Development Policy Review最新文献

{"title":"How much do development partners invest in disaster risk reduction? A data analysis","authors":"Suyeon Lee","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12707","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dpr.12707","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most weather-related disasters occur in the world's poorest countries, which have the least capacity to cope. Due to the absence of a clear classification of DRR aid, donors and recipient countries have not known the amount of DRR aid flowing or its effectiveness in terms of supporting disaster risk management in developing countries.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 2018, the OECD DAC created a new policy marker for DRR to help donor countries to monitor and report the progress made on mainstreaming DRR into their development activities. Drawing on this DRR marker, this study identifies trends and patterns as well as limitations in the DRR mainstreaming process to guide donor countries to successfully deliver the DRR goals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and approach</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>When reporting to the OECD DAC, donors are asked to provide information on the purpose of individual projects/programmes, and screen against all policy markers in the reporting system. Using this data, this study conducted an in-depth analysis of donor countries' development portfolios to provide a comprehensive and granular picture of the funding streams and practices concerning DRR.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study revealed that current spending on DRR remains a tiny fraction of total development aid. Even after the creation of the DRR marker, which raised donors' awareness of the importance of integrating DRR into development planning, no substantial increase in DRR funding has been made. This implies that most official development assistance from DAC members still fails to consider DRR in any meaningful way.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Important areas for improvement include a more comprehensive understanding of disaster risk, increased funding for activities that principally target DRR, financial stability, and further integration of DRR and climate change adaptation into development projects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"41 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47810690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does access to water, sanitation, and hygiene improve children's health? An empirical analysis in Indonesia","authors":"Tri Mulyaningsih,&nbsp;Itismita Mohanty,&nbsp;Tesfaye Alemayehu Gebremedhin,&nbsp;Riyana Miranti,&nbsp;Vitri Widyaningsih","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12706","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dpr.12706","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Much of the world's population still lacks access to safe drinking water and sanitation, particularly people living in poverty and in rural areas. The literature suggests that lack of access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) contributes to poor development of young children. That further leads to inadequate cognitive stimulation, stunting, iodine and iron deficiency, and lower productivity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We aim to study the status of early childhood health in Indonesia by measuring an Early Childhood Health Index and to examine the role of access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene in improving children's health using the national representative data of Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) waves 4 (in 2007) and 5 (in 2014).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and approach</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our methodological approach consisted of two steps. First, we developed WASH Index and Early Childhood Health Index using polychoric Principal Component Analysis (PCA), then assessed the association between the two indices using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, we found significant associations between the WASH Index and children's health status and nutritional status. The results also show that several important indicators of WASH (in particular, quality of drinking water, washing and bathing water, and sanitation) improved between 2007 and 2014. Children's access to health care and several children's health indicators also got better. Nevertheless, we still observed stable conditions or even worsening conditions in other components, namely an increase in stunting and children's morbidity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study provides evidence that access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene is essential to improve children's health status. In accordance with Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia number 185 from 2014, the government at the national, provincial, and district levels must accelerate the development of public infrastructure to ensure access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene for the entire population as this investment is essential to improve young children's health and reduce the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"41 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42308491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking human capital: Perspectives from women working in the informal economy","authors":"Yogesh Ghore,&nbsp;Brad Long,&nbsp;Zeynep Ozkok,&nbsp;Derin Derici","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12705","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dpr.12705","url":null,"abstract":"MotivationThe development of human capital is a priority for most nation states, accelerated by the COVID-19 global pandemic. In the context of reimagining a \"new normal\" post-COVID, we reconsider the concept of human capital, and focus on knowledge, skills, and training of individuals in order to capture aspects of inclusive development.PurposeThis paper shows how the perspective of women, informal sector workers, representing some of the most marginalized workers in society, informs and improves our understanding of human capital and its development and utilization.Methods and approachOur findings are derived from field-based research conducted over the summer of 2021 in which multiple (virtual) focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with selected members of the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) in India.FindingsThrough our FGDs, the participants provided new perspectives and insights into our knowledge of human capital, emphasizing the importance of social protection programmes, gender equity, ongoing training opportunities, decentralized supply chains, and income security. Perhaps most significantly, the benefits accrued to women through being organized have been key to unlocking their human capital potential.Policy implicationsOur research highlights themes that are often overlooked in the literature or are beyond the scope of more narrow conceptualizations of human capital. We show that human capital is tightly interwoven with other forms of capital (community assets), and hence efforts to build the former cannot be achieved in isolation from attending to the latter.","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"41 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dpr.12705","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43531232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value chain research and development: The quest for impact","authors":"Jason Donovan,&nbsp;Dietmar Stoian","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12703","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dpr.12703","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Motivation&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;For decades, governments, donors, and practitioners have promoted market-based development approaches (MBDA), most recently in the form of value chain development (VCD), to spur economic growth and reduce poverty. Changes in approaches have been shaped by funders, practitioners and researchers in ways that are incompletely appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Purpose&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;We address the following questions: (1) how have researchers and practitioners shaped discussions on MBDA?; and (2) how has research stimulated practice, and how has practice informed research? We hypothesize that stronger exchange between researchers and practitioners increases the relevance and impact of value chain research and development.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods and approach&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;We adopt Downs' (1972) concept of issue-attention cycles, which posits that attention to a particular issue follows a pattern where, first, excitement builds over potential solutions; followed by disenchantment as the inherent complexity, trade-offs, and resources required to solve it become apparent; and consequently attention moves on to a new issue. We review the literature on MBDA to see how far this framing applies.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Findings&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;We identify five cycles of approaches to market-based development over the last 40 or more years: (1) non-traditional agricultural exports; (2) small and medium enterprise development; (3) value chains with a globalization perspective; (4) value chains with an agri-business perspective; and (5) value chain development.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The shaping and sequencing of these cycles reflect researchers' tendency to analyse and criticize MBDA, while providing limited guidance on workable improvements; practitioners' reluctance to engage in critical reflection on their programmes; and an institutional and funding environment that encourages new approaches.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Policy implications&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Future MBDA will benefit from stronger engagement between researchers, practitioners, and funders. Before shifting attention to new concepts and approaches, achievements and failures in previous cycles need to be scrutinized. Evidence-based practice should extend for the length of the issue-attention cycle; preferably it should arrest the cycling of attention. Funders can help by requiring grantees to critically reflect on past action, by providing “","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"41 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dpr.12703","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45893664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile money taxation and informal workers: Evidence from Ghana's E-levy","authors":"Nana Akua Anyidoho,&nbsp;Max Gallien,&nbsp;Mike Rogan,&nbsp;Vanessa van den Boogaard","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12704","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, governments in low-income countries have increasingly introduced taxes on mobile money transfers. These are often explicitly promoted as a way of taxing informal economic activity, but critics have noted their potential negative impact on lower-income groups and specifically those in the informal sector. Yet there is virtually no evidence base on the effects of mobile money taxes on informal workers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article assesses how informal workers in Accra, Ghana, use mobile money and how they perceive Ghana's Electronic Transfer Levy (E-levy), introduced in May 2022. This provides a particularly interesting case study to explore the equity implications of the tax, as the policy was explicitly justified as a way of taxing the informal economy but also includes measures to limit the tax burden on lower-income groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and approach</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The article uses data from a survey of 2,700 self-employed informal workers in the Accra Metropolitan Assembly to capture citizen perceptions of the policy and to examine the likely impact of the E-levy on informal workers with reference to equity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, our results suggest that the E-levy is highly regressive. Further, we show that most informal workers disapprove of the E-levy, reflecting not just concerns about its equity impacts, but also disappointment with the government's performance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that taxes on digital financial services should be reconsidered from an equity perspective. While some policy measures, including those undertaken in Ghana, can protect low-income earners, they are often insufficient to counteract overall regressive impacts. Where they are implemented, social spending from the revenue from these taxes should target low-income populations in the informal economy, while governments should focus on building trust among informal workers with regard to revenue raising and spending.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"41 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50127465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domestic workers' agency against workplace sexual harassment: The role of social norms in Bangladesh","authors":"Sohela Nazneen,&nbsp;Lopita Huq","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12702","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There are 1.3 million domestic workers in Bangladesh; the precarious and private nature of domestic work makes them vulnerable to sexual harassment. Prevalent social norms that regulate sexuality and notions of family honour lead to victim blaming and normalization of male aggression. We contribute to the literature on social norms and women's agency by exploring how they tackle sexual harassment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We explore the connection between social norms and gendered agency in tackling workplace sexual harassment. We ask: how do young female domestic workers in Dhaka protect themselves from workplace sexual harassment? What insights do these strategies offer to strengthen women's voice and agency against sexual harassment?</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and approach</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a case-study approach based on interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and participatory exercises with domestic workers, we explore when, how, and where domestic workers raise their voice against incidents of harassment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings show that, while most of the workers interviewed expect to face some form of sexual harassment at work, very few lodge formal complaints. They use a range of informal strategies or small manoeuvres to minimize risks. The decision by domestic workers to voice their concerns with family members, community actors, and employers is influenced by their alternative employment options, the damage to their and their family's reputation, and the support they may expect to receive from these actors. The class position and gender of the domestic worker influence these interactions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on our findings, we argue that prevalent social norms on sexuality, the precarious nature of domestic work, and the private nature of the home as a workplace, constrain domestic workers' agency, and their protection strategies remain largely individualized. Strengthening agency requires going beyond legal reform and involves creating an alternative public discourse on women's sexuality, developing links between domestic workers with local community organizations and networks, and changing the perceptions of actors responsible for providing protection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"41 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50119275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domestic workers’ agency against workplace sexual harassment: Role of social norms in Bangladesh","authors":"Sohela Nazneen, L. Huq","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12702","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42822716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What role for aid in countries with and without a development bargain?","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12701","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dpr.12701","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;\u0000 &lt;b&gt;Contents&lt;/b&gt;\u0000 &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. Introduction – Annalisa Prizzon and Steve Wiggins&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2. What role for aid in countries with and without a “development bargain”? – Stefan Dercon&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;3. Donors are already part of the development bargain—for better or, often, for worse – Naomi Hossain&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;4. Development co-operation can help with the first steps, but it is the national government that makes the development journey – Liang Ma&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;5. Which elite bargain drives development assistance? – Arkebe Oqubay&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;6. Development actors cannot help form development bargains – Rathin Roy&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;7. Development partners need to support external grand struggles – Hannah Ryder&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;8. Aid and the development bargain: What should development partners do? – Kunal Sen&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;9. Latin America and the Caribbean and the urgency of building a development agenda – Carolina Trivelli&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;10. Rejoinder – Stefan Dercon&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;\u0000 &lt;i&gt;Annalisa Prizzon, Principal Research Fellow, ODI and Steve Wiggins, Principal Research Fellow, ODI – editors, Development Policy Review&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Foreign aid is meant to support economic growth and development in the global South. But what drives development? Debate over key ingredients is as old as development co-operation itself, with thinking going back to the late 1940s. Early thinkers stressed capital investment; later, attention turned to structural factors, such as land reform; by 1980 the Washington Consensus had formed, emphasizing free trade and strong macroeconomic management. In the early 2000s, the spotlight then fell back on economic growth, in appreciation of its several, complicated, and frankly elusive determinants. As ideas about the drivers of development have changed, so have ideas about the role of aid.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In his 2022 book, &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gambling on development&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;/b&gt; Stefan Dercon compares country experiences, arguing that countries develop strongly when their leaders and elites reach a shared vision for their country's development, and bet on its success—though the outcome cannot be guaranteed. This vision and its implementation he dubs a “development bargain.” What matters for development is national leadership, politics, and policies. But if domestic matters are crucial, what is the role of outsiders?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Professor Dercon—as a scholar and former senior adviser in the erstwhile UK Department for International Development—brings a rare perspective to the question of why and how development happens, and the role aid can play. But aid is not central to his argument, the core of which concerns domestic leadership and politics. This is not necessarily the most welcome message for those concerned with directing foreign aid, which is subject to increasing scepticism, with persistent threats to cut budgets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We posed two questions to Dercon. If aid works best where development bargains have been struck, what should aid do in such cases? More importantly, what should aid do in c","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"41 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dpr.12701","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44261744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legal knowledge and child labour in Nepal: Does knowing the law make a difference?","authors":"Tushi Baul,&nbsp;Susan L. Ostermann","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12700","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dpr.12700","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Child labour persists in the global South. After ratifying the International Labour Organization's Convention No. 138, on “the minimum age for admission to employment and work,” many southern countries have legislated minimum age criteria to fulfil their International Labour Organizations obligations. Often, however, making law has neither significantly reduced child labour nor boosted school attendance—largely because of states' inability to ensure compliance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We investigate, using the case of Nepal, whether legal knowledge about minimum age standards among parents supplying, and employers demanding, child labour makes a difference to child labour.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and approach</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drawing on data from communities in the Terai of Nepal, we use mixed methods to find correlations between legal knowledge, compliance with child labour laws, and prevalence of child labour. We draw on two novel data sets: a large household survey of parents and children, and a small census of owners of brick kilns, where child labour is often seen. We also make use of qualitative interviews with citizens in one community in the Terai.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We show that when parents and employers know the law on child labour, they are more likely to comply with it. Perceptions of the law also matter, independently of legal knowledge. When individuals know the legal working age and believe it is appropriate, we see even more compliance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings suggest that, even when enforcing the law may be difficult and costly, informing and educating parents and employers may be a less costly way to reduce child labour. Such measures would be even more effective if paired with efforts to change perceptions of the law.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"41 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45383212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuloni Biya and its impact on menstrual health: A qualitative exploration of the menstrual experiences of adolescent girls in Assam","authors":"Daisy Dutta,&nbsp;Chhanda Chakraborti,&nbsp;Pulak Mishra","doi":"10.1111/dpr.12699","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dpr.12699","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Motivation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The status of menstrual health (MH) and hygiene management is very low in India due to a widespread culture of silence and secrecy regarding menstruation but, among the Hindu community in the north-east state of Assam, the celebration of Tuloni Biya is a significant cultural event that openly celebrates a girl's menarche.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Assuming that this cultural event is indicative of the openness of society towards menstruation, this study explores the cultural celebration of menarche and its various lesser-known details. It aims to find out the role of this celebration of menarche on adolescent girls' MH preparedness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and approach</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A qualitative approach is used. In-depth interviews were conducted with well-informed community members to gather information on the historical background of this cultural event; interviews with some adolescent girls from the community to learn about their experiences of menstrual management and the impact of Tuloni Biya.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The main purpose of celebrating Tuloni Biya among the Assamese Hindu community is to announce when a girl reaches puberty because the celebration of the power of fertility gives girls and women the social status of being fertile, which the community regards as worthy of respect. Notwithstanding the lack of silence and secrecy about menstruation, the social taboo and stigma still remain. Assam continues to perform poorly in relation to MH, and the cultural celebration of menarche in Assam does not appear to have any significantly positive impact in this regard.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tuloni Biya could be used as a development tool for bringing constructive changes in MH preparedness in the community, for instance, by celebrating Tuloni Biya (cultural customs and rituals) and the celebration of menstruation (MH education and literacy); through knowledge-sharing sessions by teachers on the occasion of Tuloni Biya; arranging the gifts of kits for MH management from the Health Ministry of Assam on the occasion of Tuloni Biya; training of mothers by the public health system in how to use the opportunity of Tuloni Biya to equip their daughters with adequate information and guidance on MH.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51478,"journal":{"name":"Development Policy Review","volume":"41 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48996350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}