{"title":"Family Resilience and Perceived Stress: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis","authors":"Rui Li, Tingni Mi, Donghong Wu, ZengYan Guo, Zhihong Ren","doi":"10.1111/famp.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although numerous studies have observed a negative correlation between family resilience and perceived stress, the strength of this relationship has exhibited significant variability in previous research. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between family resilience and perceived stress, investigating the moderating roles of various factors. Employing a three-level meta-analysis, the research scrutinized 23 selected studies involving 17,480 participants and 99 effect sizes, following a comprehensive literature search and screening. The results revealed a significant negative correlation between family resilience and perceived stress, <i>r</i> = −0.25. Notably, the family resilience systems theory showed a significant negative correlation, <i>r</i> = −0.28, than other models, suggesting its superior ability to explain the resilience-stress relationship. Furthermore, the study found that the mean age of adults significantly moderated this relationship, with older adults demonstrating a more pronounced negative correlation, <i>r</i> = −0.24, implying that established resilience practices and life experience may enhance stress management in this group. These findings highlight the need for age-specific interventions that target the management of family resilience and perceived stress, emphasizing the critical role of appropriate theoretical frameworks.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2025-05-19DOI: 10.1111/famp.70040
Lin Bao, Anna Kristen, Helen Liu, Sebastian Dys, Yu Gao, Qian Wu, Bin Xiao, Jingjing Xu, Hongyu Zhang, Wen Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Marlene M. Moretti
{"title":"A Pilot Study of an Attachment-Based Parenting Intervention for Parents of Adolescents in China: Translation, Modifications, and Preliminary Effectiveness","authors":"Lin Bao, Anna Kristen, Helen Liu, Sebastian Dys, Yu Gao, Qian Wu, Bin Xiao, Jingjing Xu, Hongyu Zhang, Wen Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Marlene M. Moretti","doi":"10.1111/famp.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Adolescent mental health problems have increased internationally, and over one-quarter of Chinese adolescents—approximately 40 million teens—have reported significant mental health problems in recent years. This study tailored and evaluated the acceptance, uptake, and effectiveness of <i>Connect</i>, a brief manualized trauma-informed and attachment-based parenting program, for Mandarin-speaking families in Beijing, China. 30 parents (aged 36–50 years, <i>M</i><sub><i>age</i></sub> = 44.6, SD = 3.2; 83.3% mothers, 16.7% fathers) of youth aged 10–16 years (<i>M</i><sub><i>age</i></sub> = 13.4, SD = 1.5; 50.0% female) were enrolled in a single-arm pilot study with preprogram and postprogram assessments of youth mental health, parental functioning, and quality of parent–child relationships. Careful translation was necessary to retain program nuances and meaning, including references to Chinese idioms and poems to enhance cultural meaning. Program modifications included tailoring role plays to reflect culturally relevant domains of parent–youth conflict, direct prompting of parents in reflection exercises and discussions, and a deeper emphasis on empathy in parent–child relationships. These modifications enhanced rather than diminished core program fidelity within this cultural context. Program enrolment, attendance, retention, and parents' feedback revealed strong program acceptance and perceived cultural fit. Parents also reported significant reductions in youth internalizing and externalizing problems, youth-to-parent and parent-to-youth physical and psychological aggression, parent depressed mood, and parenting strain. The findings align with previous randomized clinical trials and implementation studies of <i>Connect</i> across diverse countries, contexts, and clinical populations. Replication is required with larger samples, randomized designs, and using parent and youth measures to sensitively capture the quality of parent–child relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/famp.70040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Can Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals Benefit From General Couple Relationship Education?: Comparative Benefits in Individual and Relational Functioning","authors":"Mengiln Wei, Francesca Adler-Baeder, Julianne McGill","doi":"10.1111/famp.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Couple relationship education (CRE) programs have been widely implemented across the nation for decades and serve an increasingly diverse population of couples; however, effectiveness studies have continued to focus on the experiences of the “average” participant, thus overlooking the experience of minoritized populations. Few studies have centered on the experiences of sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals, especially those who identify as SGM but are in different-gender appearing relationships. Using a sample of 153 SGM CRE participants (80% cisgender women, 52% identified as bisexual or pansexual, 57% had a different-gender partner) and 2061 non-SGM participants who are racially and economically diverse, this study compared baseline differences and post-program growth trajectories between SGM and non-SGM participants in relationship quality, skills, mental, and physical health symptoms. Results show that SGM and non-SGM participants have similar average levels of relationship functioning and skills at baseline, but SGM participants report more mental health symptoms and lower sleep quality, on average. Following propensity score matching, growth curve models indicated no differences in the significant growth for both groups from baseline to 6 months in relationship quality, skills, and sleep quality, suggesting similar benefits. However, a significant interaction effect indicated that SGM participants improved more in mental health symptoms compared to non-SGM participants. This is encouraging evidence that SGM individuals can benefit from general CRE and further validates efforts for inclusion.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144074253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2025-05-15DOI: 10.1111/famp.70041
Antonia Steinberg, Johannes Boettcher, Anna Leidger, Ania C. Muntau, Jonas Denecke, Nicole Kaiser, Anne Daubmann, Antonia Zapf, Karl Wegscheider, Ann Kathrin Ozga, Anna Isabella Suling, Monika Bullinger, Julia Quitmann, Jörg Dirmaier, Stefanie Witt, Farhad Rezvani, Christine Mundlos, Lisa Biehl, Miriam Rassenhofer, Jörg M. Fegert, Dunja Tutus, Gerald Willms, Jan Zeidler, Nicolas Pardey, Johann-Matthias Graf von der Schulenburg, Silke Wiegand-Grefe
{"title":"Evaluation of the Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Health of Parents With Children and Adolescents With a Rare Disease Based on the Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Investigate a Family-Based Intervention and an Online Intervention for Affected Families (CARE-FAM-NET)","authors":"Antonia Steinberg, Johannes Boettcher, Anna Leidger, Ania C. Muntau, Jonas Denecke, Nicole Kaiser, Anne Daubmann, Antonia Zapf, Karl Wegscheider, Ann Kathrin Ozga, Anna Isabella Suling, Monika Bullinger, Julia Quitmann, Jörg Dirmaier, Stefanie Witt, Farhad Rezvani, Christine Mundlos, Lisa Biehl, Miriam Rassenhofer, Jörg M. Fegert, Dunja Tutus, Gerald Willms, Jan Zeidler, Nicolas Pardey, Johann-Matthias Graf von der Schulenburg, Silke Wiegand-Grefe","doi":"10.1111/famp.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parents caring for children with rare diseases are more impaired regarding health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and mental health than healthy controls and norm data. To address the research gap in psychological care for these parents, this study evaluates the effectiveness of two family-based interventions. The children affected by rare disease and their families network (CARE-FAM-NET) study is a multicenter randomized controlled 2 × 2 factorial trial for affected families with children (0–21 years). This paper focuses on evaluating the impact of two interventions, one face-to-face (CARE-FAM) and one online (WEP-CARE), on the HRQoL and mental health of parents. One thousand, one hundred sixty-eight parents participated: TAU = 291, CARE-FAM = 296, WEP-CARE = 300, and CARE-FAM + WEP-CARE combined = 281. Data were collected at four time points over a period of 18 months using standardized questionnaires. The results had to be interpreted exploratively. The results indicate that there are no clinically relevant differences in the parents' HRQoL and mental health between the treatment groups. However, time-dependent differences in the intervention effects for WEP-CARE were observed. Although the results did not show clear relevant differences between conditions, trends in improvement in HrQoL and mental health were identified. CARE-FAM shows a greater reduction in parental distress and WEP-CARE shows a greater distortion of distress, particularly at T3 and T4. Given the exploratory nature of this study, it highlights the urgent need for further confirmatory research in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/famp.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144074316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2025-05-14DOI: 10.1111/famp.70039
Manijeh Daneshpour, Catherine Ducommun-Nagy
{"title":"Introduction to the Special Section on Contextual Therapy","authors":"Manijeh Daneshpour, Catherine Ducommun-Nagy","doi":"10.1111/famp.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This special section on Contextual Therapy offers an in-depth exploration of its foundational principles and evolving applications in addressing complex relational dynamics. Contextual Therapy, founded by Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy, emphasizes relational ethics, trust, and accountability, providing a framework for understanding intergenerational relationships and addressing systemic injustices. This issue begins with Ducommun-Nagy's conceptual paper, which revisits Contextual Therapy's core principles and introduces innovative ideas for modern therapeutic practice. The collection includes articles that apply Contextual Therapy to diverse cultural contexts, such as Daneshpour's exploration of trust and fairness in couples therapy and Glebova et al.'s examination of sociocultural trauma in immigrant families. van der Meiden delves into the concepts of exoneration and forgiveness, offering insights into their therapeutic implications. Further contributions include Gutierrez and Nleko's analysis of systemic healing in families affected by father absence, and Natrajan-Tyagi and Poulsen's culturally sensitive work with Asian Indian families. Empirical studies, like Rived Ocana's investigation of relational ethics and self-differentiation, provide valuable clinical insights. van Bremen and Natrajan-Tyagi critique neoliberal ideology's impact on family dynamics, showcasing Contextual Therapy's role in promoting authentic relationships. Together, these articles reaffirm Contextual Therapy's relevance, offering practical strategies for therapists and underscoring its adaptability to diverse sociocultural challenges. This special section ensures that Contextual Therapy remains a vital, evolving approach in contemporary therapeutic practice.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2025-05-14DOI: 10.1111/famp.70038
thandiwe D. Watts-Jones, Cheryl Ching, Marissa Moore, Dorimar Morales, Rebecca Ross
{"title":"Location of Self: More Than A Decade Later","authors":"thandiwe D. Watts-Jones, Cheryl Ching, Marissa Moore, Dorimar Morales, Rebecca Ross","doi":"10.1111/famp.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article explores the use of location of self (LOS) in the years since the initial publication in 2010 and represents a collaboration of five family therapists. The initial part of the paper underscores LOS as both a clinical dialogic tool and conceptual framework, reviews the relevant literature during the time interval, and reflects on the core tenets of LOS, as well as emergent ideas, practices, and questions. The second part of the article presents the clinical work of four co-authors, illustrating their unique and creative use of LOS. Specifically, it discusses dialogue about the interplay of social locations in therapy, a form of use of self, a social location-self of the therapist awareness, and a conceptual frame for recognizing supremacy as an <i>in-here</i> phenomenon. That is, one embedded in social locations, which all people occupy, thus directing our attention to supremacy systems inside of us. LOS also underscores supremacy as a <i>clinical</i> issue, heightens attunement to the ways it can appear among the privileged and the subjugated, and increases attention to expanded ways of addressing it in therapy. We suggest that LOS dialogue tends to be most generative and easeful among therapists and clients who share multiple or similar subjugated locations, but it can also occur in the multi-privileged therapy relationship, depending on the awareness and comfort with such material. The reviewed literature suggests that LOS is used more often with multi-subjugated clients than those who are multi-privileged. We pose the question as to whether the power of the latter is a driving factor in this, given the challenges of addressing supremacy. We present the multiple perspectives within a single paper based on the unitary process of internal reviews and discussions of all co-author sections.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143950010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2025-04-17DOI: 10.1111/famp.70036
Nicole Silverio, Ruiqin Gao, Annette Ibarra Skeen, Violet Hodge, Ryan G. Carlson, Sejal M. Barden, Dalena Dillman-Taylor
{"title":"The Dyadic Influence of Relationship Hope on Family Functioning","authors":"Nicole Silverio, Ruiqin Gao, Annette Ibarra Skeen, Violet Hodge, Ryan G. Carlson, Sejal M. Barden, Dalena Dillman-Taylor","doi":"10.1111/famp.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is a continued need to understand family factors that can promote child well-being and reduce their risks for mental health problems. Drawing from research on family dynamics and using a cross-sectional design, this study examined the association between relationship hope, couple satisfaction, and family functioning using the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) on dyadic data collected from 537 opposi-gender, ethnically diverse, low-income couples. Results indicated that, while accounting for couple satisfaction as a covariate, women's relationship hope was positively associated with their own perceptions of parental teamwork and family relationship. Men's relationship hope was positively linked with their own perceptions of parental teamwork and parent–child relationships. Additionally, men's level of relationship hope positively influenced women's perceptions of family relationships. Findings highlight the systemic nature of relationship hope and its relationship to enhanced family functioning. Implications for clinical practice focus on the importance of fostering relationship hope within couples to promote positive parenting practices and family stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/famp.70036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2025-04-17DOI: 10.1111/famp.70037
Jolyn C. Schraedel, Loren D. Marks, Andrew H. Rose, David C. Dollahite, Jeffrey P. Dew, Adam A. Rogers
{"title":"Husband as Head?: Diverse Perspectives on Gendered Marital Hierarchy From Highly Religious Wives and Husbands","authors":"Jolyn C. Schraedel, Loren D. Marks, Andrew H. Rose, David C. Dollahite, Jeffrey P. Dew, Adam A. Rogers","doi":"10.1111/famp.70037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although religious beliefs often connect with gendered hierarchy in social science research, religion also relates to numerous positive marital outcomes, and very few studies have examined religion and gendered hierarchy within intimate relationships. To bridge this divide, our study used a diverse, exemplar sample to explore how highly religious, heterosexual married couples view and navigate the possibility of gendered hierarchy. Interviews from 74 highly religious, highly satisfied couples provided insight into the following themes: (1) potential harm in viewing hierarchy as sacred, (2) the correct view of sacred hierarchy, (3) hierarchy rejected for sacred equal partnership, and (4) holding hierarchy as sacred. Views simultaneously embracing egalitarian and hierarchical ideas indicate some nuance regarding the construct of gendered hierarchy. Data drawn directly from interviews provide detailed support in the paper for each finding. For participants who accepted the principle of gendered hierarchy, devotion to God and belief in sacred roles appeared as partial explanations for that belief. Whether participants accepted gendered hierarchy or rejected it, unity, love, and respect between partners emerged as central to navigating power dynamics in marriage. Implications for clinicians include careful assessment for indications of abuse of power or intimate partner violence, entering the worldview of religious clients, and willingness to respect expectations viewed as sacred.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2025-04-13DOI: 10.1111/famp.70035
Ronald Asiimwe, Adrian J. Blow, Firminus Mugumya, Macklean Birungi, Tumuhairwe John Bosco Tumuhairwe
{"title":"Culturally Informed Parenting Assessment: The Adaptation of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire With Input From Ugandan Experts and Parents","authors":"Ronald Asiimwe, Adrian J. Blow, Firminus Mugumya, Macklean Birungi, Tumuhairwe John Bosco Tumuhairwe","doi":"10.1111/famp.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While parenting practices significantly influence children's developmental outcomes on a global scale, there has been limited comprehensive assessment of the cultural appropriateness of global parenting questionnaires in diverse cultural contexts by researchers. This study examined the cultural relevance of the widely used measure of parenting, the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) among the Runyankole-speaking community in Uganda. Using a semi-structured interview approach, we interviewed 14 local experts to evaluate the measure. Additionally, 16 parents were interviewed to assess their comprehension of APQ scale items. Feedback from both experts and parents was used to revise and adapt the 42-item APQ scale. Additionally, we used feedback from experts and parents to add five items addressing key parenting practices relevant to the Ugandan context. The process resulted in a 32-item adapted APQ tailored for the target Ugandan context. This research is notable for its contribution to the decolonization of parenting assessment instruments, centered on the perspectives of participants in Uganda, a culturally diverse context. The availability of an adapted parenting measure holds significance for clinicians and researchers as it enables a more efficient and culturally sensitive evaluation of parenting practices. Furthermore, utilizing such a measure facilitates a deeper understanding of the components of parenting, warranting attention in the development of interventions for parents in the target setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/famp.70035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Family ProcessPub Date : 2025-04-10DOI: 10.1111/famp.70031
Aurora Oftedal, Linda Larsen, Maren Sand Helland
{"title":"Economic Hardship During the Covid-19 Pandemic and Trajectories of Parent–Child Relationships: A Prospective Longitudinal Study Among Norwegian Families","authors":"Aurora Oftedal, Linda Larsen, Maren Sand Helland","doi":"10.1111/famp.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Children who grow up in families experiencing socioeconomic adversity are at increased risk for negative social and emotional outcomes. Negative outcomes may in part be derived from the effect of financial stress on parental emotion and behavior. During the Covid-19 pandemic, many families experienced abrupt economic change and unemployment that may have caused financial stress and impacted the relationship between parents and their children. The aim of the current study was to examine trajectories of parent–child interactions and parent–child closeness from before, during, and after the Covid-19 pandemic and explore how parental job loss and economic hardship during the pandemic interacted with parent–child relationships. Parents (<i>N</i> = 1423) self-reported parent–child interactions and parent–child closeness before, during, and after the pandemic and reported economic problems and employment problems up to three times during the pandemic. Linear mixed models were fitted to examine the relationship between work and economic problems and parent–child relationships over time. Results showed that mothers and fathers who experienced both work and economic problems reported a greater increase in negative parent–child interactions over time than parents who did not experience work and economic problems. Among fathers, but not among mothers, work and economic problems were also associated with reduced parent–child closeness over time. These findings support the importance of socioeconomic conditions in understanding and promoting family well-being and further provide empirical support for parenting behavior as a potentially important mechanism linking economic hardship and child development.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":51396,"journal":{"name":"Family Process","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}