background, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to estimate the prevalence and assess the factors associated with vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among the Indian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review is reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The data were extracted from May 1, 2024, to May 30, 2024, using PubMed, Scopus, and DOAJ search engines. The keywords used in the search string are \"COVID-19,\" \"vaccine hesitancy,\" \"vaccine acceptance,\" and \"India.\" Finally, 26 articles were selected, and the included articles underwent a quality assessment with the help of the JBI-Checklist for cross-sectional studies. The pooled vaccine hesitancy and acceptance prevalence was estimated at a 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random effect model assuming potential heterogeneity. Analysis used Stata Now 18 SE (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 26 studies, 14 studies were conducted among healthcare workers, seven studies among the general population, two studies among pregnant women and one each among school children, parents, and socioeconomically disadvantaged people. The reported highest vaccine acceptance was 92.74% and 86.3%, and hesitancy was 60.8% and 50% among healthcare workers and the general population, respectively. Between the general population and healthcare workers, the estimated pooled prevalence of vaccine acceptance is 66.1% (95% CI: 53%-78%) and 65.9% (95% CI: 57%-74%), respectively. The estimated pooled prevalence of vaccine hesitancy is 33% (95% CI: 20%-46%) among the general population and 24% (95% CI: 11%-40%) among healthcare workers. With the random effect model, high heterogeneity was observed in both acceptance (<i>I</i> ² >99%) and hesitancy (<i>I</i> ² >98%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A significant variation in the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine has been reported across different regions of India. Hence, future research is needed to enable comparability and generalizability, as the variations may also reflect differences in study designs, demographics, and time frames.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"36-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital-acquired Bloodstream Infections among Children in a Pediatric Hospital in Bolivia.","authors":"Diana Rodriguez, Shirley Equilia, Cristian Roca, Erica Ludi, Grover Espada, Zulma García, Blanca Machuca, Taryn Clark, Robert H Gilman","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_130_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_130_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to global public health. In hospitals, infant mortality due to bacterial sepsis is associated with AMR. The epidemiology of AMR in Bolivia (a lower-middle-income country) has not been sufficiently discussed. The aim of this study was to analyze AMR patterns over 8 years at a pediatric hospital in patients with hospital-acquired bloodstream infections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective and analytical revision of AMR in bacteria isolated from blood cultures, performed between 2012 and 2019, in a pediatric hospital in Bolivia. Data analysis was conducted with Stata v14.0, and Fisher's exact tests were used to determine statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four hundred and fifty-five (7.2%) positive blood cultures were identified from 6315 blood culture reports between 2012 and 2019. <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> was the most frequently isolated bacteria and showed a significant change in its AMR profile over the 8 years of the study. Gram-negative bacteria and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> were also frequently isolated, and all demonstrated high levels of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Overall, most of the clinically important microorganisms had high rates of AMR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the present study, we report that isolated bacteria showed significant resistance to multiple drugs, and most demonstrated increased resistance over time. Worryingly, <i>K</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> showed an increasing resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Overall, despite the limitations, our study, which is one of the first of its kind in Bolivia, demonstrates the need for stricter policies of antibiotic stewardship in similar settings due to the global threat of AMR.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"10-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021353/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144026077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Brucellosis Presenting with Rheumatic Manifestations: An Underdiagnosed Condition in Eastern India.","authors":"Saurabh Pandey, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Priyanka Rai, Arnab Patra, Nazneen Nahar Begum, Prantiki Halder, Subhashsish Kamal Guha","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_324_21","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_324_21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human brucellosis is a chronic systemic infection mostly presenting as afebrile illness with musculoskeletal complaints with organomegaly and diagnosis is based on serology. The diagnostic tests are sparsely available in India and even less prescribed. We report six cases of human of brucellosis presenting as fever with rheumatic manifestation along with their outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"60-62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}