Journal of Global Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Hidden Burden of Hepatitis B: High Viral Loads among Asymptomatic Carriers in India.","authors":"Ashvini Kumar Yadav, Kirti Vishwakarma, Divya Namdeo, Shubhra Tripathi, Priya Dixit, Shashwati Nema, Debasis Biswas","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_92_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_92_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major public health issue in India, with a significant burden of undiagnosed asymptomatic carriers. Identifying such individuals is essential to achieve the World Health Organization's goal of HBV elimination by 2030.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV viral load among asymptomatic healthcare workers and patients undergoing elective surgeries and to evaluate the need for universal HBV screening in such populations. This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care center in Central India. Blood samples from 13,840 asymptomatic individuals were tested for HBsAg, and positives in HBsAg were further tested for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HBV DNA quantification was performed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based method on selected samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 13,840 individuals screened, 355 (2.57%) tested positive for HBsAg. Among these, 37 (10.42%) were HBeAg-positive, all of whom had HBV DNA levels > 2000 IU/ml. Notably, 48.64% of HBeAg-negative individuals also had significant viral loads. The average age of HBsAg-positive individuals was higher than negatives (42.38 ± 16.58 vs. 37.52 ± 18.92; <i>P</i> = 0.008). Males were more frequently infected (<i>P</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights a significant proportion of asymptomatic individuals with elevated HBV viral loads, particularly among HBeAg-negative cases. These findings support the implementation of universal HBV screening in preoperative and occupational health settings as a vital strategy for early detection, treatment initiation, and achieving national and global HBV elimination targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"41-44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061158/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147647489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological Features, Etiopathogenesis, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Management Protocol of Splenic Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Poras Chaudhary, Rajeev Kumar, Milind Alokjee, Abhinav Bhalla, Sunny Thakur, Priyanshu Das","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_102_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_102_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The splenic tuberculous involvement is common than other intra-abdominal solid organs such as the liver, pancreas, and kidney. The aim of this article is to present and share a review of the English-language literature on splenic tuberculosis (TB) to gain a better understanding of etiopathogenesis, epidemiological features, and diagnostic methods and provide guidelines for its management and to present our experience of six cases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The systematic search of the literature was performed on PubMed and Medline from 1950 to 2019 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-two manuscripts were included in this systematic review. All resulting titles, abstract, and full text, whenever available, were read and kept for reference.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Direct histopathological demonstration is the best diagnostic modality. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is the study of choice and polymerase chain reaction assay increases its sensitivity. The standard short course antitubercular therapy for 6 months is recommended for isolated splenic TB, and for widespread disease, 12-month therapy is recommended. Surgery is reserved for failure of medical therapy and complications such as abscess formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"10-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147647499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> Pneumonia: Retrospective Comparative Analysis of Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiographic Features in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Nonhuman Immunodeficiency Virus Immunocompromised Patients.","authors":"Jianhua Fang, Rongfan Lai, Jiayue Li, Jingyi Huang, Hongyi Lai, Na Cheng, Tianxin Xiang","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_99_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_99_25","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pneumocystis jirovecii&lt;/i&gt; pneumonia (PJP) is a severe opportunistic infection in patients with weakened immune function, especially those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and various non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Here, we retrospectively compared the clinical, laboratory, and imaging features of PJP between HIV-infected and non-HIV-immunodepressed patients in Jiangxi Province to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide clinical treatment. Statistical analysis using normality tests (Shapiro-Wilk), &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-tests, and nonparametric tests highlighted major differences between the two groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The study included patients diagnosed with PJP from January 2020 to December 2024 in a tertiary A hospital in Jiangxi Province. The patients were divided into two groups: HIV infection (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 30) and non-HIV immunosuppression (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 60). Clinical data, laboratory results, and imaging findings of the two groups were analyzed. Statistical tests including Shapiro-Wilk normality test, &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-test for normally distributed variables, and nonparametric test were performed using SPSS version 26.0 to determine significant differences between groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Compared with the HIV group, non-HIV immunocompromised patients had a higher mechanical ventilation rate and a higher likelihood of intensive care unit admission (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). HIV-infected patients are younger and exhibit more severe systemic and respiratory symptoms (fever, dyspnea, cough, and asthma). Blood analysis showed white blood cell (WBC), Neutrophilicgranulocyte (NE), blood urea nitrogen (blood urea nitrogen) in non-HIV group. BUN) and Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme (CK-MB) levels were significantly increased (p&lt;0.05), suggesting that most of these patients were complicated with immune function disorders such as heart, lung and kidney. The level of albumin-globulin (GLB) in HIV was significantly reduced, suggesting that the disease involved the liver or kidney and may be advanced. Imaging studies showed mediastinal lymph nodes, pleural effusion, bilateral infiltration, and ground-glass shadow in both groups. However, bilateral small pulmonary nodules, ground-glass shadows, and mediastinal lymph nodes were predominant in HIV patients, suggesting that various opportunistic infections may have occurred. In non-HIV immunocompromised patients, bilateral small lung nodules, mixed low-density shadows, and pleural effusion were predominant, suggesting a variety of potential diseases. A state of immunosuppression can lead to increased susceptibility to infection, tumorigenesis, and an increase in autoimmune diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The majority of HIV-infected PJP patients in Jiangxi Province are young men, showing systemic symptoms and abnormal early lung imaging features. Non-HIV immunocompromised PJP patients showed nonsystemic symptoms and advanced lung imaging abnorm","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"35-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147647564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The State of the Globe: Unlocking Hospital Beds without Unlocking Harm.","authors":"Suman Thakur, Martin M Kim","doi":"10.4103/jgid.JGID-D-26-00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.JGID-D-26-00040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulmonary-renal Syndrome Caused by an Overlap Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-associated Vasculitis Syndrome in the Setting of Immune Complex-mediated Glomerulonephritis in a Patient with COVID-19 Infection.","authors":"Manuel Francisco Betancourt, Reji Nair, Onyekachi Obi, Josephine M Ambruzs","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_173_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_173_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 continues to be a global public health issue. Kidney disease is common, mainly presenting as acute kidney injury. Glomerular diseases have been reported in COVID-19. We are presenting a case of immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in a patient with COVID-19 infection and probable superimposed systemic lupus erythematosus and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis overlap who developed a pulmonary-renal syndrome. The patient responded well with a combination of plasma exchange, rituximab, and glucocorticoid therapy. The treatment was successful with resolution of the diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and prevention of potential end stage kidney disease. We would like to add this case to the literature as another example of the long-ranging potential autoimmune/autoinflammatory complications associated with COVID-19 disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"48-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Influencing Early Sputum Culture Conversion in Pulmonary Drug-resistant Tuberculosis.","authors":"Udvass Kumar Kotokey, Savitri Kumari","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_116_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_116_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>India bears the highest global burden of tuberculosis (TB), with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) posing substantial treatment challenges. Sputum culture conversion is a vital indicator of treatment response and an early predictor of success in drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). This study aimed to evaluate the time to early sputum culture conversion (within 6 months) in DR-TB patients and identify factors influencing this outcome across different resistance patterns: MDR, MDR with fluoroquinolone resistance, MDR with second-line injectable resistance, and extensively DR-TB (XDR-TB).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted in India. Seventy-four DR-TB patients enrolled between January and October 2019 were assessed. Demographic data, comorbidities, and culture conversion times were analyzed using Chi-square tests and univariate logistic regression. <i>P</i> <0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 74 patients (62.2% male; mean age 30 years), most MDR-TB patients (52%) achieved culture conversion within 3 months, while pre-XDR and XDR cases mostly converted within 2 months. Smoking (<i>P</i> = 0.03), low body mass index (BMI) (<i>P</i> = 0.025), cavitary lesions on chest X-ray (<i>P</i> = 0.01), and lower socioeconomic status (<i>P</i> = 0.02) were significantly associated with delayed conversion.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Early sputum culture conversion is a key milestone in DR-TB treatment. Addressing modifiable risk factors such as smoking, undernutrition, and cavitary disease may improve outcomes. Further studies are needed to identify interventions to accelerate culture conversion and enhance treatment success.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147647514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Bilateral Nigral Hyperintensity Sign\" in Epstein-Barr Virus Encephalitis.","authors":"Sabeeha Naaz, Bhavani Madduluri, Surya Prabha Turaga, Yoshitha Balam, Arun Siddaiah","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_103_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_103_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encephalitis is a rare cause of encephalitis in India and has no pathognomic imaging findings described. Here, we describe the case of a 17-year-old male with fever, cerebellitis, and extrapyramidal involvement, followed by altered sensorium. Imaging showed T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery bilaterally symmetric hyperintensities with diffusion restriction in substantia nigra. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and polymerase chain reaction were positive for EBV. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in EBV encephalitis are known to occur in cortical, subcortical regions, white matter, basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Isolated involvement of substantia nigra is less reported in the literature. Hence, this case highlights the clinical radiological correlation that can be seen in EBV encephalitis with secondary parkinsonism. The patient recovered after starting antivirals, steroids, and other symptomatic treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"45-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147647487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Right Patient at the Right Place: A Quality Improvement Initiative Implementing Safe Dehospitalization of Patients Using Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy.","authors":"Priscila Martini Bernardi Garzella, Thais Galoppini Felix, Nancy Oliveira Dos Santos, Lital Moro Bass, Leonardo Henrique Fiuza de Meireles, Caroline Pimenta Nunes, Ancelmo Honorato Ferraz de Sousa, Carlos Eduardo Santa Cruz Vieira, Daniela Nóbrega, Suellen Moniz, Maria Aparecida Machado, Fabiano Isidio de Lima, Maria Fernanda Trindade, Beatrice Sampaio Dos Santos Barros, Ana Claudia Mallet Souza Ramos, Priscilla Santini Ramalho, Renata Maria Cabral, Maria de Fátima Ferreira Cota, Karina Suzane Pereira Schapowal, Fabiana Rolla, Claudia Garcia de Barros, Sebastian Vernal","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_111_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_111_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Infection prevention programs promote a set of recommendations for rational antimicrobial management, encouraging outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) or step-down transitions to oral administration, when possible. However, proper selection of the right patient is critical for safe dehospitalization. The aim of the study was to report on implementing an outpatient antimicrobial management project using an improvement science framework.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A case report assessing a quality improvement initiative implementing an antimicrobial management project, DESOSP, in a Brazilian public tertiary hospital from July 2022 to June 2023. The intervention was implemented using a Breakthrough Series model, including plan-do-study-act cycles to promote OPAT and oral antimicrobial therapy (OAT) transitions. Clinical assistance outcomes were assessed from October 2022, including the dehospitalization rate of patients using antimicrobials in compliance with the eligibility criteria, the mean length of stay (MLS) of selected patients, and the hospital admission turnover rate. In addition, we used the financial data of OAT cases as a sample to estimate savings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 9 months, DESOSP increased the dehospitalization rate of eligible patients from 70% to 91%. The MLS of these patients dropped from 4.2 to 2.8 days. Turnover rate increased from 0.5 to 0.9. The readmission rates of patients receiving antibiotic therapy discharged for the same pathology within 30 days were not modified. Considering the OAT sample, we estimated savings of USD$76,949.86 (return on investment of 201.2%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Promoting a safe, structural, and systematic process, training, and engaging clinical teams seems feasible and valuable for promoting stewardship recommendations in the public healthcare system.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Sepsis Management in a Regional Community Hospital.","authors":"Hani Abdelaziz, Patrick Thibeault, Marjolaine Maher Laporte, Maryse Bernard, Nancy Cormier, Daniel Landry, Julie Steeves, Cédéric Boucher, Gary Johnston","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_37_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_37_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sepsis remains a leading cause of global mortality. Despite established guidelines by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC), adherence to time compliance with the SSC bundle is often inconsistent. In New Brunswick hospitals, this compliance has not been studied. This study evaluates compliance with the SSC bundle in a regional community hospital in New Brunswick (NB), Canada, and its impact on clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective, single-center observational study was conducted to review sepsis and septic shock cases over 6 months. Patients were categorized into two groups: group A (sepsis or septic shock diagnosed at initial assessment) and Group B (diagnosed retrospectively based on SSC screening criteria and a Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score ≥2). The primary outcome was time compliance with SSC bundle components, while secondary outcomes included mortality, length of hospital stay, and quantity of crystalloid fluid administered.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 44 patient charts reviewed, 20 met inclusion criteria (13 Group A and 7 Group B). Initial ordering compliance for the SSC bundle within 1 h was 45%, but processing compliance was only 5%. In an extended analysis, the time frame for antibiotic administration was broadened to 3 h, increasing overall compliance with the SSC bundle to 15%. When the analysis was extended to 3 hours for all bundle measures, ordering compliance rose to 60%, and processing compliance increased to 40%. Median time to antibiotic administration was 188 min, and median time to fluid initiation was 69 min. No significant differences in primary or secondary outcomes were observed between Group A and Group B.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Delays in processing SSC bundle components highlight critical gaps in sepsis care. Implementing standardized protocols, enhancing communication, and utilizing real-time alert systems could improve compliance and patient outcomes in NB hospitals.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"19-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147647504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral Manifestations of Monkeypox: A Global Scoping Review of Evidence.","authors":"Chitathoor Sridhar, Chandrasekaran Krithika, Ashwini Deshpande, Srijanani Santhanakrishnan, Arunagirinathan Narasingam, Balakrishnan Pachamuthu","doi":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_17_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jgid.jgid_17_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, has emerged as a significant global public health concern, particularly due to outbreaks in non-endemic regions. While cutaneous lesions are its hallmark, oral manifestations like mucosal lesions, ulcers, and enanthema may precede other symptoms, posing unique diagnostic challenges. This review aimed to assess the prevalence, clinical features, and implications of oral manifestations of monkeypox, emphasizing their importance in medical and dental practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scoping review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines analyzed studies on oral symptoms of monkeypox published from 2005 to 2024. Comprehensive searches of databases like PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were carried out and MeSH terms such as \"oral lesions,\" \"monkeypox,\" and \"stomatitis\" were used. Three independent reviewers extracted data on clinical presentations, prevalence, and implications for dental care.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Oral lesions, including ulcers, vesicles, sore throats, and necrosis on the tongue, gingiva, and buccal mucosa, are key diagnostic markers of monkeypox. Prevalence rates varied widely (7-100%), with higher rates evident in immunocompromised individuals and pediatric populations, with smaller studies often reporting higher rates. Lesions typically lasted 7-14 days, extending to three weeks in severe cases and were associated with secondary infections, pain and dysphagia particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Management included hydration, analgesics, and, in some cases, antiviral therapy like tecovirimat. The findings emphasize the need for standardized reporting of oral symptoms to enhance diagnostic accuracy and clinical care.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Oral manifestations of monkeypox are critical diagnostic and transmission markers. Dental practitioners should consider monkeypox in the differential diagnosis of unexplained oral ulcers, particularly in high-risk populations. Heightened awareness and standardized reporting can optimize diagnosis, care, and epidemic control efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":51581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"17 4","pages":"187-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12826637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146054794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}