Hannah Barton, Sara Kover, Angela John Thurman, Lizbeth Finestack, Audra Sterling, Elizabeth Berry-Kravis, Jamie Edgin, Eric Fombonne, Heather MacFarlane, Leonard Abbeduto
{"title":"Expressive Language Sample Concordance With ADOS-2 Scores: Autism, Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome.","authors":"Hannah Barton, Sara Kover, Angela John Thurman, Lizbeth Finestack, Audra Sterling, Elizabeth Berry-Kravis, Jamie Edgin, Eric Fombonne, Heather MacFarlane, Leonard Abbeduto","doi":"10.1080/19447558.2026.2616202","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19447558.2026.2616202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mazurek et al. (2019) put forth an Expressive Language (EL) score based on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition Module administered and Item A1, establishing convergent validity with expressive language assessments for autism. The current study examines EL score relationships with transcribed language samples-including sensitivity to change-across 6- to 23-year-old individuals in three diagnostic groups: autism, Down syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome. Results demonstrate convergent validity of EL score with language complexity and lexical diversity, and variable patterns of divergence with talkativeness and nonverbal participation. In contrast to mean length of utterance in morphemes, EL score was not sensitive to 1-year change. These findings support the usefulness of EL score for quickly describing expressive language, but caution against its use as a clinical outcome or measure of change.</p>","PeriodicalId":51508,"journal":{"name":"Ajidd-American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"131 3","pages":"212-225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13470412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ellen Wilkinson, Keya Pai, Richard Hastings, Andrew Jahoda, Vanessa H Bal
{"title":"Parent-Reported Indicators of Depression in Non- and Minimally Speaking Adults With Autism.","authors":"Ellen Wilkinson, Keya Pai, Richard Hastings, Andrew Jahoda, Vanessa H Bal","doi":"10.1080/19447515.2025.2578980","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19447515.2025.2578980","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is little knowledge of how to identify depression in the 30% of adults with autism who are non- or minimally speaking (NMS). The current study aims to address this by using parent-reported behaviors to curate a list of indicators of depression in this population. When asked to describe why they think the person is depressed, qualitative analyses found parents (<i>N</i> = 152) frequently identified anhedonia and low mood. Endorsement patterns on existing depression surveys identify traditional depression symptoms like sleep, crying, and activity participation. On the other hand, many items (e.g., repetitive behaviors) were endorsed across groups with and without suspected depression, possibly capturing features of autism. Results inform our understanding of the manifestation of depression in NMS adults with autism and the development of screening tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":51508,"journal":{"name":"Ajidd-American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"131 3","pages":"171-186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148723881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physical Restraints in People With Intellectual Disability: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Stella Calo, Ralph Möhler","doi":"10.1080/19447515.2026.2682868","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19447515.2026.2682868","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physical restraints (PR) are commonly used in people with intellectual disability (ID). Their use is often associated with negative psychological and health outcomes, but their benefits are unclear. We aimed to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of the available body of evidence on this topic. This scoping review includes studies on PR use in people with ID in the community and residential settings. Forty-two studies were included in the final analysis; 37 quantitative studies (23 noninterventional and 14 interventional) and 5 qualitative studies, mainly from the United Kingdom and United States. The definitions of PR varied. The studies investigated prevalences, factors associated with PR use, interventions for reducing PR use or behavior that challenges, and experiences with PR use. None of the studies used a participatory design. To improve the comparability of the available evidence, a consensus definition of PR and associated concepts in people with ID is needed. There should also be more emphasis on involving people with ID in health research.</p>","PeriodicalId":51508,"journal":{"name":"Ajidd-American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":" ","pages":"379-399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148765996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rihab Borji, Sana Affes, Rabeb Laatar, Sonia Sahli, Haithem Rebai
{"title":"Acute Resistance and Aerobic Exercises Sustainably Improve Information Processing in Adolescents with Intellectual Disability.","authors":"Rihab Borji, Sana Affes, Rabeb Laatar, Sonia Sahli, Haithem Rebai","doi":"10.1080/19447515.2025.2578153","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19447515.2025.2578153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explored the sustainability of the acute effects of aerobic (AE) and resistance (RE) exercises on reaction time (RT) in individuals with intellectual disability. Twelve adolescents with intellectual disability performed visual simple RT (SRT), choice RT, and auditory SRT tests before and after three intervention sessions: AE, RE, and a control session. RTs were assessed before (Pre-EX), immediately (Post-0), 15 minutes and 30 minutes after exercise. Compared to Pre-EX, all RT declined in all time points after both RE and AE (<i>p</i> < .001; large effect). These decreases were (<i>p</i> < .05; large effect) higher for the RE compared to the AE at Post-0. AR and RE are recommended before engaging in cognitively demanding tasks, ideally within 30 minutes.</p>","PeriodicalId":51508,"journal":{"name":"Ajidd-American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"131 2","pages":"98-111"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of a Parent Training Intervention on Turkish Mothers' Implementation of Milieu Teaching Strategies and Language Outcomes of Children With Intellectual Disability.","authors":"Salih Rakap, Serife Balikci, Emrah Gulboy","doi":"10.1080/19447515.2025.2586993","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19447515.2025.2586993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the effectiveness of a parent training intervention on Turkish mothers' use of milieu teaching (MT) strategies and the language development of their children with intellectual disability, using an adapted-multiple-probe across participants single-case experimental research design. Three mother-child dyads were enrolled in the study. The participating children were between 36 and 44 months old. Mothers underwent a 4-hour training session followed by 30-minute home coaching sessions twice a week for 8 to 10 weeks. Results showed significant improvements in mothers' correct use of MT strategies, which were maintained postcoaching. There was a notable corresponding rise in the percentage of correct responses from their children concerning language targets. All three mothers and their spouses expressed satisfaction with the parent training intervention. Implications for future research are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":51508,"journal":{"name":"Ajidd-American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"131 3","pages":"187-203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148724040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marc J Tassé, Martha E Ford, Robert L Schalock, Ruth Luckasson
{"title":"Need for Stability and Predictability in Terminology in Times of Change and Challenges.","authors":"Marc J Tassé, Martha E Ford, Robert L Schalock, Ruth Luckasson","doi":"10.1080/19447515.2025.2577479","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19447515.2025.2577479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article provides solutions to reduce terminology-related confusion and inconsistencies in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Solutions involve distinguishing between a disability and a disorder, using the consensus definitions of intellectual disability and developmental disability; recognizing the important distinction among different types of definitions; differentiating the constructs of intellectual disability and developmental disability; not combining the terms intellectual disability and developmental disability into a new diagnostic term; and using appropriate initials to denote the respective condition. Solutions are based on information obtained from three sources: current diagnostic manuals, disability-related public laws and administrative rules and regulations of federal agencies with jurisdiction regarding people with a disability, and relevant published literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":51508,"journal":{"name":"Ajidd-American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"131 3","pages":"159-170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alicia M Dixon-Ibarra, John P Hanley, Andrew E Lincoln, Julie D Weeks, Jon Baio, Joseph Holbrook, Catherine E Rice
{"title":"Functional Limitations Reported Among U.S. Adults With Intellectual Disability Participating in Special Olympics: A Comparative Analysis to the General Population.","authors":"Alicia M Dixon-Ibarra, John P Hanley, Andrew E Lincoln, Julie D Weeks, Jon Baio, Joseph Holbrook, Catherine E Rice","doi":"10.1080/19447515.2026.2669460","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19447515.2026.2669460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Washington Group Short Set on Functioning (WG-SS) allows for the identification of functional limitations across severity levels. Incorporating the WG-SS into Special Olympics (SO) surveys serves to understand functional support needs and inform SO programming for people with intellectual disability. This study examined functioning using both a restrictive and a broad definition of limitation among 525 U.S. SO athletes who completed an online survey in 2022. Self- and proxy-reported outcomes were compared to National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) estimates. Nearly a quarter of SO athletes (24.2%) reported any functional limitation under the restricted definition, while over three quarters (82.1%) reported limitations under the broad definition. Differences emerged between self- and proxy-reported data. Compared with NHIS age-adjusted estimates, SO athletes had higher prevalence ratios across all six domains, including self-care (PR = 12.93) and communication (PR = 11.21). These findings underscore functional diversity among SO athletes and inform programming and disability surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":51508,"journal":{"name":"Ajidd-American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"131 4","pages":"251-266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13531350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148722580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Izaskun Álvarez-Aguado, Maryam Farhang, Miguel Roselló-Peñaloza, Karla Campaña Vilo, Jennifer Figueroa Figueroa, Félix González-Carrasco, Felipe Muñoz La Rivera, Leyre Álvarez Aguado, Vanessa Vega Córdova, Rodrigo Arriagada Chinchón
{"title":"Perceived Quality of Life in Adults with Mild to Moderate Intellectual Disability and Early-Stage Dementia in Chile.","authors":"Izaskun Álvarez-Aguado, Maryam Farhang, Miguel Roselló-Peñaloza, Karla Campaña Vilo, Jennifer Figueroa Figueroa, Félix González-Carrasco, Felipe Muñoz La Rivera, Leyre Álvarez Aguado, Vanessa Vega Córdova, Rodrigo Arriagada Chinchón","doi":"10.1080/19447515.2026.2659595","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19447515.2026.2659595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increased life expectancy among people with intellectual disability has led to a growing prevalence of dementia, highlighting the need to understand how quality of life is experienced during its early stages. This qualitative study explored perceived quality of life among adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability and mild dementia residing in long-term care facilities in Chile. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 86 individuals, using accessible communication strategies and visual supports. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis, informed by Schalock and Verdugo's quality of life framework. Five interrelated themes described how quality of life was experienced through the organization of activities and environments, emotional and physical experiences, relationships and participation, involvement in decision-making and support, and perceived changes over time. Quality of life in early-stage dementia was articulated through concrete experiences of participation, relationships, and support, underscoring the importance of everyday contexts as key sites where well-being is experienced and sustained.</p>","PeriodicalId":51508,"journal":{"name":"Ajidd-American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":" ","pages":"322-336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148761194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parenting Stress in Families of Children With ASD and DD: A Multidimensional Perspective.","authors":"Niki Bahri, Laura Lee McIntyre, Cameron Neece","doi":"10.1080/19447515.2025.2578152","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19447515.2025.2578152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parenting stress is a multifaceted experience, particularly for parents of children with autism and children with other developmental disabilities (DD). While much research focuses on child-specific factors, broader contextual influences are often underexplored. Guided by Belsky's model of parenting stress and ecological systems theory, this study examines how child, parent, and familial factors contribute to parenting stress. Data from 206 families with children aged 3 to 5 years (95 with autism, 111 with DD) were analyzed. Results indicate that child characteristics, such as symptom severity and adaptive behavior, significantly impact parenting stress. Parent (e.g., education level, marital status) and familial variables (e.g., income, number of siblings) also play key roles. Notably, predictors of stress differ across distinct dimensions, suggesting that distinct mechanisms may underlie general distress, daily hassles, and the perceived impact of the child on the family. These findings emphasize the need for targeted, multidimensional intervention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":51508,"journal":{"name":"Ajidd-American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"131 2","pages":"83-97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13456482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}