Development Policy Review最新文献

{"title":"Towards an institutional setup for industrial policy in late industrialization in the 21st century","authors":"Jan Grumiller, Werner Raza","doi":"10.1111/dpr.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article contributes to the ongoing debate on the institutional preconditions for inclusive and sustainable development in the global periphery, countries that are in a subordinate position within global capitalism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The authors argue that deliberations pertaining to the effectiveness, inclusiveness, and sustainability of economic development must take into account the political-economic contexts of specific peripheral countries. The article goes on to further conceptualize inclusive late industrialization processes and operationalize institutional setups for industrial policy to make it more useful from a policy perspective.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Approach and methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our conceptual framework draws on neo-Gramscian and materialist state theory, the developmental regime approach, and other contributions on the necessary conditions for effective industrial policy of late industrializers, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We contend that the peripheral states' strategic selectivity often severely limits the emergence of comprehensive industrialization regimes that have extensive elements of embedded autonomy and hegemony. In fact, pro-developmental social forces are likely to be more successful in promoting selective industrialization projects in peripheral contexts. Notwithstanding the comprehensiveness of industrialization regimes, we propose the operationalization of industrial policy institutions with regard to their degree of inclusiveness, decentralization, managerialism, and state-led production. We conceptualize the different ways actors may be included or excluded at different scales of industrial policy institutions. In doing so, potential trade-offs within and between these institutional areas are highlighted, enhancing the policy relevance of the debate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>From a strategic policy perspective, the exclusive nature of bureaucratic–authoritarian industrialization regimes of the 20th century needs to be avoided in latecomer industrialization processes of the 21st century, which is why the support of pro-developmental civil society, and thus the construction of hegemony to achieve inclusive development processes, continue to be crucial in peripheral country contexts. The management of the institutional setup and respective trade-offs will involve learning-by-doing, constant monitoring, and continuous adaptation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why do bureaucrats want mandatory training? A conjoint mixed-methods analysis of individual learning preferences in German, Norwegian, and South Korean donor agencies","authors":"Alessandra Tangianu, Daniel E. Esser, Heiner Janus","doi":"10.1111/dpr.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Individual knowledge and professional learning among donor-agency bureaucrats play a decisive role in the design and implementation of development interventions. Understanding how to provide optimal training curricula for their staff is key for these bureaucracies' effectiveness as central organizational actors in the international development field.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyse individual preferences for professional learning pathways in three bilateral donor-agency bureaucracies—the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad)—to understand determinants of decision-making and opportunities for improvement. We ask: how do bureaucrats in these organizations assess different options for knowledge acquisition and learning?</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Approach and methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We integrate experimental and qualitative data to provide a comparative perspective on learning practices among donor-agency bureaucrats. Drawing on 89 randomly sampled interviews across three bureaucracies and representing both headquarters and recipient-country staff, we conducted a web-administered choice-based conjoint analysis among 81 bureaucrats to capture interactions between five dimensions of professional learning. We then contextualize our experimental findings through our interview data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We find that the bureaucrats in our sample have a statistically significant preference for mandatory as opposed to optional training. We note that among the five dimensions of professional learning, the mode of training is the only one that an organization can directly influence. Triangulation with our interview data suggests that this preferred modality of learning is complemented by a staff preference for more targeted substantive training on thematic competencies as opposed to focusing on administrative procedures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although broad administrative knowledge and experience are indispensable for professionals working at the interface of politics and programming, they are not enough. Donor agencies must take their staff members' learning preferences seriously and not shift the burden of learning about substantive issues onto individual staff.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dpr.70003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic development in the context of nuclear past: The case of Kazakhstan","authors":"Aigerim Mussabalinova,&nbsp;Artur Antimonov,&nbsp;Mukhtar Amanbaiuly,&nbsp;Nikita Durnev","doi":"10.1111/dpr.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding the consequences of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site is crucial for global nuclear disarmament, environmental protection, and community-centred social policies. This article highlights the ongoing challenges faced by the inhabitants of the Abay region in Kazakhstan.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The primary objective of the study is to inform and enhance policies related to the former Semipalatinsk nuclear testing site. A key focus is understanding how locals perceive the site's impact on socioeconomic development.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Approach</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study uses semi-structured interviews with locals. The research question addresses how locals perceive the impact of the Semipalatinsk test site on socioeconomic development. Data were collected through 48 interviews from January to March 2024 in the cities of Semey and Kurchatov and thematic patterns were analysed within Galtung's (1990) social justice framework.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The research shows how prolonged neglect by government impacts the investment climate and social well-being. Restricted access to information on land contamination has hindered explanatory work. The study reveals gaps in understanding among residents and varying access to information.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An effort on the part of the government to improve information and communication exchange is needed to address the nuclear site's impact, considering differing perceptions. Legislative actions should focus on remediating contamination, protecting public health, and ensuring participatory environmental governance. Policies must address the socioeconomic effects of environmental degradation, promoting social justice and sustainable development. Targeted infrastructure investment is vital for economic growth. Supporting emerging sectors such as medicine, services, and knowledge-based industries will create employment opportunities and address brain drain.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxing high-net-worth individuals in Nigeria: Challenges and opportunities for policy-makers from a preliminary investigation","authors":"Giovanni Occhiali,&nbsp;Jalia Kangave,&nbsp;Hamza Ahmed Khan","doi":"10.1111/dpr.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nigeria ranks third in Africa for the number of US dollar millionaires, but whether these high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs) are contributing their fair share to domestic revenue mobilization is open to question. Although there have been various attempts to improve tax collection in recent years, including the establishment in 2023 of a presidential committee to harmonize fiscal policy across the country's 36 states, some of which are developing compliance strategies for wealthy individuals, very little is known about the impact of these reforms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To understand what approaches are currently prevalent to improve HNWI compliance across Nigeria and whether they are perceived to be effective.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study is based on 12 semi-structured interviews with public and private stakeholders from North East Nigeria, analysis of federal and state-level legislation, data collected from 10 State Boards of the Internal Revenue Service from all Nigerian geopolitical zones in preparation for a two-day workshop on HNWIs, and discussions with the 26 participants in the workshop.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite the great diversity in the economic and social structures of the states of Nigeria, legal, administrative, and political challenges faced by the State Boards of the Internal Revenue Service are very similar. Different states have passed subnational legislation that introduces requirements over and above those present in federal legislation to collect the information required to identify HNWIs. However, enforcement is made complex by low tax morale amongst the citizenship and political interference in tax administrative processes. These trends are then discussed in more depth for the particular case of Borno State.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given the similarities between the obstacles faced by State Boards of the Internal Revenue Service in taxing HNWIs, there is scope for promoting regional approaches coordinated by the Nigerian Joint Tax Board. More evidence needs to be gathered on the effectiveness of policy measures implemented by particular states and the sharing of experiences across State Boards of the Internal Revenue Service needs to be facilitated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dpr.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensuring fertilizer quality in Vietnam's Mekong Delta: The role of government and market initiatives","authors":"Yukichi Mano,&nbsp;Yutaka Arimoto,&nbsp;Nguyen Duy Can,&nbsp;Do Van Hoang,&nbsp;Emi Kojin,&nbsp;Nguyen Thiet,&nbsp;Kazunari Tsukada,&nbsp;Vo Hong Tu","doi":"10.1111/dpr.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.70000","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Motivation&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;If fertilizer is of low quality, farmers can be reluctant to use it, leading to low crop yields and low profitability. Although low-quality fertilizer is often reported in the global south, little is said about how to solve the problem.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Purpose&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;We examine how the government, fertilizer manufacturers and dealers, and farmers have dealt with fertilizer quality in Vietnam. We evaluate the quality of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer samples in the Mekong Delta, a hub of rice production.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Approach and methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;We conducted in-depth interviews and discussions with stakeholders to understand the mechanisms for ensuring fertilizer quality and their effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;It became clear that concerns about fertilizer quality were not regarding products from large state enterprises that dominate the market, but rather about fertilizer from smaller, often newer, manufacturers. We collected 141 samples of NPK fertilizers from smaller manufacturers in the Mekong Delta to compare the measured levels of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potassium (K) with their declared levels.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Findings&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Three complementary strategies for ensuring fertilizer quality have been identified: (1) government regulation and oversight through licensing, mandatory quality labelling, and random inspections; (2) manufacturer initiatives to establish brand reputation through warranties and dealer certification; and (3) farmer observations of fertilizer effectiveness that are communicated back to local dealers. The overall quality of fertilizers in the market was notably high, with the main brands from state enterprises capturing 95% of the market share. However, concerns were raised regarding the quality of lesser-known fertilizer brands from newer manufacturers.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Analysis of 141 fertilizer samples revealed that 48.9% of the minor-brand fertilizers were lacking in at least one nutrient, exceeding the legally allowed deviation of 10%. Samples usually had excessive nitrogen and insufficient potassium.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Policy implications&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;These findings highlight the necessity of coordinated government and market efforts to ensure fertilizer quality. Government regulation alone may not eliminate substandard fertilizer from the market, but it can be effective when combined with market initiatives from fertilizer manufacturers, dealers, and farmers.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early transition markers, opportunities, and limitations that define pathways into the labour market from adolescence to adulthood in South Africa","authors":"Laura Rossouw,&nbsp;Kathryn Grace Watt,&nbsp;Furzana Timol,&nbsp;Leslie L. Davidson,&nbsp;Chris Desmond","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12829","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The transition from adolescence to adulthood encompasses key social changes. NEET status (<b>N</b>ot in <b>E</b>ducation, <b>E</b>mployment or <b>T</b>raining) during this period disrupts this transition and alters an adolescent's life course. This is of particular concern in South Africa, a middle-income country with one of the world's highest rates of youth unemployment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The pathway to becoming NEET emerges over time by accumulating risks in early life and adolescence. Early-life adversities can increase the probability of events associated with becoming NEET. We aim to identify early-life and adolescent predictors of events associated with becoming NEET, as well as predictors of NEET status itself.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and approach</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyse four rounds of longitudinal data from a sample of 1,174 adolescents growing up in peri-urban KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Using a socioecological life-course model, we create two overlapping analytic cohorts and two NEET vulnerability indices to evaluate whether risks for vulnerability in schooling (early outcomes) are similar to those affecting post-schooling education and labour-market outcomes (later outcomes). We use a linear probability model to analyse the relationship between the vulnerability indices and the range of risk factors in the socioecological life-course model.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A strong predictor of both NEET vulnerability indices includes reporting feeling hopeless about the future. Other significant predictors include behavioural factors (getting pregnant or impregnating someone during adolescence, and drinking alcohol before age 16), family structure (residing with one's biological mother in early adolescence was protective) and demographics (age).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>By deepening our understanding of how individual and contextual characteristics shape the transition into productive adulthood through a life-course approach, we can identify possible early intervention points lost once young people become NEET.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dpr.12829","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proxy means test for targeting welfare benefits in Jamaica","authors":"Garfield O. Blake,&nbsp;Godfrey Gibbison","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12828","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The proxy means test (PMT) has become the predominant targeting mechanism for social assistance schemes in many low- and lower-middle income countries, including Jamaica. It has many powerful advocates amid claims that it can accurately and cost-effectively target the poor. However, recently, there have been concerns expressed by beneficiary groups, government stakeholders, and civil society on the selection of households for benefits under Jamaica's Programme of Advancement Through Health and Education (PATH).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An evaluation of PATH suggests that it covers only about 71% of households ranked in the poorest quintiles, while 23% of programme beneficiaries are from households considered to be non-poor (ranked in the top two quintiles). This study introduces innovations to the current PMT model with the objective of improving targeting of the poor for social protection benefits.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Approach and methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We draw on data collected by the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) regarding the PATH programme to show that an application of the poverty-weighted least squares regression estimation method improves coverage of households ranked in the poorest quintiles. Poverty-weighted least squares places higher weights on the squared errors of poor households, which avoids the tendency of least squares regression to increase the predicted consumption of the poor.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using data compiled by the STATIN through the annual Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions, we showed that the construction of a national model estimated using poverty-weighted least squares, and adjusting predicted consumption to the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval, improves coverage of the poorest households from 71% to over 85%. Achieving this high rate of coverage among the poor came at a cost, in the form of high coverage among the non-poor and, particularly, an increase in inclusion errors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We believe these results demonstrate that in certain contexts it is possible to improve upon the Basic PMT model and meet the goals the PMT was intended to achieve, efficiently directing social assistance to the poor, minimizing leakage to the non-poor, and maintaining integrity in the overall social assistance mechanism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing regional and sectoral productivity changes in the Indian economy","authors":"Puneet Prakash Kaur,&nbsp;Ravi Kiran","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12830","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Motivation&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Numerous domestic and international studies have shown that India's business environment has shortcomings that have hindered and distorted investment, reducing growth and job creation. There is geographical variation in the distribution of sectoral and regional production in India. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the role geography plays in evaluating the effects of shifts in aggregate and disaggregate productivity.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Purpose&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This research attempts to build a unified framework to consider regional and sectoral changes as heterogeneous factors affecting productivity in India. It explores whether the fundamental changes in productivity are locational or sectoral.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Approach and Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This article focuses on three aspects: (1) It identifies variables based on previous literature. The aggregate industry analysis for both Punjab and India is based on independent variables. The study uses the 2SLS-estimator using STATA in a single-step endogeneity problem. (2) For disaggregate or sectoral analysis, it identifies four industries across India and Punjab. We confine our analysis to these four industries since the present study is done at both aggregate and disaggregate levels covering national and state level analysis. (3) It sets out separate interpretations for the aggregate analysis, setting it apart from disaggregate analysis.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Findings&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;For aggregate industry analysis, the results for Indian and Punjab industry adhere to Verdoorn's law which states that in the long run productivity generally grows proportionally to the square root of output. In that value-added growth is a major factor affecting total factor productivity for Indian firms across both regions. The Punjab group shows non-linearity between productivity and concentration. Concentration leads to some increase in productivity but this then declines.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Policy Implications&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Policy-makers should promote the establishment of more medium-sized firms to enhance productivity across all regions in India.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The skilled-labour ratio emerged as significant for the Punjab group, though this is because the state has a higher proportion of small-scale industries which are more labour intensive than the overall India group. As such, specific policies should be aimed at the manufacturing sector at state level to enhance productivity, taking into consideration unique features of each group.&lt;","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enforcing contracts: The role of state subsidies as a hybrid enforcement mechanism in contracts between tomato processors and farmers in Algeria","authors":"Sami Assassi,&nbsp;Georgios Kleftodimos,&nbsp;Oualid Benharrat,&nbsp;Aybike Bayraktar","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12827","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Contract farming plays a significant role in the growth of agriculture in many countries. Contracting poses substantial challenges when courts and companies are insufficiently developed, constraining the fulfilment of contracts. Exploring innovative contract enforcement mechanisms could yield valuable insights.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We evaluate the effectiveness of state subsidies as a hybrid enforcement mechanism of the marketing contract developed by the Algerian government for tomato processors and their farmer suppliers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Approach and methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We examine the delivery decisions of Algerian tomato farmers to honour contracts or to deliver to the spot market. From the findings we evaluated the direct and indirect effects of subsidies on expanding the self-enforcing range of contracts and on encouraging firms to establish private contract enforcement mechanisms. Propensity scoring was used to match farmers. The data come from a comprehensive database of contracted tomato producers and surveys of all tomato canneries in 2021.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Subsidies, by reducing processor costs and raising famer prices, help to make contracts self-enforcing. Subsidies, moreover, encouraged half of the processors to adopt private contract enforcement mechanisms, above all loans to their supplier farmers. These mechanisms have had a positive, albeit moderate, effect on farmer deliveries.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Farmers still deliver only half of their contracts owing to weakening self-enforcement as the subsidy can be accessed in the spot market.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Public subsidies can help enforce contracts in agricultural value chains, especially where legal systems are fragile. Strict control of access to subsidies and incentives is crucial to ensure that the contract price provides sufficient incentive to farmers and to encourage processors to provide additional incentives.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring climate change investment initiatives and funding challenges among faith-based organizations in Ghana","authors":"Kelvin Omari Mintah,&nbsp;Solomon Nborkan Nakouwo,&nbsp;Albert Ahenkan,&nbsp;Justice Nyigmah Bawole","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12826","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Faith-based organizations (FBOs) have a significant role to play at a time of environmental upheavals, but their ability to mobilize climate funds in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Ghana, remains under question.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study asked three questions: (1) What spectrum of climate change investment opportunities are FBOs seeking? (2) What are the untapped climate change investment opportunities that FBOs can pursue? (3) What are the constraints that hinder FBOs in mobilizing funds to finance these opportunities?</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Approach and methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A qualitative research approach was adopted for the study and 18 FBOs in Ghana were purposively selected as a sample for the study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study uncovered the spectrum of climate change investment opportunities pursued by FBOs in the areas of agriculture and waste. However, there are untapped climate change investment opportunities in the energy and transport sectors. The constraints associated with mobilizing climate finance are ideological differences, knowledge gaps, limited institutional capacity, and bureaucratic bottlenecks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Climate action funders need to reduce complications surrounding the means of obtaining funding and streamline their funding requirements to suit FBOs. They should also reassess their credibility evaluation standards to help FBOs from being sidestepped due to limited funding track records, despite the promising adaptation and mitigation initiatives they may have to offer. FBOs must upgrade their skills in the climate finance landscape by taking advantage of capacity-building programmes and training that seek to increase their understanding of the climate finance opportunities and requirements of climate funders.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}