Chemical PapersPub Date : 2026-05-21DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-04928-w
Pradeep Yadav, Neetu Divya, Varsha Srivastava, Amit D. Saran
{"title":"Biosensing of human analytes: nanomaterials, mechanisms and recent advances","authors":"Pradeep Yadav, Neetu Divya, Varsha Srivastava, Amit D. Saran","doi":"10.1007/s11696-026-04928-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-026-04928-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Advanced nanomaterials have revolutionized the field of biosensing with attractive combination of physicochemical properties, charge transport, and optical/electrochemical signal transduction, leading to quick, sensitive, and stable detection of clinically crucial analytes such as glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), hormones (insulin, hCG), neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin), and proteins. The current review has covered the functional nanomaterials, biosensor components and mechanisms, and recent advancements for predictive and diagnostic monitoring. The wide spectrum of nanomaterials including metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal oxides, magnetic nanomaterials, and polymeric nanofibers, have been discussed. Further, the basic components of a typical biosensing system have been discussed, followed by detailed description of advanced detection techniques including Electrochemical biosensing (amperometry, conductometry, voltammetry, and impedimetry), Optical biosensing (fluorescence, colorimetry, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, and optical fiber), and Gravimetric biosensing (magnetoelastic, quartz crystal microbalance, and piezoelectric). Along with technological advances in the functionalization and immobilization approaches, the review has reported the key performance parameters such as detection limit, sensitivity, stability, and applicability. Further, the review highlights the recent advances in nanomaterial-based biosensors that enable the ultra-sensitive, rapid, and portable detection of clinically relevant analytes, including the emerging platforms such as MXene, CRIPSR, nanozyme and wearable-based biosensors. However, challenges such material toxicity, long-term stability, reproducibility, and interference from complex biological matrices remain as significant limitations. Finally, the comparative analysis of biosensing of human analytes with recent nanomaterials and novel detection techniques, has provided an appealing insight into the role of nanotechnology in the development of next-generation point-of-care biosensors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"80 10","pages":"11285 - 11311"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2026-05-14DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-04940-0
Ruchi S. Pathak, Saumya Patel, Nandan Dixit, Paresh K. Patel
{"title":"Ligand-based design of BTK inhibitors for B cell malignancy: pharmacophore mapping, virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analysis","authors":"Ruchi S. Pathak, Saumya Patel, Nandan Dixit, Paresh K. Patel","doi":"10.1007/s11696-026-04940-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-026-04940-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>BTK (Bruton’s tyrosine kinase) is a cytoplasmic, non-receptor tyrosine kinase which belongs to tec family of kinases and has significant role in B-cell malignancies. It plays a vital role in B-cell signalling, cell proliferation and signal transduction. To address this issue, several BTK inhibitors have been synthesized, but new molecules are needed to overcome off-target effects, enhance selectivity and combat resistance. In his study, we have used LBDD (Ligand based drug design) approach to screen large databases like NCI, Zinc, ChEMBL, Maybridge and Asinex. The hits obtained from these databases were used to design a new scaffold. The multiple substitution of the scaffold provided a library of compounds. These compounds were docked against BTK protein (PDB ID: 5P9M) in SP (standard precision) mode initially. The selected molecules with docking score less than − 8.0 were then docked using XP (extra precision) mode. Docking score for RUPP_27 and RUPP_29 was found to be − 7.204 and − 6.855 respectively. Both of the molecules exhibited strong protein interaction by forming 2 and 1 hydrogen bonds respectively. The best docked molecule RUPP_27 was subjected to MD analysis simulation study for 100 ns and the complex indicated a favorable binding affinity and long-term occupancy of the ligand in the binding pocket.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"80 8","pages":"9133 - 9151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optical properties of BPP and DPP spiro-cyclotriphosphazenes: experimental and DFT insights","authors":"Leyla Babali Özen, Gül Özkan, Erdal Kurt, Günseli Turgut Cin, Bayram Gündüz, Furkan Özen","doi":"10.1007/s11696-026-04937-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-026-04937-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spiro-cyclotriphosphazenes such as 2,2-dichloro-4,4,6,6-bis[spiro(2',2''-dioxy-1',1''-biphenyl)]cyclotriphosphazene (DPP) and 2,2,4,4-tetrachloro-6,6-[spiro(2',2''-dioxy-1',1''-biphenyl)]cyclotriphosphazene (BPP) are well-established intermediates for functional phosphazene derivatives. However, their intrinsic optical and electronic properties have not been systematically explored under varying experimental conditions. In this work, DPP and BPP were synthesized and characterized to elucidate the correlation between structural parameters and photophysical behavior. A complementary experimental approach was employed: DPP optical properties were examined in solution as a function of molarity, while BPP properties were investigated in the solid state as a function of film thickness. This strategy enables a comparative evaluation of how intermolecular interactions and structural topology influence optical behavior. UV–Vis measurements revealed band-gap narrowing from 3.904 to 3.805 eV for BPP and from 3.921 to 3.830 eV for DPP, accompanied by red shifts. DFT calculations (B3LYP/6—31G(d,p)) reproduced the relative trends, with HOMO–LUMO gaps of 1.91 eV (BPP) and 0.92 eV (DPP); although absolute values differ from experiment, the calculations correctly predict the relative absorption onsets and tunable optical behavior. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps and conceptual DFT descriptors indicate that BPP is harder and more electrophilic, while DPP is softer and more polarizable, consistent with red-shifted absorption. These findings highlight the intrinsic optical robustness of both compounds and demonstrate that parameters such as film thickness, solution molarity, and ring topology can be used to tailor optoelectronic properties. The study establishes BPP and DPP as promising candidates for UV–blue optoelectronic devices, photodetectors, and wide-bandgap photonic materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"80 8","pages":"9089 - 9106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2026-05-13DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-05011-0
V. Kant, S. Prabhudesai, J. Panchal, K. Reddy, K. Y. A. H. Alkhoori, S. Vincent, S. Mutnuri, B. G. P. Kumar
{"title":"Sequential bio–photocatalytic system for efficient dye degradation using cost-effective photocatalyst: performance, optimization, and circular economy assessment","authors":"V. Kant, S. Prabhudesai, J. Panchal, K. Reddy, K. Y. A. H. Alkhoori, S. Vincent, S. Mutnuri, B. G. P. Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s11696-026-05011-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-026-05011-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Textile dye-contaminated wastewater contains high colour intensity and refractory organic pollutants, which are difficult to degrade using conventional processes alone. This study presents, for the first time, a sequential Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)-photocatalysis system using Medical Waste Fly Ash (MWFA) as a standalone photocatalyst for the degradation of Sunfix Red dye in municipal wastewater. Real wastewater was spiked with 100 ppm dye to stimulate realistic effluent conditions. The MBBR achieved ~ 75% COD removal and considerable initial colour reduction, improving the biodegradability and reducing the load on the photocatalytic stage. Subsequent MWFA-based photocatalysis achieved 99.26% colour removal and 95.2% COD removal, demonstrating strong synergy between biological pretreatment and advanced oxidation. Process optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) identified the most influential variables, enabling maximized dye degradation with ultra-low-cost operation at 0.09 g L<sup>−1</sup>. Material was Characterized by XRD, FESEM-EDS, UV-DRS, BET and XPS, confirming the presence of naturally occurring metal oxides in MWFA, enabling photocatalytic activity without doping. Circular economy analysis showed that at a loading of 1 kg of MWFA can treat 11.11 kL of wastewater, with a 94% lower cost compared to commercial TiO<sub>2</sub>. This integrated and optimized system demonstrates a scalable, low-cost solution using a medical waste-derived photocatalyst, contributing to SDG-6 and SDG-12.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"80 9","pages":"10365 - 10379"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148871625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2026-05-13DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-05024-9
Tao Yuan, Jing-Yi Wu, Ya Li, Jia-Ning Meng, Dan Qiu
{"title":"Esterification and application of maleic anhydride of regenerated microcrystalline cellulose","authors":"Tao Yuan, Jing-Yi Wu, Ya Li, Jia-Ning Meng, Dan Qiu","doi":"10.1007/s11696-026-05024-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-026-05024-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The processing and modification of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) are highly challenging due to its highly crystalline nature restricting its broader application. This study used NaOH/urea aqueous solution for the graded regeneration of MCC, which effectively disrupted its dense crystalline structure and exposed the additional free hydroxyl groups. A modified secondary regenerated cellulose derivative (MA-SRC) with a 0.182 degree of substitution (DS) was produced using esterification with maleic anhydride. The sequential regeneration and modification with maleic anhydride increased the specific surface area of MCC from 6.87 to 8.66 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Comprehensive characterisation revealed that MA-SRC had unchanged crystalline phases, with reduced crystallinity and significantly improved hydrophobic properties. However, the difficulty in testing the mechanical properties of MCC alone (requires matrix support for moulding) required the incorporation of polylactic acid (PLA) to investigate the characteristics of the composite material further. Compared to PLA/MCC and PLA/SRC, the tensile strength of PLA/MA-SRC increased by 10.89% and 9.12%, and its elongation at break improved by 35.24% and 33.33%, respectively. Additionally, esterification significantly improved the contact angle. Consequently, these results confirmed that the synergistic graded regeneration–esterification strategy effectively enhanced the interfacial compatibility between MCC and PLA, which provided a novel approach for developing high-performance MCC-based composites.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"80 9","pages":"10537 - 10548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148871624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2026-05-13DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-04906-2
Emad Ali
{"title":"Optimal design of hybrid system of multi-effect distillation and vapor absorption refrigeration","authors":"Emad Ali","doi":"10.1007/s11696-026-04906-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-026-04906-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A hybrid system of multi-effect distillation (MED) and solar-assisted vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR) is optimized to capitalize on a certain performance index and ensures perfect consumption of the VAR's energy. The elementary hybrid system failed to fulfill the optimization requirements. Alternatively, modified structures, namely, booster-supported hybrid system and membrane distillation (MD) supported hybrid system, are optimized. Single-objective optimization revealed the existence of a tradeoff between distillate production on one side and exergy destruction and exergy efficiency on the other side. Moreover, imposing hard constraints to secure perfect energy management sacrifices the optimality of the objective functions. Resorting to multi-objective optimization identified several recessive solutions that guarantee zero energy residuals. Accordingly, the boosted hybrid structure can have 12.2% higher distillate production that approaches 20.32 kg/s. However, the MD-supported structure exhibits 92% less irreversibility and 32% enhanced exergy efficiency. Moreover, the MD-supported system demands 5.4% less surface area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"80 8","pages":"8697 - 8721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Screening of spice essential oils and their active compounds with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity: in vitro, in vivo and in silico approach","authors":"Hongpeng Yu, Zizhen Li, JinJin Yang, Cansheng Ou, Dong He, Kegang Wu, ZhengXiang Cui, Xianghua Chai, Xuejuan Duan","doi":"10.1007/s11696-026-05025-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-026-05025-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to identify spice essential oils (EOs) that could lower uric acid and alleviate hyperuricemia. The xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition of 24 spice EOs was evaluated in vitro, with citronella (CEO) and nutmeg (NEO) showing the highest inhibition rates of 82.75 ± 1.21% and 80.47 ± 4.43%, respectively. In a zebrafish model, CEO, NEO, and their combination significantly reduced uric acid levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05), comparable to allopurinol. In a high uric acid mouse model, CEO and NEO also significantly inhibited XOD (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and reduced uric acid levels (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Network pharmacology predicted protein targets and pathways for their effects on hyperuricemia, and molecular docking suggested binding to the FAD region of XOD. Both essential oils exhibited potent XOD inhibition in vitro (IC<sub>50</sub> = 9.78 µg/mL for CEO and 4.62 µg/mL for NEO), and their major components—caryophyllene, α-pinene, myrcene, and longifolene—showed IC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 0.39 to 1.06 µg/mL. These findings suggest potential use of CEO and NEO in managing high uric acid levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"80 9","pages":"10549 - 10559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148871859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2026-05-12DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-04998-w
Kağan Ünal, Osman Çaylak, Serap Çetinkaya
{"title":"Green synthesis of CuFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles using Allium scorodoprasum leaf extract: structural characterization and anticancer activity","authors":"Kağan Ünal, Osman Çaylak, Serap Çetinkaya","doi":"10.1007/s11696-026-04998-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-026-04998-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Copper ferrite (CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles were synthesized by using an <i>Allium scorodoprasum</i> leaf extract to evaluate their structural properties and in vitro anticancer potential. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by PXRD, SEM-EDX, and FT-IR analyses. Their cytotoxic and apoptotic actions, and their modulatory capacity on the gene expression profiles were investigated by MTT assay and using MCF-7, A549, and L929 cell lines. PXRD confirmed a cubic spinel crystal structure with an average crystallite size of 25.38 nm, while SEM analysis revealed heterogeneous particles with an average diameter of 75.26 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, RT-PCR results indicated significant alterations in the levels of pro-inflammatory gene expression. Flow cytometry confirmed that apoptosis was induced, while IL-1β and TNF-α expression levels were significantly upregulated. These findings together demonstrated that green-synthesized CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles possessed promising anticancer activities and deserved future in vivo studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"80 9","pages":"10177 - 10192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148871535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2026-05-12DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-04992-2
Gaurav Thakur, Akhil Saxena, Jasdeep Kaur
{"title":"Unravelling mild steel protection in acidic solution via electrochemical behaviour and molecular descriptions of Phanera vahlii leaf extract","authors":"Gaurav Thakur, Akhil Saxena, Jasdeep Kaur","doi":"10.1007/s11696-026-04992-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-026-04992-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The strength, longevity, and safety of metal buildings exposed to harsh acidic conditions like HCl and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> are all greatly impacted by corrosion. With potential uses in acid pickling and industrial cleaning procedures, <i>Phanera vahlii</i> extract was examined in this work as a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. Gravimetric tests, UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and quantum chemical computations were used to assess the inhibitory performance. The findings showed that at 4000 mg L⁻<sup>1</sup>, the greatest inhibitory efficiency was 96.47%. The development of a protective adsorbed layer was indicated by the EIS analysis, which revealed a considerable increase in charge transfer resistance with increasing inhibitor concentration. The extract functions as a mixed-type (bifunctional) inhibitor, according to PDP data. Surface protection in the presence of the inhibitor was further corroborated by SEM observations. Phytoconstituents like Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and Davinvolunol B, which have heteroatoms and π-electron systems that promote adsorption onto the metal surface, are thought to be responsible for the anticorrosion activity. All things considered, <i>Phanera vahlii</i> extract inhibits corrosion in acidic medium in an effective and eco-friendly manner. To provide qualitative molecular insights into adsorption behaviour, theoretical calculations were carried out utilizing representative phytochemicals reported in the literature.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"80 9","pages":"10063 - 10082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148871533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of drying methods on the biophysical, bioactive, and molecular characteristics of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. peel powder","authors":"Budianto Budianto, Nadya Aurelya, Felicia Blenda Khosy, Siti Luthfiannisa Hielherry","doi":"10.1007/s11696-026-04936-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-026-04936-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Citrus peel is an abundant food-processing by-product with strong potential as a food-grade bioactive ingredient. This study investigated the biophysical, biochemical, and molecular characteristics of <i>Citrus maxima</i> (Burm.) Merr. peel powder and its relationship to functional performance in food systems. The peel was processed into powder using four drying methods: low-temperature oven, microwave, infrared, and vacuum drying. The results demonstrated that the drying method significantly influenced the biophysical, chemical, and molecular properties of the resulting powders. Biophysically, microwave drying produced the smallest particle size (121.68 ± 48.61 nm) with high crystallinity but exhibited relatively low colloidal stability. In contrast, vacuum drying provided the highest thermal and colloidal stability, with the highest main decomposition temperature (325.66 °C). From a chemical and bioactive perspective, infrared drying was the most effective in preserving antioxidant activity (DPPH inhibition of 71.57 ± 2.11%) as well as phenolic and flavonoid contents, while vacuum drying offered greater protection of lipophilic components (TBARS inhibition of 76.32 ± 2.45%). Molecular characterization further supported these findings. FTIR analysis revealed that vacuum drying better preserved glycosidic (C–O–C) linkages and hydroxyl (–OH) groups associated with polysaccharide structures, whereas infrared drying intensified carbonyl (C=O) and carboxylate (–COO<sup>−</sup>) signals, indicating surface oxidation. XPS results corroborated these observations by showing a higher C–O ratio in vacuum-dried samples, while infrared-dried samples exhibited increased carbonyl and carboxylate groups. Overall, infrared and vacuum drying produced citrus peel powders with a balanced combination of structural integrity, molecular stability, and bioactive functionality, supporting their potential application as value-added functional food ingredients.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"80 8","pages":"9061 - 9088"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}