Chemical PapersPub Date : 2025-07-17DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04215-0
Tawana Silva Cardoso, Ulisses Alves Pereira, Charles Martins Aguilar, Ivan Pires de Oliveira, Roberta Torres Careli, Jéssica Nogueira Rosa, Denise Mara Soares Bazzolli, Patrícia Fontes Pinheiro, Lucélio Marques Alves Costa, Demerson Arruda Sanglard
{"title":"Synthesis of chlorinated tetronamides and their ability to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris","authors":"Tawana Silva Cardoso, Ulisses Alves Pereira, Charles Martins Aguilar, Ivan Pires de Oliveira, Roberta Torres Careli, Jéssica Nogueira Rosa, Denise Mara Soares Bazzolli, Patrícia Fontes Pinheiro, Lucélio Marques Alves Costa, Demerson Arruda Sanglard","doi":"10.1007/s11696-025-04215-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-025-04215-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The class of natural and synthetic furan-2(5<i>H</i>)-ones has attracted attention due to its diverse bioactivities, such as anticancer, insecticidal, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its ability to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation. <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> pv. <i>campestris</i>, the causative agent of black rot disease, causes significant financial losses due to reduced productivity and quality of <i>Brassica</i> spp. crops. Biofilm formation by <i>X. campestris</i> is crucial for its ability to infect plants. Thus, the tetronamides with a 3-chloro-furan-2(5<i>H</i>)-one scaffold were synthesized (47–73% yield) using mucochloric acid as the starting material, and their antibiofilm potential was evaluated. The compounds were characterized by IR, mass spectrometry (MS), <sup>1</sup>H NMR, and <sup>13</sup>C NMR. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the six compounds was determined using the microdilution method. The compounds exhibited MIC values of 1500 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>, except for compound <b>3</b>, which had a MIC of 1000 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>. The ability of these compounds to inhibit biofilm formation by <i>X. campestris</i> was measured at subinhibitory concentrations, and the IC₅₀ values for the six compounds tested ranged from 27.6 to 60.9 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>. These findings provide a basis for developing sustainable strategies to combat black rot, a biofilm-related disease caused by <i>Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris</i>.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 10","pages":"6711 - 6722"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145242795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2025-07-17DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04150-0
Prammitha Rajaram, Ambrose Rejo Jeice, M. Srinivasan
{"title":"Green synthesis of wurtzite Vg-ZnO nanoparticles: enhanced photocatalytic efficiency and antimicrobial properties","authors":"Prammitha Rajaram, Ambrose Rejo Jeice, M. Srinivasan","doi":"10.1007/s11696-025-04150-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-025-04150-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental contamination, driven by direct and indirect causes, is a critical global challenge. Modern physicochemical techniques to ecological restoration have grown in popularity in order to develop eco-friendly and long-term solutions. The goal of this research is to create a bio-nanomaterial capable of digesting organic pollutants and suppressing microbial infections while producing no undesirable by-products. <i>Veldt grape</i> (Vg) leaf extract was used to produce zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) utilizing a green technique. Multiple approaches were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of Vg-ZnO NPs. UV–vis spectroscopy confirmed a maximum absorption range of 360–368 nm, while XRD examination revealed a wurtzite hexagonal phase with crystallite sizes ranging between 6.6 and 13.1 nm. FTIR spectra indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenols, and hydroxyl groups, while SEM pictures revealed a petal-like morphology, which EDAX validated for elemental composition. The photocatalytic activity of Vg-ZnO NPs was tested for MB dye degradation, and they achieved 90.6% disintegration during 120 min of UV light irradiation, with catalyst dose, dye concentration, pH, and reusability optimized. Antimicrobial effectiveness was evaluated against <i>Edwardsiella tarda, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans,</i> with <i>K. pneumoniae</i> having the largest inhibition zone of 25 mm. The improved photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of Vg-ZnO NPs highlight their potential for organic pollutant breakdown and environmental remediation.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 9","pages":"5747 - 5763"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2025-07-17DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04234-x
Muhammad Waheed Rasheed, Abid Mahboob, Warda Noman, Kang Yanmei
{"title":"Evaluating essential vitamins: a modern approach integrating data and decision-making techniques","authors":"Muhammad Waheed Rasheed, Abid Mahboob, Warda Noman, Kang Yanmei","doi":"10.1007/s11696-025-04234-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-025-04234-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study evaluates 13 essential vitamins using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques combined with objective weighting methods. Phase I calculates irregular topological neighbourhood invariants, while Phase II integrates the PIV and ARAS MCDM approaches with five weighting methods (LOPCOW, CRITIC, MEAN, MEREC, and entropy). Results show that the CRITIC method yields the highest variance in criterion weights (<span>(69.077times)</span>), while LOPCOW exhibits the least (<span>(0.793times)</span>). Spearman’s rank correlation analysis confirms strong consistency in rankings (<span>(rho = 0.9396{-}1.000)</span>), with Cobalamin and nicotinic acid emerging as top compounds under PIV and ARAS, respectively. The proposed framework effectively reduces inconsistency in rankings, providing a robust tool for vitamin evaluation based on topological indices and physicochemical properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 10","pages":"6921 - 6933"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145242705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2025-07-16DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04226-x
Asad Ullah, Shams Ur Rehman, Shahid Zaman, Wafa F. Alfwzan, Parvez Ali, Muhammad Abbas
{"title":"Topological analysis of the structural complexity and irregularity of Kudriavite (CdBi2S4)","authors":"Asad Ullah, Shams Ur Rehman, Shahid Zaman, Wafa F. Alfwzan, Parvez Ali, Muhammad Abbas","doi":"10.1007/s11696-025-04226-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-025-04226-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Kudriavite (CdBi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>) is an important semiconductor material with promising applications in various technological domains. This paper focuses on the comprehensive topological study of CdBi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> using graph theoretical modeling techniques. More specifically, the crystal structure of the compound CdBi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> is modeled via edge partitioning techniques of graph theory by deriving mathematical closed form expressions for certain important irregularity topological indices. This strategy provides a quantitative approach to assessing the heterogeneity and structural complexity of these chemical compounds. The results highlight the significance of irregularity topological indices in predicting material stability, electronic distribution, and molecular interactions. The integration of graph-theoretic principles with material science fosters advancements in optoelectronics, thermoelectrics, photovoltaics, catalysis, and biomedicine, paving the way for the development of next-generation functional materials. The advanced topological analysis presented in this paper highlights the potential of graph-theoretic approaches in material construction, providing valuable tools for optimizing the properties of CdBi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> compounds in industrial applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 10","pages":"6825 - 6834"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145242823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2025-07-16DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04228-9
Agustina Ari Murti Budi Hastuti, Siti Nurul Hidayah, Djoko Santosa
{"title":"Volatilomic analysis based on headspace–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-GC–MS) combined with chemometrics for the authentication of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil","authors":"Agustina Ari Murti Budi Hastuti, Siti Nurul Hidayah, Djoko Santosa","doi":"10.1007/s11696-025-04228-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-025-04228-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fennel (<i>Foeniculum vulgare</i>) is a native plant from the Mediterranean area that has spread worldwide, including tropical Indonesia. As an important product for various industries, fennel essential oil is prone to adulteration to increase profit. In this study, we characterized the volatile profile of fennel essential oil from fennel grown in Indonesia using headspace–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS–GC–MS) for simple and fast analysis and further applied this method, in combination with chemometrics, to detect the adulteration. The major constituents of essential oil extracted from Indonesian fresh fennel fruits were fenchone (39.61 ± 2.00%), estragole (17.47 ± 1.60%), limonene (14.21 ± 4.35%), and anethole (11.65 ± 1.75%). The commercial fennel oils had varied volatile profiles. The PCA model showed that some commercial samples had a similar volatile profile with pure fennel oil, indicating that the samples indeed contained fennel oil. On the other hand, adulterated fennel oils with carrier oil showed a very similar volatile profile to pure fennel oils, making it difficult to pinpoint the adulterated samples. In the PCA model, the adulterated fennel oils were distinguishable from the pure fennel oils and clustered in an area different from those of pure fennel oils. Thus, HS–GC–MS combined with chemometrics has been successfully applied to detect adulteration in fennel essential oils.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 10","pages":"6853 - 6863"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145242825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2025-07-16DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04214-1
Negin Farrokhi, Hadi Ghanbari, Navid Kaboudi, Somayeh Vandghanooni, Hossein Nazemiyeh, Mohammad Malaekeh Nikouei, Sanaz Hamedeyazdan
{"title":"Flavonoid glycosides of Stachys kurdica Boiss. & Hohen. against human lung cancer cells upon enzymatic docking paradigm","authors":"Negin Farrokhi, Hadi Ghanbari, Navid Kaboudi, Somayeh Vandghanooni, Hossein Nazemiyeh, Mohammad Malaekeh Nikouei, Sanaz Hamedeyazdan","doi":"10.1007/s11696-025-04214-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-025-04214-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Genus <i>Stachys</i> with high polymorphic features has been considered for phytochemical evaluation of one species, <i>Stachys kurdica</i> with the specific habitat growing in the water and salinity stresses. Soxhlet apparatus was used to solvent-extract the aerial parts of <i>S. kurdica</i> and determine the structure of the purified compounds by NMR spectra. MTT assay was carried out in A549 cancer cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for evaluating cytotoxicity of the <i>S. kurdica</i>. Besides, the in vitro antioxidant activity together with total phenolics and flavonoids content of the methanol extract was calculated. The inhibition affinity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) enzymes of the purified compounds was performed using in silico molecular docking technique. Accordingly, two flavonoids: <b>1</b>: scutellarein7-O-<i>β</i>-[6″-(acetyl)]glucoside and <b>2</b>: acacetin7-[6″(apiosyl)-2″(acetyl)]-glucoside), were isolated and identified from <i>S. kurdica</i>. The results of MTT bioassay illustrated <i>S. kurdica</i> methanol extract had cytotoxic effects on A549 cancer cells with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 216.03 µg/mL. Also, the results of the antioxidant assay indicated that the observed antioxidant activity of this plant was related to the presence of various polyphenolic compounds, including <i>S. kurdica</i> flavonoids. Overall, the phytochemical analysis of <i>S. kurdica</i> methanol extract revealed the presence of two acetylated acacetin and scutellarein derivatives for the first time in genus <i>Stachys</i>. Likewise, the ligand–receptor binding study indicated that compound <b>1</b> had the highest affinity with a docking score comparable to standard ligands on the target enzymes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 10","pages":"6699 - 6709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145242794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adsorptive removal of malachite green dye using ferrocene incorporated iron-based metal–organic framework: a sustainable approach to wastewater treatment","authors":"Charu Arora, Nidhi Rai, Aazad Verma, Santosh Kumar, Aparna Kesharwani, Jyoti Mittal","doi":"10.1007/s11696-025-04227-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-025-04227-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, a mesoporous metal–organic framework, namely FeFc MOF, has been prepared using the co-precipitation method. An aqueous-based experiment was used as an adsorbent for the removal of malachite green (MG) dye from water. The synthesized material was characterized in detail, while the adsorption of the dyes in aqueous medium was monitored by UV–visible spectroscopy. Adsorption equilibrium was attained in 210 min at pH 7 and 298 K. The adsorption was favorable at higher concentrations and increased with an increase in contact time. The removal of dye was maximum at high temperatures and at pH 10. It was most likely due to the formation of advantageous associations between the dye and MOF. The adsorption process was governed by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, with a <i>K</i><sub>2</sub> of 8.5 × 10<sup>−3</sup> for adsorption of malachite green (MG) dye on FeFc MOF. The thermodynamic study suggests that the process is spontaneous and endothermic. Column data show the FeFc MOF shows practical utility with a long run for large amounts of dye and can be reused up to four cycles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 10","pages":"6835 - 6852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145242838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2025-07-14DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04204-3
Adriana Medina-Ramirez, Diego I. Suárez-Valencia, José A. Salinas-Cano, Beatriz Ruiz-Camacho, Georgina Garcia-Ruiz, Claudia M. López-Badillo, Jesús I. Minchaca-Mojica
{"title":"Synthesis of Ti-EMC-2 zeolite by sonication-assisted hydrothermal method: effect on crystallinity, morphology, and formation active sites","authors":"Adriana Medina-Ramirez, Diego I. Suárez-Valencia, José A. Salinas-Cano, Beatriz Ruiz-Camacho, Georgina Garcia-Ruiz, Claudia M. López-Badillo, Jesús I. Minchaca-Mojica","doi":"10.1007/s11696-025-04204-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-025-04204-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present work, Ti-EMC-2 zeolite was synthesized by sonication-assisted hydrothermal treatment in the absence of SDA. The effects of Ti/Al ratio and sonication time on crystallinity, morphology, Ti content, and Ti species distribution on the zeolite were evaluated. Synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, SEM/EDS, FT-IR, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, XPS, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and TEM. According to the results, the crystallinity depended on Ti content; as the Ti content increased, the crystallinity was diminished. Nevertheless, by application of ultrasound the crystallinity was improved. A synergic effect of sonication and Ti/Al ratio led to get zeolite of diverse morphologies: nanoplates, needles, and nanorods. The dispersion of Ti into zeolite was improved when sonication was employed. The formation of tetra-coordinated Ti species Ti(OSi)<sub>4</sub> was evidenced by photoluminescence for all cases, indicating that Ti was heterosubstituted into zeolite framework. By XPS, the presence of Ti<sup>4+</sup> and Ti<sup>3+</sup> was detected, while by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy tetra- and hexa-coordinated as well as framework-associated Ti species were detected. Their presence depended on the sonication time applied. These findings allow to infer that by this methodology it is possible to control of morphology, crystallinity, dispersion, kind species, and content of Ti into EMC-2 framework; therefore, it is expected that these characteristics impact on the catalytic performance of the synthesized materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 10","pages":"6579 - 6595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145242811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2025-07-14DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04209-y
Phan Thi Lan Huong, Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc, Nguyen Minh Hoang, Nguyen Ba Hung, Vu Thi Trang
{"title":"Macroporous Ag/HA materials for antibacterial photothermal membranes in solar steam generation systems","authors":"Phan Thi Lan Huong, Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc, Nguyen Minh Hoang, Nguyen Ba Hung, Vu Thi Trang","doi":"10.1007/s11696-025-04209-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-025-04209-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing global demand for clean water has driven significant research into solar steam generation and water purification technologies. Hydroxyapatite (HA), a biocompatible and chemically stable material, has demonstrated promise for water treatment due to its excellent adsorption properties. However, microbial contamination poses a significant challenge to its application for solar steam generation. Herein, a novel macroporous silver-doped hydroxyapatite (Ag/HA) nanocomposite was used for the first time in fabricating photothermal membranes. The incorporation of 8.8% atomic percentage Ag into Ag/HA significantly alters its structure, introducing macroporous voids, which are excellent for water transportation and steam release in solar steam generation. The results show that the Ag/HA membrane achieved an evaporation rate of 1.202 kgm<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> under one-sun illumination, a 1.33-fold increase compared to pure HA membranes. Additionally, antibacterial evaluations using the disk diffusion method revealed significant antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, with inhibition zones increasing with Ag/HA concentration. These findings highlight the potential of Ag/HA nanocomposites as an efficient and durable solution for water harvesting and purification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 10","pages":"6635 - 6644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145242822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical PapersPub Date : 2025-07-14DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04205-2
A. Alexandar, B. Sahaya Infant Lasalle, Muthu Senthil Pandian
{"title":"Nucleation, crystal growth, and characterization of BaCl2*2H2O for third-order NLO application","authors":"A. Alexandar, B. Sahaya Infant Lasalle, Muthu Senthil Pandian","doi":"10.1007/s11696-025-04205-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11696-025-04205-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-quality single crystals of barium chloride dihydrate (BaCl<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O) were synthesized using the slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) and investigated for their potential in nonlinear optical (NLO) applications and high-energy X-ray detection as scintillators. Structural characterization via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) confirmed the phase purity and crystallinity of the synthesized crystals. Functional group analysis using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy validated the molecular structure and hydration state. Optical studies conducted through UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed significant transparency in the visible range (200–1100 nm), indicating suitability for optical applications. Dielectric analysis highlighted frequency-dependent polarization behavior, while photoconductivity studies demonstrated the material’s sensitivity to light, showcasing its optoelectronic potential. Impedance analysis provided insights into the electrochemical properties, including charge transfer resistance. Z-scan measurements revealed significant third-order NLO properties, including nonlinear refractive index and absorption coefficients, which are critical for photonics applications. Despite challenges posed by its high solubility and centrosymmetric crystal structure, BaCl<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O exhibits promising characteristics for advanced optical technologies. These findings underscore the material’s potential for further exploration and optimization through structural modifications, doping, or surface treatments. This work lays a foundation for leveraging BaCl<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O in next-generation NLO materials and devices, contributing to advancements in photonic science.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":513,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Papers","volume":"79 10","pages":"6597 - 6606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145242670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}