Family ProcessPub Date : 2026-04-07DOI: 10.1111/famp.70143
Néstor Borrero-Bracero, Silvia B. Espinal
{"title":"Enacting Cultural Humility With Latinx Parents of LGBTQ+ Youth: A Case Example","authors":"Néstor Borrero-Bracero, Silvia B. Espinal","doi":"10.1111/famp.70143","DOIUrl":"10.1111/famp.70143","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This manuscript details how a team of therapists enacted cultural humility in family therapy with Latinx immigrant parents of an LGBTQ+ adolescent living in the New York City metropolitan region. Initially, the parents' traditional, religious, and culturally embedded beliefs constrained their acceptance of their transgender and bisexual child. While research on Latinx LGBTQ+ families is expanding, there are few examples of real-time, process-oriented family therapy that address gender and sexuality, particularly when therapists share marginalized identities with clients. Grounded in liberation psychotherapy, intersectionality, and queer theory, the therapy emphasized safety, relational connection, and healing, while honoring cultural values such as <i>familismo</i> and <i>respeto</i>. Through self-reflection, engagement, and the use of Location of Self (LOS), the team fostered emotional awareness and authenticity, helping break the silence around sexual and gender identity and supporting the parents' shift from fear and silence to greater emotional openness and acceptance. We illustrate how enacting cultural humility can promote meaningful change for Latinx families with LGBTQ+ youth and offer recommendations for therapy, supervision, and training.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147635017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2026-04-05DOI: 10.1111/famp.70136
Victoria M. Chiu, Mark B. White, Elizabeth D'Arrigo-Patrick, Elizabeth C. Banks
{"title":"Unfinished Journeys: An IPA Study of the Lived Experiences of Adult Satellite Babies","authors":"Victoria M. Chiu, Mark B. White, Elizabeth D'Arrigo-Patrick, Elizabeth C. Banks","doi":"10.1111/famp.70136","DOIUrl":"10.1111/famp.70136","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Transnational families are becoming more common, although the long-term impact of early childhood separations from biological parents remains unclear. “Satellite babies” (SBs) are Chinese infants born in North America, sent to China for caregiving, and then reunited with their parents. This interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) examined the lived experiences of 10 adult SBs to address gaps in attachment theory (AT) and inform culturally sensitive therapeutic practice. IPA's iterative, in-depth approach to thematic data analysis revealed four group experiential themes (GETs): ambiguous loss, fear in relationships then and now, “how I got through it,” and change is possible. Results support key tenets from AT and ambiguous loss theory (ALT), including sensitive periods of attachment, adult attachment dimensions, and the “psychological family.” Results support negative developmental outcomes while highlighting protective factors like social support. Recommendations for practice include a call for MFTs to include ALT in culturally sensitive assessment and treatment of Chinese SB families.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147624634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2026-03-26DOI: 10.1111/famp.70141
Shixin Fang, Samantha L. Tornello, Emma Spadaro
{"title":"Parenting Stress and Couple Relationship Quality Among Transgender and Nonbinary Parents: The Roles of Discrepancy in Division of Childcare Labor and Gender Identity","authors":"Shixin Fang, Samantha L. Tornello, Emma Spadaro","doi":"10.1111/famp.70141","DOIUrl":"10.1111/famp.70141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A substantial population of transgender and nonbinary (TNB) individuals is becoming parents. However, research on how TNB parents navigate parenthood, family dynamics, and couple functioning remains limited. This study investigated the association between parenting stress and relationship quality and tested the mediating role of discrepancy in the division of childcare labor (i.e., satisfaction with the current allocation of childrearing tasks) and the moderating role of gender identity (i.e., transgender man and woman vs. nonbinary) in an international sample of 228 TNB parents primarily from the United States. Results of structural equation modeling identified a conditional indirect pathway: Higher levels of parenting stress were negatively associated with lower couple relationship quality through greater discrepancy in the division of childcare labor only among nonbinary parents rather than transgender man and woman parents. The findings of this study shed light on the understudied intricacies of TNB parents' intersectional experiences of their gender identity, intimate relationships, and parenthood. The practical significance of this study lies in its potential to inform targeted intervention programs that ultimately enhance couple relationship well-being through the development of a more desirable division of childcare labor considering the nuanced experiences of TNB parents.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13021297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147522710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2026-03-01DOI: 10.1111/famp.70112
Xiaolin Guo, Yuelin Guan, Yiwen Tang, Ti Su, Liang Luo
{"title":"The Influence of Parent-Child Discrepancies in Filial Piety on Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Parents With Preadolescent Children.","authors":"Xiaolin Guo, Yuelin Guan, Yiwen Tang, Ti Su, Liang Luo","doi":"10.1111/famp.70112","DOIUrl":"10.1111/famp.70112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Filial piety has been shown to have a strong effect on the well-being of parents, but the findings have been inconsistent. This study aimed to clarify the mixed results by considering the role of parent-child discrepancies in filial piety. Specifically, we examined how congruence and incongruence in filial piety between parents and children are related to parental depressive symptoms. Data were obtained from 3922 eleven-year-old students and their fathers and mothers. Polynomial regression with response surface analysis was used to analyze the effects of parent-child discrepancies on depressive symptoms separately for reciprocal and authoritarian filial piety and separately for the four parent-child gender dyads. Approximately one-third of parents had congruent filial piety with their children, one-third had higher filial piety than their children did, and one-third had lower filial piety. When parent-child filial piety was congruent, greater reciprocal filial piety was associated with fewer parental depressive symptoms, while higher authoritarian filial piety was associated with more parental depressive symptoms. Moreover, parents with higher authoritarian filial piety than their children had more depressive symptoms than those with lower authoritarian filial piety. In addition, greater incongruence in authoritarian filial piety was associated with more parental depressive symptoms. The findings suggest that the type of filial piety, the level of congruent filial piety, and the direction and degree of incongruent filial piety between parents and children all influence parental depressive symptoms. The findings suggest focusing on the psychological needs of parents and reducing conflicts in filial relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"65 1","pages":"e70112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147286182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2026-03-01DOI: 10.1111/famp.70137
Ruhan Ding, Peipei Hong, Jinying Lu, Shuyi Zhai, Jie He
{"title":"Solicitous Parenting and Chinese Children's Perspective-Taking: The Moderating Role of Child Temperamental Inhibition.","authors":"Ruhan Ding, Peipei Hong, Jinying Lu, Shuyi Zhai, Jie He","doi":"10.1111/famp.70137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines whether the effect of solicitous parenting on Chinese preschoolers' perspective-taking varies depending on child temperamental inhibition. Longitudinal data were collected from 163 Chinese children (70 girls, 93 boys; M<sub>age</sub> = 2.59 years at the first visit) and their parents. Child inhibition was assessed at Age 2, solicitous parenting at Age 3, and children's perspective-taking skills at Age 3 (as baseline) and Age 5. Regression analysis supported the moderating effect of temperamental inhibition: solicitous parenting predicted better perspective-taking among children with relatively lower levels of inhibition, but poorer perspective-taking among children with extremely high inhibition. This contrastive effect pattern reflects the coexistence of goodness-of-fit and poorness-of-fit that best characterized the goodness-of-fit model. The findings suggest that solicitous parenting cannot be simply regarded as a positive or negative parenting style; its effect on social adaptation varies based on child's characteristics and cultural context.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"65 1","pages":"e70137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147505567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2026-03-01DOI: 10.1111/famp.70126
Shequanna Belizaire, Yara Mekawi, Sara J Bufferd
{"title":"Examining Parenting and Anti-Racism Among White Parents: Does White Fragility Matter?","authors":"Shequanna Belizaire, Yara Mekawi, Sara J Bufferd","doi":"10.1111/famp.70126","DOIUrl":"10.1111/famp.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The minimization of racism among White adults stifles racial progress and underscores the need to discuss racism starting in childhood. Parents are key contributors to children's racial socialization and their actions may influence the development of anti-racist behaviors through modeling. Previous work examining parenting styles and behaviors has focused on child outcomes, with little examination of characteristics of White parents themselves, such as frequency of anti-racist behavior. As parents are children's first teachers, implications of parents' own involvement in anti-racism may inform interventions disrupting the intergenerational transmission of racism. To address this, 229 White parents completed questionnaires assessing self-reported parenting, anti-racism behaviors, and White fragility. Authoritarian parenting was negatively associated with anti-racist behavior (r = -0.20, p = 0.002). This association was qualified by White fragility, such that authoritarian parenting was positively associated with anti-racist behavior at high White fragility (+1 SD) and negatively associated with anti-racist behavior at low White fragility (-1 SD). Authoritative parenting was positively associated with anti-racist behavior (r = 0.25, p < 0.001); this effect was also qualified by White fragility such that this positive association only existed at relatively low and mean levels of White fragility (but not at high levels). These results suggest that the degree to which parenting styles are associated with anti-racism depends on parents' level of White fragility. Implications of these results include potential influences of parenting style and parents' anti-racist behavior on children's racial socialization as well as considerations for research focused on anti-racist socialization efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"65 1","pages":"e70126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147311780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2026-03-01DOI: 10.1111/famp.70139
J Rubén Parra-Cardona, Ilana Shtivelman, Jaime Fuentes-Balderrama, Nancy G Amador-Buenabad, Lucía Vázquez Pérez, Carmen Gallardo-Hernandez, Alejandra Garcia Isaza, Tatiana Londoño, Eva González-Villanueva
{"title":"Promoting Parental Positive Involvement and Skill Encouragement: Jewels of Clinical Change in a Parenting Program for Latine Immigrants Exposed to Adversity.","authors":"J Rubén Parra-Cardona, Ilana Shtivelman, Jaime Fuentes-Balderrama, Nancy G Amador-Buenabad, Lucía Vázquez Pérez, Carmen Gallardo-Hernandez, Alejandra Garcia Isaza, Tatiana Londoño, Eva González-Villanueva","doi":"10.1111/famp.70139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parent training (PT) interventions constitute a gold standard for preventing a variety of mental health symptomatology in children and youth. Yet, there is a need to understand the best ways to deliver specific core PT components to caregivers who have experienced adverse backgrounds as children and contextual stressors that impact their parenting practices. In this review paper for clinicians and prevention interventionists, we reflect on lessons learned in a 15-year program of parenting prevention research with low-income Latine immigrants in the United States who have experienced significant adversity. Specifically, we examine the relevance of two core PT components of GenerationPMTO, an evidence-based parenting intervention. The components, positive involvement and skill encouragement, have been documented in empirical research as key precursors of positive child and youth development. Thus, we describe in this paper a process of clinical change that integrates GenerationPMTO theory, cultural adaptation and advocacy principles, as well as key tenets of experiential and contextual family therapy theories. We document the use of this process of clinical change as implemented across three prevention initiatives with low-income Latine immigrant populations. Lastly, we address implications for family therapy practice. Specifically, we elaborate on alternatives for providers to implement evidence-based programs and potentially enhance their effectiveness through the integration of experiential and contextual family therapy strategies. By focusing on Latine immigrant families as a case study, we hope that this manuscript can support the efforts of family therapists engaged in the delivery of parenting interventions for underserved caregivers exposed to backgrounds of adversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"65 1","pages":"e70139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147488446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2026-03-01DOI: 10.1111/famp.70140
S Shorer, M Mahat-Shamir
{"title":"Commemorative Naming, Intergenerational Legacy, and Continuing Bonds: An Interpretive Phenomenological Study of Being a Living Commemoration.","authors":"S Shorer, M Mahat-Shamir","doi":"10.1111/famp.70140","DOIUrl":"10.1111/famp.70140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Commemorative naming-naming a child after a deceased family member-is a culturally rooted practice with profound emotional and relational implications. Although previous research has explored naming traditions from sociological and cultural angles, little attention has been given to the psychological experience of those who carry such names. This qualitative study examined the lived experiences of 14 Israeli adults named after deceased relatives, using interpretative phenomenological analysis to uncover personal and intergenerational meanings embedded in this practice. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling and completed in-depth interviews that revealed two central themes: (a) the continuum between identification and detachment in relation to the commemorative name and (b) how naming operates as both social compliance and an enduring emotional connection with the deceased. The findings illustrate the dynamic tension between honoring family legacy and negotiating personal autonomy. Participants described feelings of pride, duty, emotional burden, and identity conflict. Grounded in contextual family theory and the concept of continuing bonds, the analysis highlights how commemorative naming functions as both a vehicle for familial resilience and a source of psychological strain. These insights offer valuable implications for clinical practice. Therapists and family practitioners should consider naming histories as a meaningful part of family narratives, especially in contexts of grief, legacy, and relational ethics. Raising awareness of the emotional weight of commemorative names may support families in making more intentional, ethically sensitive naming decisions that consider the impact on future generations.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"65 1","pages":"e70140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13000867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147482370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2026-03-01DOI: 10.1111/famp.70135
Kelly Duggan Shearer
{"title":"Using the Educator-Student Relationship in Mental Health Education to Teach Relational Processes.","authors":"Kelly Duggan Shearer","doi":"10.1111/famp.70135","DOIUrl":"10.1111/famp.70135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical education requires both conceptual mastery and relational aptitude. Developing therapeutic presence through content mastery alone may fall short because relational skills are learned through attuned relationships. Relational teaching in mental health education espouses the use of the educator-student relationship to foster relational skills. This scoping review implemented a constant comparison method to identify essential components of relational teaching in mental health education between 2003 and 2025 and examine how they work together to promote students' development. Analysis of 15 articles on relational teaching in mental health education revealed four essential components: role clarity, restoration, reflexive responsivity, and (co)regulation. I organized these findings into a model, The Relational Teaching Clock, which depicts the relationship between these concepts as interdependent, framing (co)regulation as a foundational principle of relational teaching. This model challenges dominant narratives that espouse competition and independent success by inviting educators to facilitate relationships with students that intentionally promote students' personal healing. The Relational Teaching Clock provides a concise model, based on existing evidence, to guide the development of relational skills necessary for therapeutic relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"65 1","pages":"e70135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12955758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147345703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2026-03-01DOI: 10.1111/famp.70128
Noe Ramos, Valerie Leija, Javier Cavazos Vela, Deyanira Bedolla Maldonado, Susana Perez
{"title":"Exploring the Impact of a Culturally Adapted Parent-Directed Training Program for Latine Parents of Children With Autism.","authors":"Noe Ramos, Valerie Leija, Javier Cavazos Vela, Deyanira Bedolla Maldonado, Susana Perez","doi":"10.1111/famp.70128","DOIUrl":"10.1111/famp.70128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this mixed methods study is to explore the impact of a culturally adapted parent-directed training program in the United States on 90 Latine parents' perceptions of their child's strengths and social functioning. In addition, the study aimed to investigate the impact of the program on Latine parents' stress and their empowerment to advocate for their children. Participants were 90 Latine parents who participated in a 10-session culturally adapted training program. Quantitative analyses of pre-post data on the Family-Outcome Survey-Revised Scale, the stress subscale of the DASS-21, and Quality of Play Questionnaire indicated statistically significant improvements. Estimates of effect size and clinical significance were also measured. Analyses indicated clinically significant changes for some Latine parents. Approximately 1 out of 4 Latine parents reported clinically significant improvements (i.e., meaningful improvement) or improvements without clinical significance as related to advocacy for their child's rights, and 1 out of 3 Latine parents reported clinically significant improvements or slight improvements in understanding their child's strengths. Approximately 1 out of 3 Latine parents reported clinically significant improvements or slight improvements in reducing their stress symptoms, and approximately 1 out of 3 parents reported clinically significant improvements or slight improvements in their child's social functioning. Our qualitative findings also revealed that participants (a) appreciated the role of parent leaders, (b) applied evidence-based strategies to help their children, and (c) connected with other parents to create a community. An implication for this study is that graduate programs need to continue to teach future practitioners how to engage in interdisciplinary and interprofessional work to provide effective services to culturally diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"65 1","pages":"e70128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12967874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147379592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}