Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities最新文献

{"title":"Barriers and Facilitators to Participation in Psychosocial Research for Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review","authors":"Kirsty Firman,&nbsp;Katie Bigham,&nbsp;Christopher Saville,&nbsp;Elizabeth Burnside","doi":"10.1111/jar.70267","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jar.70267","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>People with intellectual disabilities often experience challenges to participation in psychosocial research. This review examined the barriers and facilitators affecting their participation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Databases searched included: PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. A narrative synthesis structured using the Socio-Ecological Model, considering levels of influence—intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, and policy—was used.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There were specific and shared barriers and facilitators for different levels of influence involved in psychosocial research. Contradictions between levels of influence, including beliefs about attitudes, views around harms, and the use of incentives, are discussed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The importance of targeting levels of influence utilising different methods to improve the participation of adults with intellectual disabilities in psychosocial research is highlighted.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51403,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13389101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148551468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges Faced by Parents Raising Children With Intellectual Disability in Selected Village in Limpopo Province","authors":"V. Baloyi,&nbsp;N. Maanda,&nbsp;M. Chueng","doi":"10.1111/jar.70257","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jar.70257","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The number of children with intellectual disability has increased and remains a phenomenon that requires attention in research. Hence, the current study sought to explore challenges faced by parents raising children with intellectual disability at Tshisaulu village in Thulamela Municipality.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A qualitative method using an exploratory design was used to gain an understanding of participants' views and experiences of challenges faced in raising a child with intellectual disability. A total of 10 participants at Tshisaulu village were purposively sampled. Data was collected through interviews and analysed using reflexive analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study findings revealed that parents face psychosocial isolation, stigma and unacceptance by society.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It was recommended that awareness campaigns about intellectual disability be rendered in the community. Social workers, psychologists or mental health workers could work together with the community to conduct educational campaigns about disability in the community.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51403,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13386183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148537808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Down Syndrome Profile Emerges Gradually Across Early Development","authors":"Hana D'Souza,&nbsp;Annette Karmiloff-Smith,&nbsp;Denis Mareschal,&nbsp;Michael S. C. Thomas","doi":"10.1111/jar.70218","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jar.70218","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Down syndrome (DS) is associated with intellectual disability, with particular difficulties in expressive language and gross motor abilities, and relative strengths in receptive language. Here, we examine how this profile arises over the first five years of life.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 104 children with DS (6–63 months) participated in a standardised developmental assessment (Mullen Scales of Early Learning; MSEL). Developmental trajectories were analysed cross-sectionally and validated with a longitudinal subsample.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The trajectories gradually diverged from typical development, with an uneven pattern across domains. As children with DS get older, their gross motor difficulties persist, their expressive language becomes a relative weakness, and their receptive language becomes an area of emerging relative strength. Longitudinal data revealed limited stability of individual differences except for visual reception.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding how the DS profile emerges, as well as how stable individual differences are, presents important steps towards tailored support.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51403,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13381579/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Bruxism, Pharmacotherapy, Sleep Aspects and Screen Use in Children and Adolescents With Down Syndrome: A Cluster Analysis","authors":"Sania Aparecida Miyagui,&nbsp;Mariana dos Santos Fernandes,&nbsp;Lucas Fernandes Braga,&nbsp;Aianne Souto Pizzolato,&nbsp;Beatriz Tomé Martins de Moraes,&nbsp;Paula Midori Castelo","doi":"10.1111/jar.70287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.70287","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bruxism is frequent in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), and there is a need to identify patient profiles to develop treatment plans that meet their specific needs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cluster analysis was applied on clinical, dentofacial, sleep, pharmacotherapy, and screen use cross-sectional data from 101 children/adolescents with DS (5–18 years).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cardiopathy and thyroid dysfunction were the most frequent health conditions. Centrally acting medications use increased with increasing age. Proxy-reported and clinically based sleep bruxism (SB) was found in 5% of children and 46% of adolescents. Three clusters were generated: ‘children without SB’, ‘children/adolescents with lower frequency of SB’, and ‘adolescents with high frequency of SB’. SB, age, reflux, antidepressant use, snoring, sleep time, and smartphone/tablet use contributed most to cluster classification.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The group of adolescents with high frequency of SB was characterized by antidepressant use, snoring, reflux, shorter sleep, and longer screen usage time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51403,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiences of Social Care Among People With Intellectual Disabilities From Minority Ethnic Communities in the UK: A Rapid Review","authors":"Naomi L. Jacobs,&nbsp;Francesca Ribenfors,&nbsp;Christopher Hatton,&nbsp;Lucy Dunstan,&nbsp;Anne-Marie Glasby","doi":"10.1111/jar.70283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.70283","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Adults with intellectual disabilities from minority ethnic communities face intersectional disadvantage in social care. However, there is limited research on social care for these communities, with more studies focused on health care.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This rapid review aimed to map UK research on the social care experiences of adults with intellectual disabilities from minority ethnic communities. A total of 19 studies (2009–2025) were synthesised.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While these communities face similar barriers to social care as majority communities, these are compounded by intersectional disadvantage, including difficulty navigating complex services, experiences of racism and lack of trust, and services that fail to meet cultural and religious needs. Limited support for family carers persists.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The sparse evidence base has limited demographic, topic and methodological diversity. Some evidence argues for relational, person-centred cultural competence in care. More research is needed on structural and intersectional inequalities, with participation of people with intellectual disabilities from diverse communities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51403,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jar.70283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decide, Act and Believe: Enhancing Self-Determined Learning of Students With and Without Intellectual Disability","authors":"Clarissa Moreira,&nbsp;André Oliveira,&nbsp;Armanda Pereira,&nbsp;Pedro Rosário,&nbsp;Mayumi Hagiwara,&nbsp;Karrie A. Shogren,&nbsp;Fernando Gomes,&nbsp;Rodrigo Gomes,&nbsp;Sofia Santos","doi":"10.1111/jar.70285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.70285","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Promoting self-determination during adolescence is crucial for enhancing academic engagement and social inclusion. This study examined the effects of the Self-Determined Learning Model (SDLMI) on the self-determination of students with and without intellectual disability (ID).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A randomised parallel-group trial involved 90 adolescents aged 13–17 years (<i>M</i> = 14.05, SD = 1.39), including students with (<i>n</i> = 41, 45.6%) and without ID (<i>n</i> = 49, 54.4%). Participants were randomly allocated to either the experimental (<i>n</i> = 41) group—which received the 12-week SDLMI intervention or the control group (<i>n</i> = 49), which followed standard school activities. Total composite self-determination scores and its components-constructs and essential characteristics were assessed pre- and post-intervention using the Self-Determination Inventory: Student Report (SDI:SR).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Linear mixed-effects models were employed as the primary inferential analysis to examine Group × Time interaction effects. Baseline equivalence between groups was confirmed. Linear mixed-effects modelling revealed significant effects for the total composite self-determination score, demonstrating significantly greater improvements in the experimental group compared to the control group. Improvements were particularly evident in components-construct of autonomy (<i>p</i> = 0.001, d = 0.89) and self-realisation (<i>p</i> = 0.05, d = 0.56). Effect sizes indicated small-to-moderate gains, suggesting significant but incremental changes over the intervention period. No statistically significant changes were observed in the control group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings provide robust evidence for the causal efficacy of SDLMI as a viable instructional framework to foster self-determination skills for students with and without ID in mainstream inclusive classrooms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51403,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of Quality of Life and Its Utility as a Descriptor of Health Outcomes for People With Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities: A Scoping Review of Primary Studies","authors":"Sarah J. Ballard,&nbsp;Hazel M. Chapman","doi":"10.1111/jar.70273","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jar.70273","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Establishing the effectiveness of interventions to promote quality of life is essential to providing evidence-based care, optimising outcomes and justifying expenditure on such provision. This review explores how quality of life for adults with profound intellectual disabilities is characterised, measured and utilised to evaluate health interventions in the research literature.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A scoping review of primary research published 2010–2024 was conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, APA SocIndex, Education Source, PUBMED, Web of Science and Scopus. 31 publications met inclusion criteria.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Quality of life is multifaceted. No agreed definition or parameters of good, poor, or meaningful changes to quality of life exist for people with profound intellectual disabilities. Existing quality of life scales are not responsive enough to detect changes brought about by health interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>More effective tools are needed to provide meaningful quality of life information in relation to health interventions for people with profound intellectual disabilities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51403,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jar.70273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scoping Review of Therapy Provision Under the National Disability Insurance Scheme: Provider-Identified Barriers and Facilitators","authors":"M. D. Marveggio,&nbsp;D. S. Dorstyn,&nbsp;D. Turnbull,&nbsp;A. Thirumanickam","doi":"10.1111/jar.70278","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jar.70278","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) has transformed early intervention for children by introducing an individualised funding model. This PRISMA-based scoping review explores the common characteristics of therapy providers and the barriers and facilitators to implementing child NDIS interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-seven databases were searched (2013–2026), and findings inductively grouped using qualitative content analysis. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fifty-five studies (<i>k</i>), representing a pooled sample of 3073 therapy providers, were reviewed. Qualitative designs were frequently used to understand therapists' experiences and perspectives (<i>k</i> = 37), followed by mixed methods (<i>k</i> = 12), quantitative designs (<i>k</i> = 5), and multiple methods (<i>k</i> = 1). Service barriers primarily stemmed from external structural factors, particularly NDIS policies and processes. Interventions tailored to a child's specific needs were a key facilitator.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Whilst the NDIS is vital for child disability supports, therapy providers seek improvements to the scheme's complexity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51403,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jar.70278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148427089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Intellectual Disability in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Adults: A United Kingdom Delphi Study","authors":"Eimear McCabe,&nbsp;Freddie O'Donald,&nbsp;Doug McConachie,&nbsp;Clara Calia","doi":"10.1111/jar.70279","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jar.70279","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>United Kingdom (UK) clinicians report growing demand for intellectual disability diagnostic assessment among adults from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, yet practice is variable, and evidence to guide assessment is limited. This study aimed to establish expert consensus on research, policy, and clinical practice priorities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A mixed-methods Delphi design was used, comprising three rounds. Twenty UK-based psychology experts met the inclusion criteria and completed iterative online surveys. Round 1 responses were analysed using template-based thematic analysis to generate statements for rating in subsequent Delphi rounds.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of 32 statements, 16 (50%) reached consensus. Priorities included developing and validating cross-culturally applicable cognitive tools, evaluating interpreter-mediated assessment, strengthening the measurement of cross-cultural adaptive behaviour, and improving service conditions and training.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Improving equity in intellectual disability assessment requires methodological and service-level resourcing and guidance to support best practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51403,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jar.70279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148414125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “What Are the Factors That Can Challenge and Promote Resilience in Parents of Children With Intellectual Disabilities? A Systematic Review”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jar.70211","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jar.70211","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 <span>Tejakum, W.</span>, <span>M. Truesdale</span>, <span>C. Melville</span>, and <span>D. Cairns</span>. <span>2025</span>. “ <span>What Are the Factors That Can Challenge and Promote Resilience in Parents of Children With Intellectual Disabilities? A Systematic Review</span>.” <i>Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities</i> <span>38</span>, no. <span>6</span>: e70165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.70165.\u0000 </p><p>In paragraph 4 of the “Author Contributions” section, the text “Prof. Deborah Cairns contributed to the writing of the discussion and reviewed the manuscript for important content.” was incorrect. This should have read: “Prof. Deborah Cairns contributed to the design, methods, analysis, and interpretation of the results, writing the discussion and critically reviewed the manuscript.”</p><p>We apologise for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":51403,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jar.70211","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148414051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}