Nucleation, crystal growth, and characterization of BaCl2*2H2O for third-order NLO application

Abstract

High-quality single crystals of barium chloride dihydrate (BaCl₂·2H₂O) were synthesized using the slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) and investigated for their potential in nonlinear optical (NLO) applications and high-energy X-ray detection as scintillators. Structural characterization via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) confirmed the phase purity and crystallinity of the synthesized crystals. Functional group analysis using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy validated the molecular structure and hydration state. Optical studies conducted through UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed significant transparency in the visible range (200–1100 nm), indicating suitability for optical applications. Dielectric analysis highlighted frequency-dependent polarization behavior, while photoconductivity studies demonstrated the material’s sensitivity to light, showcasing its optoelectronic potential. Impedance analysis provided insights into the electrochemical properties, including charge transfer resistance. Z-scan measurements revealed significant third-order NLO properties, including nonlinear refractive index and absorption coefficients, which are critical for photonics applications. Despite challenges posed by its high solubility and centrosymmetric crystal structure, BaCl₂·2H₂O exhibits promising characteristics for advanced optical technologies. These findings underscore the material’s potential for further exploration and optimization through structural modifications, doping, or surface treatments. This work lays a foundation for leveraging BaCl₂·2H₂O in next-generation NLO materials and devices, contributing to advancements in photonic science.