Population and Development Review最新文献

{"title":"COVID-19 and Contraceptive Use in Two African Countries: Examining Conflicting Pressures on Women","authors":"Jiao Yu, Kathryn Grace, Elizabeth Heger Boyle, Jude P. Mikal, Matthew Gunther, Devon Kristiansen","doi":"10.1111/padr.12606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12606","url":null,"abstract":"Women in Africa may have experienced conflicting pressures during the COVID-19 pandemic. While the unpredictable nature of the pandemic was prompting some women to delay pregnancies, the pandemic was potentially limiting access to reproductive health services due to supply shortages, fears of virus exposure, and mobility restrictions. In this study, we used longitudinal data from Kenya and Burkina Faso and applied a multilevel perspective to better understand the factors contributing to change or persistence in contraceptive use during the early months of the pandemic. We found a marginal increase in contraceptive uptake in the early days of the pandemic. Multilevel logistic regression results revealed that interpersonal trust and accurate knowledge of COVID-19 precautions were associated with a greater likelihood of initiating contraception. These factors appeared to have provided women with confidence to navigate the complicated COVID-19 landscape. At the same time, we observed a decrease in contraceptive use in regions with high COVID-19 cases, suggesting the virus was limiting access to contraception in some contexts. These findings highlighted the need for public health officials to ensure that women have the necessary knowledge and ability to safely access contraception during public health crises, when overall demand for contraception may be increasing.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139431747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Union Formalization for a New Generation of Family Demography: A Case Study from Urban Kenya","authors":"kirsten Stoebenau, Sangeetha Madhavan, Seungwan Kim, Carol Wainaina","doi":"10.1111/padr.12601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12601","url":null,"abstract":"Despite repeated calls for improved measures of marriage as a process in sub-Saharan Africa, large-scale surveys continue to rely on static marital status. As a result, there is an incomplete understanding of the effects of marriage on outcomes of interest. We use qualitative and survey data from a longitudinal study of 1,203 young mothers residing in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya, to (1) describe the development of an innovative measure of union formalization (UF) defined as the steps through which a union attains social legitimacy; (2) compare UF with a conventional current marital status measure; (3) examine the distribution of UF steps across union history; and (4) examine the sequence and timing of pregnancy and childbearing within the UF process. We find UF steps indicative of both increasing individualization of marriage and the ongoing importance of kin involvement hold meaning. We demonstrate extensive heterogeneity in the sequence and extent of UF steps completed and interrogate the classification of premarital childbearing using sequence analysis. We argue that measuring UF is feasible and necessary for the next generation of family demography in Africa; UF measures facilitate understanding the linkages among family dynamics, health, and social stratification within the context of ongoing socioeconomic change.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139400756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fertility in a Pandemic: Evidence from California","authors":"Jenna Nobles, Alison Gemmill, Sungsik Hwang, Florencia Torche","doi":"10.1111/padr.12591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12591","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by social and economic changes previously associated with fertility delay and reduction, sparking widespread discussion of a “baby bust” in the United States. We examine fertility trends using restricted vital statistics data from California, a diverse population of 40 million, contributing 12 percent of U.S. births. Using time series models that account for longer-run fertility trends, we observe modest, short-term reductions in births from mid-2020 through early 2021. Birth counts in subsequent months matched or even eased the pace of fertility decline since the 2008 recession and are unlikely a function of the pandemic alone. Responses to the pandemic were heterogeneous. Fertility declined markedly among the foreign-born population, largely driven by changes in net migration. Among the U.S.-born population, the short-term pandemic-attributable reductions were largest among older, highly educated people, suggesting mechanisms of fertility reduction disparately accessible to those with the most resources. We find no evidence of a strong population fertility response to the pandemic's accompanying employment shock, providing additional evidence of a growing divide between macroeconomic conditions and fertility patterns in the United States.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138823263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gendered Impacts of Partnership and Parenthood on Paid Work and Unpaid Work Time in Great Britain, 1992–2019","authors":"Muzhi Zhou, Man-Yee Kan","doi":"10.1111/padr.12593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12593","url":null,"abstract":"Using data from the British Household Panel Study and the UK Household Longitudinal Study (1992–2019), this study investigates the impacts of partnership and parenthood on women's and men's paid work and unpaid work time and how these impacts have changed in the last three decades in Great Britain. We applied two fixed-effect models—one conventional, one novel—with individual constants and slopes to account for the selection and longitudinal changes in time use. We found that the gender-traditionalizing effect of partnership on the use of time has weakened over the years. Marriage did not affect women's and men's paid work time, and since the 2010s, marriage no longer affect women's and men's time spent on housework differently. However, motherhood continues to reduce women's paid work time substantially, and the extent of this impact has remained unchanged over the previous three decades. Partnership and parenthood have resulted in minor changes to men's paid work and unpaid work time; the extent of their effects has likewise remained modest over the previous three decades. Our findings suggest that in Britain, the gender revolution of the division of labor among parents has stalled, and family policies have not successfully increased mothers’ paid work time and fathers’ unpaid work time.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138578291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gendered Impacts of Partnership and Parenthood on Paid Work and Unpaid Work Time in Great Britain, 1992–2019","authors":"Muzhi Zhou, Man-Yee Kan","doi":"10.1111/padr.12593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12593","url":null,"abstract":"Using data from the British Household Panel Study and the UK Household Longitudinal Study (1992–2019), this study investigates the impacts of partnership and parenthood on women's and men's paid work and unpaid work time and how these impacts have changed in the last three decades in Great Britain. We applied two fixed-effect models—one conventional, one novel—with individual constants and slopes to account for the selection and longitudinal changes in time use. We found that the gender-traditionalizing effect of partnership on the use of time has weakened over the years. Marriage did not affect women's and men's paid work time, and since the 2010s, marriage no longer affect women's and men's time spent on housework differently. However, motherhood continues to reduce women's paid work time substantially, and the extent of this impact has remained unchanged over the previous three decades. Partnership and parenthood have resulted in minor changes to men's paid work and unpaid work time; the extent of their effects has likewise remained modest over the previous three decades. Our findings suggest that in Britain, the gender revolution of the division of labor among parents has stalled, and family policies have not successfully increased mothers’ paid work time and fathers’ unpaid work time.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138578303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children of Separation: An International Profile","authors":"Zuzana Zilincikova, Jan Skopek, Thomas Leopold","doi":"10.1111/padr.12592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12592","url":null,"abstract":"This study offers a comprehensive international overview of children from separated families across 13 countries, with an emphasis on the European context. We investigate changes in the number of children experiencing parental separation over birth cohorts (1960–1989) and changes in their social composition using data from the Generations and Gender Survey and official statistics. Results on absolute numbers highlight the impact of demographic shifts and complement previous research that focused on the relative risk of experiencing parental separation. We show that declining fertility rates have, in most countries, mitigated the rise in the number of children affected by increasing separation rates. Moreover, a large majority of contemporary children of separation are born to higher-educated mothers, demonstrating that the spread of education across parent cohorts outweighed educational risk gradients in shaping the socioeconomic background of children of separation. These findings improve our demographic understanding of children of separation and inform policy targeting family disruption as a social problem and allocating resources to address it.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138492182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifting Parental Age Differences in High-Income Countries: Insights and Implications","authors":"Christian Dudel, Yen-hsin Alice Cheng, Sebastian Klüsener","doi":"10.1111/padr.12597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12597","url":null,"abstract":"Age differences within couples are of considerable importance for the power relations between partners. These age differences become particularly relevant when couples transition to having a(nother) child, as such an event often results in a renegotiation of the gendered division of labor. Surprisingly, the literature on female empowerment and fertility postponement has so far paid little attention to parental age differences. This paper makes use of a new data set to present a demographic analysis of trends in parental age differences at childbirth in 15 high-income countries, covering a period in which all of these countries experienced changes in gender relations and fertility postponement. The general trends in rising mean ages at childbirth have evolved quite similarly among men and women. However, we demonstrate that these similarities hide previously unexplored and highly gendered disparities in parental age differences. Older mothers report much smaller mean parental age differences than younger mothers, and this age pattern among mothers has further polarized over time. By contrast, older fathers report larger parental age differences than younger fathers, while the disparities by age among fathers have not changed much over time. We discuss the relevance of our findings at both the individual and the societal level.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":" 630","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138475802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jenny Trinitapoli An Epidemic of Uncertainty: Navigating HIV and Young Adulthood in Malawi University of Chicago Press, 2023, 288 p., $30.00.","authors":"Sanyu A. Mojola","doi":"10.1111/padr.12599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>An Epidemic of Uncertainty</i> is a multicourse gourmet meal for demographers. It is a book to settle into, chew on, and ruminate over with good friends. Empirically dense, theoretically rich, and analytically smart, the book moves the reader effortlessly between sophisticated quantitative analyses and everyday village and town life in and around Balaka, Malawi. And it brings demography, in all its interdisciplinary and conceptual splendor, to bear on the new subfield, Jenny Trinitapoli, the book's author, wants to usher in: Uncertainty Demography. The book examines how a generation of Malawian youth, who have lived their entire lives under the shadow of a severe HIV and AIDS epidemic, are transitioning to adulthood and navigating the stuff of life—beginning and ending relationships, having children, and for some, getting and living with HIV, and dying—from AIDS or giving birth or lightning strikes, among other causes of death.</p>\u0000<p>The book is based on an extraordinary and groundbreaking dataset, Tsologo La Thanzi (TLT: Healthy Futures in Chichewa), codesigned and led by Trinitapoli and her close collaborator Sara Yeatman. The impetus for the study was the observation that in Malawi, as in several other African countries, first sex, first marriage, and first birth unfold over a two-year period. Yet most major African surveys, most notably the Demographic and Health Surveys, collect cross-sectional data every five years, limiting analyses of the transition to adulthood. TLT (https://tsogololathanzi.uchicago.edu/, which is publicly available) is a longitudinal survey following respondents—young women and their male partners—over a 10-year period, from ages 15–25 to ages 25–35. The core survey included eight waves of data collected between 2009 and 2011, with each wave collected every four months. There was some attrition from the original sample—1505 respondents in 2009, to 1200 respondents in 2015 (80 percent of the original sample) to 1022 respondents in 2019 (68 percent) (p. 51). This led to a refresher sample collection in 2012 and 2019. Finally, there was follow-up data collection in 2015 and 2019. The survey, described in Chapter 2, is not just exceptional in its intensity but also in its creativity and methodological ambition. Data collection methods ranged from a standard survey questionnaire to biomarker data collection involving pregnancy and HIV testing, to card sorts, cognition tests, relationship scripts, literacy tests, vignettes, personal fieldnotes, first- and second-hand ethnographic observations, and a primary method for measuring uncertainty—bean counts. (Respondents could place up to 10 beans corresponding to their assessment of the probability of different event occurrences).</p>\u0000<p>At the heart of the book is the argument that individual uncertainty, and how people make sense of it, has consequences for their subsequent actions, and further that individual uncertainty aggregates and works as a powerful social force an","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":" 632","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138475800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jeff Goodell The Heat Will Kill You First: Life and Death on a Scorched Planet Little Brown and Company, 2023, 400 p., $29.00","authors":"Risto Conte Keivabu","doi":"10.1111/padr.12598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12598","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2023, the Earth experienced unprecedented high temperatures and endured the hottest summer documented since 1880. The extreme temperatures coincided with the publication of Jeff Goodell's <i>The Heat Will Kill You First: Life and Death on a Scorched Planet</i>. The book is essential and accessible reading on the dangers presented by heat for human populations, a guide to the actions needed to reduce these risks, and an inspiration for further research into the implications of global warming.</p>\u0000<p>Goodell is a renowned climate journalist who has written extensively on the topic of climate change, including earlier books on the coal mining industry, climate mitigation, geoengineering, and rising sea levels. In <i>The Heat Will Kill You First</i>, Goodell turns his attention to heat waves, aiming to “convince you to think about heat in a different way” (p. 19). Goodell begins by describing how heat is “invisible” compared with other environmental disasters such as floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes. Those events are sudden and traumatizing and leave a durable mark on the territory and community. While other natural disasters are given names—to support documentation, social memory, and record-keeping—heat waves are unnamed and are sometimes even seen positively, as holiday weather. Despite its relative invisibility compared with other disasters, heat is responsible for the highest yearly death toll attributable to an environmental disaster in some countries. The human thermoregulatory system can fail when exposed to high temperatures for a prolonged time, leading to hyperthermia, heatstroke, and death. Through multiple real-life examples, Goodell shows how heat is a pervasive force that infiltrates homes, exploits vulnerabilities, and proves especially detrimental for those unable to shield themselves.</p>\u0000<p>Goodell pays particular attention to how the impact of heat waves exacerbates social inequalities. For instance, the coexistence of medical conditions such as cardiorespiratory disease or diabetes reduces peoples’ ability to thermoregulate during heat waves. The prevalence of such conditions is a major factor explaining the higher death toll caused by extreme heat in older adults. Goodell shows that age is not the only factor determining increased health risks during a heat wave. For people at younger ages, heat waves remain a major health threat, in particular for those who downplay its risks and do not take precautions, and for those who cannot afford air conditioning or insulation. Socioeconomic status and employment conditions affect the risks posed to individuals by a heat wave. For example, Goodell describes the high exposure of agricultural workers to heat waves and the necessity of adaptation measures to avoid fatalities. Such measures vary in their accessibility or availability creating inequalities in this sector.</p>\u0000<p>Goodell dedicates ample space to the subject of adaptation to heat and the limits of such measures. One inf","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":" 631","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138475801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Claudia Finotelli and Irene Ponzo (Eds.) Migration Control Logics and Strategies in Europe: A North-South Comparison Springer International, 2023, xiv + 340 p., $59.99 (Open Access online).","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/padr.12600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12600","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The European Union's migration policy, as it plays out, is far from a coherent, deliberated program designed in Brussels or Strasbourg. But nor is it an amalgam of the separate policies on admission and residence, varying in effectiveness, of autonomous member states. Between these two figments, however, there is a widely held depiction of the EU reality: that of a North-South migration policy divide in which the disciplined northern member states coexist with a “soft underbelly” of lax southern states, haplessly policing the Mediterranean front-lines—and shepherding migrants northward. This collection of case studies is an extended rejection of such a view. Its contributors illustrate the evolving aims and practices of migration governance among selected countries across the EU. There are 15 chapters, organized in thematic sections covering visa policy, externalization (offshoring) of migrant selection, regularization (usually amnesty) for irregular entrants, labor migration, “welfare chauvinism” (restrictions on migrant eligibility for welfare benefits), and asylum procedures. The editors draw the contents together in introductory and concluding chapters, identifying fields where harmonization is in train and others that are insistently idiosyncratic—finding, in sum, that the European migration system is “a complex, ambiguous reality, where convergence dynamics must come to terms with persisting variance.”</p>\u0000<p>One source of complexity and ambiguity is the elusiveness of the target. In the last two decades the migration regime has experienced surging numbers of workers from Eastern Europe, the Syrian refugee crisis, burgeoning numbers attempting the hazardous Mediterranean crossings, and the massed Ukraine war exodus, as well as the effects of the Great Recession and, lately, Covid. Country impacts and responses have necessarily depended on specific economic and geopolitical circumstances, only later reflected in European Commission dictates such as the 2020 New Pact on Migration and Asylum. The use of development aid conditioned on migrant deterrence as a policy instrument is one case in point, begun initially in bilateral agreements between Spain (and then Italy and France) and individual African countries and later taken up by the Commission. (Reciprocally, migrant transit and origin countries have found that their control of numbers gave them a means of exacting a “geographical rent” from the EU.) On asylum, the basic problem is the conflict between the legal principle—increasingly seen as ill-suited to the scale of the problem—and the political imperative to limit inflows. The procedures to determine refugee status are lengthy and administrative decisions denying asylum are frequently overturned by the courts. Orders to leave are widely disregarded. (Germany, the most effective country at carrying out such orders, expels just 24 percent; France, 11 percent.) Irregular migration aside from asylum-seeking is periodically rewarded with s","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":" 629","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138475803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}