{"title":"Multiple constraint network classification reveals functional brain networks distinguishing 0-back and 2-back task.","authors":"Anthony Nguyen, Christopher McNorgan","doi":"10.1037/cep0000360","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Working memory is associated with general intelligence and is crucial for performing complex cognitive tasks. Neuroimaging investigations have recognized that working memory is supported by a distribution of activity in regions across the entire brain. Identification of these regions has come primarily from general linear model analyses of statistical parametric maps to reveal brain regions whose activation is linearly related to working memory task conditions. This approach can fail to detect nonlinear task differences or differences reflected in distributed patterns of activity. In this study, we take advantage of the increased sensitivity of multivariate pattern analysis in a multiple-constraint deep learning classifier to analyze patterns of whole-brain blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity in children performing two different conditions of the emotional <i>n</i>-back task. Regional (supervoxel) whole-brain activation patterns from functional imaging runs of 20 children were used to train a set of neural network classifiers to identify task category (0-back vs. 2-back) and activation co-occurrence probability, which encoded functional connectivity. These simultaneous constraints promote the discovery of coherent networks that contribute towards task performance in each memory load condition. Permutation analyses discovered the global activation patterns and interregional coactivations that distinguish memory load. Examination of model weights identified the brain regions most predictive of memory load and the functional networks integrating these regions. Community detection analyses identified functional networks integrating task-predictive regions and found distinct patterns of network activation for each task type. Comparisons to functional network literature suggest more focused attentional network activation during the 2-back task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"265-281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Free-range haptic search.","authors":"Hunter B Sturgill, David A Rosenbaum","doi":"10.1037/cep0000370","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We search for objects every day using touch alone, as in reaching for keys in our pockets or reaching for pens in our desk drawers. In such contexts, we engage in a \"free-range\" haptic search. The objects we feel can be moved freely and our hands can move freely. Free-range haptic search has been little studied, so we developed a laboratory task to do so. We invited college student to feel for a plastic pipe of fixed length among a variable number of uniformly shorter or longer plastic pipes, giving half of our participants informative precues (pictures showing the number of distractors and size difference between the target and distractors) and the other half uninformative precues (a simple \"go-ahead\" message). The informative precues boosted efficiency only when the target was much larger than the distractors. The result suggests that participants could take advantage of the informative precues to opt for a quick sweep of the search area to pick out the object that would \"stick out like a sore thumb.\" Otherwise, they would resort to that strategy with a lower probability. Because our task has high ecological validity, we can recommend that informative advance information may help haptically impaired individuals search more efficiently. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"254-264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to \"Determining the optimal environmental information for training computational models of lexical semantics and lexical organization\" by Johns (2024).","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/cep0000385","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reports an error in \"Determining the optimal environmental information for training computational models of lexical semantics and lexical organization\" by Brendan T. Johns (<i>Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale</i>, 2024[Sep], Vol 78[3], 163-173; see record 2025-18520-001). In the article, the bar graph for Figure 4 is not the correct graph. The correct graph is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2025-18520-001.) Experiential theories of cognition propose that the external environment shapes cognitive processing, shifting emphasis from internal mechanisms to the learning of environmental structure. Computational modelling, particularly distributional models of lexical semantics (e.g., Landauer & Dumais, 1997) and models of lexical organization (e.g., Johns, 2021a), exemplifies this, highlights the influence of language experience on cognitive representations. While these models have been successful, comparatively less attention has been paid to the training materials used to train these models. Recent research has explored the role of social/communicatively oriented training materials on models of lexical semantics and organization (Johns, 2021a, 2021b, 2023, 2024), introducing discourse- and user-centred text training materials. However, determining the optimal training materials for these two model types remains an open question. This article addresses this problem by using experiential optimization (Johns, Jones, & Mewhort, 2019), which selects the materials that maximize model performance. This study will use experiential optimization to compare user-based and discourse-based corpora in optimizing models of lexical organization and semantics, offering insight into pathways towards integrating cognitive models in these areas. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"79 3","pages":"296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144977989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adults' knowledge of mathematical orthography.","authors":"Seyeon Kim, Heather P Douglas, Jo-Anne LeFevre","doi":"10.1037/cep0000368","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mathematical orthography comprises knowledge of mathematical symbols and the conventions for combining those symbols. For example, in the expression x3 + 3x, the positions of the symbol \"3\" in each term dictate its meanings in the expression. To be successful mathematical problem solvers, people need to know these conventional orthographic patterns. In this study, mathematical orthography skills were assessed in an online format for 189 adults using a timed dichotomous symbol-decision task (e.g., are these expressions conventional? (|<i>x</i>| or ||<i>x</i>)). The symbol-decision task predicted unique variance in whole-number arithmetic, word problem solving, and algebra, controlling for verbal working memory. These results support the role of individual differences in mathematical orthography as a predictor of advanced mathematical skills. In contrast, a written language orthography task only predicted unique variance in word problem solving, where participants read texts. The role of mathematical orthography should be considered in models of mathematical cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"244-253"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparing the effectiveness of encoding techniques on memory for vocabulary in a second language.","authors":"Brian S Kim, Sophia H N Tran, Myra A Fernandes","doi":"10.1037/cep0000362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We compared the effectiveness of encoding techniques in learning a character-based language. During an encoding phase, participants naive to Korean were shown 40 English-Korean word pairs in Experiment 1 (80 in Experiment 2) and asked to either repeat aloud (produce) the Korean pronunciation or copy the image of the Korean character. Recognition was later assessed in two ways: On an auditory test, participants selected the correct pairing from two audio clips of Korean words, and on a visual test, they selected the correct pairing from among two visually presented Korean characters. In both experiments, copying Korean characters led to higher performance overall. Notably, we also found an interaction such that memory was higher on the auditory test when encoding required production and better on the visual test when encoding required copying. Results suggest that matching the encoding and retrieval test modality maximizes performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"79 3","pages":"235-243"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144978040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia Morales Valiente, Stefan Köhler, Ken McRae
{"title":"Personal likelihood and event familiarity influence the simulation of future events.","authors":"Claudia Morales Valiente, Stefan Köhler, Ken McRae","doi":"10.1037/cep0000363","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Episodic future thinking is the ability to project the self forward in time to preexperience a potential future event. It has been hypothesized that two components enhance simulations of future events: personal likelihood and event familiarity. Personal likelihood varies depending on the dynamics of personal goals throughout an individual's lifetime. In contrast, event familiarity varies depending on a person's accumulated schematic (also called event or semantic) knowledge about a type of event. We investigated these two components through individuals' belief in the likelihood of an event's occurrence during the next 10 years and their familiarity with a type of event. We predicted that likelihood and familiarity enhance future event simulations, making them clearer and more detailed. We used two norming studies to develop participant-specific sets of future events. In the experiment, participants simulated and described events, and they rated phenomenological aspects of their simulations. Likelihood and familiarity played individual and combined roles during future event simulation. The strongest effects were found with phenomenological ratings, with likelihood and familiarity influencing three of four measures, including interacting for other sensory details ratings. For internal details as measured using the Autobiographical Interview, likelihood influenced total details and perceptual details, and familiarity influenced total, perceptual, and time details, including their interaction for perceptual details. We conclude that event future thinking is a dynamic simulation process that uses event knowledge learned from past experience and is influenced by a person's belief of how likely an event is to occur via mental rehearsal of likely events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"282-295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142933547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hannah D Loenneker, Krzysztof Cipora, Christina Artemenko, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Elien Bellon, Bert De Smedt, Javier García-Orza, Vaitsa Giannouli, Ismael Gutiérrez-Cordero, Katarzyna Lipowska, Jean-Philippe van Dijck, Xinru Yao, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Julia F Huber
{"title":"Math4Speed: A freely available measure of arithmetic fluency.","authors":"Hannah D Loenneker, Krzysztof Cipora, Christina Artemenko, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Elien Bellon, Bert De Smedt, Javier García-Orza, Vaitsa Giannouli, Ismael Gutiérrez-Cordero, Katarzyna Lipowska, Jean-Philippe van Dijck, Xinru Yao, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Julia F Huber","doi":"10.1037/cep0000347","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We introduce the <i>Math4Speed</i> (M4S), a paper-and-pencil measure incorporating the four arithmetic operations with items of varying complexity. M4S consists of 50 addition, 50 subtraction, 50 multiplication, and 50 division problems, limited to 2 min per operation. The psychometric evaluation was conducted by combining convenience samples of young adults (<i>N</i> = 1,165), who were mainly university students (77.2%), from six European countries (the United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Greece, and Spain). Reliability and validity were satisfactory. Construct validity was reflected in the largest associations between inverse operations (e.g., multiplication and division). Convergent and divergent validity were reflected in higher associations of the M4S with other arithmetic measures than with a spelling test. As a freely available measure, M4S will be widely accessible and will in this first step allow cross-study comparison for typical experimental samples. In the next step, we invite all researchers to contribute to further development of M4S by providing more culturally diverse, minority, or representative samples to broaden the use cases of this screening of arithmetic fluency and enable more generalizability. Interested contributors can get in contact via email (math4speed@psychologie.uni-tuebingen.de). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"212-220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visualizing numbers: Investigating the effect of presentation format on emotional responses and performance in lottery tasks.","authors":"Jakub Michalik, Lukasz Sumlinski, Agata Sobkow","doi":"10.1037/cep0000330","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Numeracy is the ability to understand, manipulate, and make sense of numerical information. It is crucial for everyday decision making that involves dealing with numbers. In this study, we tested whether we can help people make better choices in monetary lotteries by communicating numerical values (i.e., payoffs and probabilities) using visual aids. We also checked whether presenting this information in a visual form reduces affect negativity. Participants (<i>N</i> = 210) made choices in 10 monetary lotteries accompanied with visual aids (experimental condition) or without visual aids (control condition). After the lottery task, participants completed questionnaires measuring experienced emotions and numerical skills. Despite finding no hypothesized effect of visual aids on performance in a lottery task, the exploratory analysis revealed the interaction effect. In a visual aid condition, participants who were relatively less educated scored significantly higher in a lottery task in comparison to those in the control condition. Additionally, participants in the visual aid condition reported significantly lower intensity of negative emotions after the lottery task than those in the control condition. We discuss possible causes and mechanisms that can explain the results we obtained. We argue that visual aids are a promising tool for future learning, and their friendly format can positively influence people's reactions to decisions involving numerical information. However, we also point out the necessity for further research and exploration of the role of different designs of visual aids and individual differences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"228-233"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vivian Reigosa-Crespo, Patricia Ponce de León, Ainara Herrero, Ariel Cuadro
{"title":"Reading and mathematics: Two sides, same coin?","authors":"Vivian Reigosa-Crespo, Patricia Ponce de León, Ainara Herrero, Ariel Cuadro","doi":"10.1037/cep0000354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Word problem-solving (WPS) in mathematics and reading comprehension (RC) are essential to academic literacy. Previous studies suggest that WPS and RC involve common processes related to number and word processing. However, the nature of these connections is not yet fully understood. In this study, we examined the influence of reading and calculation fluency on the development of WPS and RC by conducting two longitudinal studies (L1 and L2) with children entering first grade in 2019 and 2018, respectively. Significant associations were found between reading fluency and RC, as well as between addition and subtraction fluency and WPS. In general, those correlations were higher (L1: .60-.74; L2: .55-.82) than correlations between reading and mathematics measures (L1: .30-.57; L2: .34-.54) suggesting patterns of overlap between different underlying more specific processes. Hierarchical regressions were computed to test the unique contribution of each predictor to the variance in WPS and RC when the other predictors were controlled. Addition and subtraction fluency significantly explained 6% and 4% of the individual variability in WPS in L1. Addition fluency also explained 20% of the variance in WPS in L2, whereas subtraction fluency did not. Moreover, reading fluency did not show a unique contribution to individual variability in WPS. On the contrary, reading fluency contributed uniquely to variance in RC in L1 (16%) and L2 (17%), while addition and subtraction fluency did not. Considering these findings, the controversy over the specificity of learning disabilities in mathematics and reading is revised, and practical implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":"79 2","pages":"146-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144509319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brianna L Devlin, Haobai Zhang, Amber Beliakoff, Dana Miller-Cotto, Alice Klein, Nancy C Jordan
{"title":"Profiles of preschoolers' numerical abilities across quantity representations.","authors":"Brianna L Devlin, Haobai Zhang, Amber Beliakoff, Dana Miller-Cotto, Alice Klein, Nancy C Jordan","doi":"10.1037/cep0000339","DOIUrl":"10.1037/cep0000339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children's early numerical abilities shape their trajectories for math learning throughout schooling, and task quantity representation (e.g., nonsymbolic vs. symbolic) affects their reasoning about numerical concepts. The role of quantity representation in early numerical ability has typically been studied using variable-centered approaches. The present study builds on past work by using latent profile analysis as a person-centered approach to investigate heterogeneity in U.S. preschoolers' (<i>N</i> = 200, <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 4 years, 6 months) numerical abilities across nonsymbolic, verbal symbolic, and written symbolic representation types. The aim was to determine whether numerical ability indicators across the three representation types would result in empirically distinct ability profiles and whether preschool ability profile would predict variance on a standardized assessment of math achievement a year later, in kindergarten. We found evidence of four distinct preschool number ability profiles: (a) consistently low; (b) consistently high; (c) intermediate, with an advantage on nonsymbolic items; and (d) intermediate, with an advantage on verbal symbolic items. Although children in the consistently low and consistently high profiles performed reliably lower and higher, respectively, on the assessment of kindergarten math achievement, the two intermediate profiles performed similarly. The results reveal heterogeneity in preschool numerical ability across quantity representations and suggest that proficiency with either nonsymbolic or verbal representations may be a helpful foundation for building future math achievement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":51529,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale","volume":" ","pages":"221-227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}