{"title":"Mixing intensification using an acoustic microfluidic device aided with multi-lobed sharp edges under various oscillation boundary conditions","authors":"Zahra Ghorbani Kharaji, Morteza Bayareh, Vali Kalantar","doi":"10.1007/s11696-024-03854-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-024-03854-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the performance of a micromixer equipped with acoustically oscillated multi-lobed sharp edges, designed to achieve uniform mixing within the device. Numerical simulations are conducted using the generalized Lagrangian mean (GLM) theory and the convection–diffusion equation, implemented through COMSOL Multiphysics software. Unlike other numerical studies, this paper assesses the impact of oscillation boundary condition on mixing performance. The results demonstrate that oscillating the inlet and sharp-edge boundaries significantly improves localized mixing by inducing dynamic, multidirectional acoustic streaming and intricate vortex patterns. For example, oscillating the sharp-edge and inlet boundaries in the <i>X</i>-direction achieves a mixing index (MI) of 84.93%. In contrast, oscillating the sharp-edge and inlet boundaries in both the <i>X</i>- and <i>Y</i>-directions increases the MI to 97.94% for a two-lobed sharp-edge configuration. The results also reveal that the MI improves with an increase in the number of sharp edges, the applied frequency, and the displacement amplitude. However, it decreases as the background inlet velocity increases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 2","pages":"1223 - 1240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2024-12-17DOI: 10.1007/s11696-024-03849-w
Gwladys Merveille Nguemthe Ngouanwou, Serges Bruno Lemoupi Ngomade, Cyrille Ghislain Fotsop, Donald Raoul Tchuifon Tchuifon, Christian Sadeu Ngakou, Rufis Fregue Tiegam Tagne, Solomon Gabche Anagho, Charles Fon Abi
{"title":"Effectiveness of pretreatment on kinetic and thermodynamic parameters during the thermal degradation of coffee pulp biowaste material","authors":"Gwladys Merveille Nguemthe Ngouanwou, Serges Bruno Lemoupi Ngomade, Cyrille Ghislain Fotsop, Donald Raoul Tchuifon Tchuifon, Christian Sadeu Ngakou, Rufis Fregue Tiegam Tagne, Solomon Gabche Anagho, Charles Fon Abi","doi":"10.1007/s11696-024-03849-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-024-03849-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work aimed to elucidate the influence of pretreatment by a steam explosion in an alkaline condition of coffee pulps (CP) waste material during the thermal degradation on the kinetic, physicochemical, and thermodynamic parameters. Characterizations such as thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopies were performed on untreated and treated materials (CP@B). Thermal degradations occurred in the 25–800 °C temperature range at heating rates of 10, 15, and 20 K/min in a nitrogen atmosphere. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Starink models. The most probable mechanism for the thermal degradation of both materials was determined using the Coats–Redfern model. The activation energy was estimated between 66.58 and 69.84 kJ/mol (FWO), 57.31 and 67.76 kJ/mol (KAS), and 58.02 and 68.56 kJ/mol (Starink) for untreated and treated material, respectively. The Gibbs free energy obtained was 146.95 and 153.17 kJ/mol for the FWO model, 135.79 and 152.18 kJ/mol using the KAS model, and 134.6 and 142.08 for the Starink model corresponding to untreated and treated coffee pulps, respectively. Through thermal analysis, this work showed the bioenergetic potential of coffee pulps subjected to pretreatment by steam explosion in an alkaline condition for the production of second-generation biofuel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 2","pages":"1165 - 1182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2024-12-17DOI: 10.1007/s11696-024-03855-y
Mebin Joseph, S. Amarnath Pandian, Raja Kaliyaperumal, Mysoon M. Al-Ansari, Karuppiah Nagaraj, R. Praveena
{"title":"Green synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of lead oxide nanoparticles using Muntingia calabura leaf extract: a sustainable approach","authors":"Mebin Joseph, S. Amarnath Pandian, Raja Kaliyaperumal, Mysoon M. Al-Ansari, Karuppiah Nagaraj, R. Praveena","doi":"10.1007/s11696-024-03855-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-024-03855-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study focuses on the green synthesis of lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles using an aqueous extract from the leaves of <i>Muntingia calabura</i> which function as stabilizing, capping, and reducing agents. This plant extract, rich in phytochemicals, exhibits a small size and a high surface-to-volume ratio, which have drawn significant attention for its antimicrobial properties. This plant extract which contains phytochemicals lead small size and high surface-to-volume ratio, have garnered significant antimicrobial attention. The lead oxide nanoparticles were studied through XRD, FTIR, SEM, and electronic absorption techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the nanoparticles, with an average particle size of 60 to 85 nm. FTIR spectra revealed the functional groups involved in the formation of PbO nanoparticles, while SEM analysis showed nanoparticle sizes ranging from ~ 35 nm. UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the bio-reduction of lead ions into PbO nanoparticles, with a maximum absorption wavelength around 260 nm. The antimicrobial results demonstrate that PbO nanoparticles significantly inhibited the growth of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> and <i>Candida glabrata.</i> Notably, PbO nanoparticles were able to effectively resist <i>A. niger</i>. The significant antimicrobial activity results suggested that PbO nanoparticles synthesized via green methods hold promising potential as antimicrobial agents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 2","pages":"1241 - 1248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2024-12-17DOI: 10.1007/s11696-024-03848-x
Na Dong, Aiju Zhang, Xingde Dai, Xiaolin Zhang, Fangzhen He
{"title":"Determination of glucose oxidase activity of flour additive by fluorescence quenching method","authors":"Na Dong, Aiju Zhang, Xingde Dai, Xiaolin Zhang, Fangzhen He","doi":"10.1007/s11696-024-03848-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-024-03848-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Glucose oxidase can catalyze the reaction of glucose to produce hydrogen peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide reacts with excess I<sup>−</sup> anions in dilute sulfuric acid solution to form I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>. The I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> combines with Rhodamine 6G to form association which result in fluorescence quenching. Effect of glucose oxidase on fluorescence of Rhodamine 6G, a new method with high sensitivity and good selectivity for the determination of glucose oxidase activity, was established. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of the method is 1.0 × 10<sup>–4</sup>–1.0 × 10<sup>–1</sup> U/mL, and the detection limit is 9.0 × 10<sup>–5</sup> U/mL. This assay was applied to the determination of glucose oxidase activity in the food additives samples with satisfactory results; the recoveries obtained were 96.67–99.00%.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 1","pages":"599 - 605"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143108811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér","authors":"Houria Medjdoub, Waffa Bouali, Mohammed Semaoui, Asma Benaissa, Faiza Chaib, Arezki Azzi","doi":"10.1007/s11696-024-03859-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-024-03859-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Pelargonium graveolens</i> L’Hér. (PG) is an aromatic and flowering plant, cultivated in Algeria. The purpose of this research was to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties of the essential oil from aerial parts of <i>Pelargonium graveolens</i> L’Hér. cultivated in the West of Algeria. The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry GC–MS; the active components were mainly geraniol (23.5%) and citronellol (19.4%). Antioxidant activity of <i>Pelargonium graveolens</i> L’Hér. essential oil (PGEO) was evaluated by measuring the free radical scavenging activities of DPPH, ABTS and the ferric-reducing power methods. Results show antiradicalar power with IC<sub>50</sub> equal to 19.66 ± 0.31 mg/mL and 10.79 ± 0.054 µg/mL against DPPH and ABTS, respectively. The antibacterial activity of PGEO on five bacteria was tested by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration, and inhibition zone diameter. The Inhibition zones showed that PGEO was active against all the studied bacteria, with Gram-positive being more sensitive to the oil than Gram-negative bacteria; the most susceptible strain against this essential oil was <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> with the strongest inhibition zone (21 mm). Furthermore, PGEO was tested for its acute toxicity in Wistar rats and the result showed no mortality with a normal behavior. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities might not be primarily attributed to geraniol and citronellol, but rather to their combined action.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 3","pages":"1367 - 1374"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2024-12-16DOI: 10.1007/s11696-024-03851-2
Zitong Liu, Jiali Liu
{"title":"Application of ZnO/rGO/paint composite green environmental decorative materials in indoor living environment for the elderly","authors":"Zitong Liu, Jiali Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11696-024-03851-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-024-03851-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Green water-based paint cannot exhibit antibacterial property. For good antibacterial property, ZnO/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanofiller was added. Graphene oxide and ZnO/rGO composite were synthesized. Then, ZnO/rGO/paint composite coating with excellent antibacterial property was prepared. As ZnO content in ZnO/rGO filler is increased, antibacterial property of coating is improved. In fighting against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, pristine coating shows low antibacterial rates of 0.50% and 0.48%, respectively. When ZnO was added, antibacterial rates of coating were be increased to 49.31% and 41.67%. When ZnO/rGO filler was used, antibacterial rates were increased to 65.46% and 62.17%. At a higher load of ZnO/rGO filler, antibacterial rates reached 93.37% and 83.38%. Friction coefficient of ZnO/rGO/paint composite coating was decreased to 0.53 compared with original coating. At a higher dose of ZnO/rGO filler, friction coefficient was decreased to 0.40. Properties of ZnO/rGO/paint coating meet a national standard for water-based wood coatings for indoor decoration. This composite coating with excellent antibacterial property and wear resistance can be applied in eco-friendly indoor decoration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 2","pages":"1183 - 1195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2024-12-15DOI: 10.1007/s11696-024-03850-3
Gülay Çiftci, İrem Çelebi, Furkan Ümit
{"title":"Assessment of phenolic, flavonoid, total antioxidant, and anthocyanin contents of various colored hawthorn fruits for their potential as functional foods","authors":"Gülay Çiftci, İrem Çelebi, Furkan Ümit","doi":"10.1007/s11696-024-03850-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-024-03850-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One of the wild fruit species that stands out for its diverse applications is hawthorn (<i>Crataegus spp.</i>). Hawthorn is valued as a medicinal plant due to its bioactive substances, such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidants. Additionally, it has become increasingly popular for fresh consumption in recent years. The aim of the study was to determine the functional food potential of fresh hawthorn fruits with assessing their phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and antioxidant capacities. The study material consisted of fresh hawthorn (<i>Crataegus</i> spp.) fruits that reached optimum maturity and naturally grew in the autumn season in Çorum province, Turkey. The fruits were randomly collected from 10 different sources at the same maturity period and divided into two different colors (yellow–Group 1 and orange–Group 2). Phenol compounds, total flavonoid, total antioxidant levels, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid amounts of hawthorn fruits were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, aluminum chloride method, Rel Assay brand commercial kits, pH differential method, and the spectrophotometric method, respectively. Fresh hawthorn fruits of two different colors at optimum maturity were analyzed. Orange hawthorn (Group 2) exhibited higher phenol and total flavonoid levels compared to yellow hawthorn (Group 1). However, tannin content of Group 2 was lower, but this difference was not statistically significant (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Ascorbic acid concentration was significantly lower in orange hawthorn (Group 2) compared to yellow hawthorn (Group 1) (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Anthocyanin levels were higher in orange hawthorn (Group 2) compared to yellow hawthorn (Group 1) (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Similarly, total antioxidant capacity was higher in orange hawthorn (Group 2) than in yellow hawthorn (Group 1) (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between phenolic content and total antioxidant status (TAS) (r = 0.828**) and between flavonoids and TAS (r = 0.750**). Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between flavonoids and TAS (r = 0.818**). A significant negative correlation was found between ascorbic acid and anthocyanins (r = − 0.467*). The results indicate that fresh hawthorn fruits of different colors, at the same ripeness stage, contain compounds that can provide significant health benefits. Due to their high levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, total antioxidants, and ascorbic acid, these fruits could be utilized in the development of functional foods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 1","pages":"575 - 581"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143108450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physicochemical properties and antimicrobial efficacy of eugenol nanoemulsion formed by spontaneous emulsification","authors":"Maryam Hassan, Mahfam Alijaniha, Samineh Jafari, Azadeh Ghafari","doi":"10.1007/s11696-024-03847-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-024-03847-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>By formulating a nanoemulsion with suitable carriers, this study strives to increase the water solubility of eugenol. This innovative approach aims to address the current limitations in solubilizing eugenol for potential applications in various industries. Eugenol is extracted from the leaves and buds of cloves, and formulating it into a nanoemulsion enhances its effectiveness, overcoming limitations in its broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential. A eugenol-loaded nanoemulsion was prepared using Tween 80 and Tween 20 surfactants via the spontaneous emulsification method. The physicochemical characteristics, long-term stability, and antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms were evaluated. Among the selected nanoemulsion formulations, those with the smallest particle sizes, measuring 95, 101, 81, and 77 nm, were identified. Additionally, all formulations exhibited a surface charge of (− 25.0 ± 1.0 mV). Compared with the solution, the eugenol nanoemulsion formulation demonstrated a reduced release rate, indicating the potential for sustained drug release. The final formulation displayed notably lower MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) and MBCs (minimum bactericidal concentrations) in pure oil and showed effective antimicrobial and antifungal activity against various microorganisms. Eugenol encapsulated in nanoemulsions had stronger antimicrobial effects than did either pure eugenol or nanoemulsions without eugenol. The spontaneous formation of nanoemulsions is regarded as a highly cost-effective approach that offers time and material savings, along with the production of stable nanoemulsions. This characteristic renders it particularly suitable for industrial applications necessitating high-volume production. Moreover, the antimicrobial properties associated with nanoemulsions make them appropriate for diverse therapeutic uses, including transdermal drug delivery and food preservation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 2","pages":"1155 - 1163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11696-024-03847-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Selective hydrogenation of citral toward unsaturated alcohols on PdSn catalysts supported on mesoporous silica","authors":"Mourad Bidaoui, Catherine Especel, Smain Sabour, Lakhdar Benatallah, Naima Bouchenafa-Saib, Sébastien Royer, Ourida Mohammedi","doi":"10.1007/s11696-024-03840-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-024-03840-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The selective hydrogenation of citral to unsaturated alcohols was studied on <i>x</i>%Sn–Pd/CMI-1 catalysts (<i>x</i> in the range 0–3 wt%) synthesized by co-impregnation on an organized mesoporous silica of high specific surface area. The characteristics of the prepared catalysts were evaluated by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, transmission electron microscopy and temperature-programmed reduction, and from the activity for the model reaction of cyclohexane dehydrogenation. The existence of an interaction between Pd and Sn on the bimetallic catalysts was deduced, with the formation of a hexagonal Pd<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>2</sub> alloy. The catalytic performances were evaluated for the citral hydrogenation performed at 130 °C, under 76 bar hydrogen pressure, in liquid phase (isopropanol as solvent). The addition of Sn to Pd led to a decrease in the citral conversion accompanied by an increase in the selectivity to unsaturated alcohols, this phenomenon being explained by the decrease in the number of active Pd species on the surface of the catalysts and the presence of Pd<sub>3</sub>Sn<sub>2</sub> alloy which activates the C=O bond of citral. A maximum value of 72% for the unsaturated alcohols selectivity was reached with the bimetallic 2%SnPd/CMI-1 catalyst with a citral conversion around 75% at the end of reaction time.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 2","pages":"1063 - 1075"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2024-12-13DOI: 10.1007/s11696-024-03809-4
Nguyen Hoc Thang, Nguyen Van Phuc, Le Ngoc Han, Pham Nguyen Phuong Ngoc, Tran Thi Tu Nhi
{"title":"Engineering properties of composite film from chitosan–alginate–carrageenan as antibacterial material","authors":"Nguyen Hoc Thang, Nguyen Van Phuc, Le Ngoc Han, Pham Nguyen Phuong Ngoc, Tran Thi Tu Nhi","doi":"10.1007/s11696-024-03809-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-024-03809-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chitosan–alginate–carrageenan composite films were synthesized through processes such as dissolution, mixing to form precipitation, filtration, and precipitation casting. In this process, chitosan was dissolved in an acetic acid solution at pH 3, carrageenan was dissolved in double-distilled water, and sodium alginate was dissolved in a sodium carbonate solution at pH 9. These three solutions were then mixed, reacted to form polymer precipitation due to the presence of CaCl<sub>2</sub>. The precipitation was formed until the solution becomes transparent, after which the mixture was filtered and poured into a petri dish, and dried to form the chitosan–alginate–carrageenan composite film. The engineering properties of the chitosan–alginate–carrageenan composite films were tested and evaluated, including swelling capacity, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and solubility. Antibacterial activity was assessed on the chitosan–alginate–carrageenan composite films using the diffusion method. The results show that the films had a tensile strength ranging from 3.6 to 5.2 MPa, a swelling ratio of up to 1347%, and electrical conductivity from 216 to 306 µS/cm. The solubility test confirmed that the chitosan–alginate–carrageenan composite films swelled but did not dissolve in distilled water (pH 7). Notably, the chitosan–alginate–carrageenan composite films exhibited high antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) ATCC 25922 and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) ATCC 25923.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 2","pages":"733 - 744"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}