Applied Neuropsychology-Adult最新文献

{"title":"Cognitive intra-individual variability in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review.","authors":"David E Vance, Christopher Collette, Jennifer Sandson Frank, Rebecca Billings, Jill Deaver, Victor A Del Bene, Pariya L Fazeli, Jennifer R Bail, Wei Li, Kristen Triebel, Diane Von Ah, Hsiao-Lan Wang","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2023.2270097","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23279095.2023.2270097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subjective and objective cognitive impairments in Breast Cancer Survivors (BCS) often do not correlate. One important contribution to the reported disparities may be the reliance on mean-based cognitive performance. Cognitive intra-individual variability (IIV) may provide important insights into these reported disparities. Cognitive IIV refers to the fluctuation in performance for an individual on either one cognitive task across a trial or dispersed across tasks within a neuropsychological test battery. The purpose of this systematic review was to search for and examine the literature on cognitive IIV in BCS. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach was used to search for all articles related to cognitive IIV in BCS. MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, and Scopus databases were searched using detailed search terms and strategies. Initially, 164 articles were retrieved but only 4 articles met the criteria for this systematic review. BCS differed from healthy controls in similar ways across the four studies, generally demonstrating similar performance but showing increased cognitive IIV for the more difficult tasks. Differences were enhanced later during chemotherapy. The four studies provide support for cognitive IIV as a useful measure to detect the subtle objective cognitive change often reported by BCS but frequently not detected by standard normed-based cognitive testing. Unexpectedly, measures of cognitive IIV were not consistently associated with self-reported measures of cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1346-1360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11043212/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50163717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MRI white matter hyperintensities and neuropsychological performance in a clinical sample.","authors":"Jory Paredes, Michael Daniel","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2023.2276438","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23279095.2023.2276438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>White-matter hyperintensities (WMH) are commonly observed on MRI of non-demented patients. Findings are mixed regarding their association with neuropsychological test performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of white-matter hyperintensities on routine clinical MRI and neuropsychological test performance in non-demented outpatients.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Two groups were selected based on MRI results: (1) normal (<i>n</i> = 62, <i>M</i>_age = 50.21, <i>M</i>_edu = 14.89) and (2) WMH without other MRI abnormality (<i>n</i> = 56, <i>M</i>_age = 55.43, <i>M</i>_edu = 14.04). Neuropsychological tests assessed five cognitive domains for which index scores were calculated and categorized in the following clinical ranges: well below average, below average, low average, average, and above average.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Likelihood ratios comparing base rates for the WMH and normal groups across these clinical ranges revealed significant base rate differences only for attention/processing speed (<i>L</i>χ2 = 16.47, <i>df</i> = 4, <i>p</i> < .01), with more WMH patients in the below average range and fewer above average. Odds ratios were calculated using two z-score cutoffs: -1.67 and -1.00. While patients with WMH were significantly more likely to have an index z-score ≤ -1.00 on attention/processing speed tests (<i>OR</i> = 3.62, 95% CI: 1.08-12.19) and an executive function test of reasoning (<i>OR</i> = 4.63, 95% CI: 1.18-18.19), there was no difference in the likelihood the groups would have a z-score ≤ -1.67 in any cognitive domain.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Taken together, these findings indicate that among referred outpatients without dementia, WMH on routine clinical MRI are associated with relatively mild decreased attention and processing speed.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1369-1376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89720461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pilot study evaluating early psychosocial risk and brain health outcomes in Veterans with mild TBI.","authors":"Victoria O'Connor, James R Bateman, Anna T Magnante, Katherine M Craig, Sarah L Martindale","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2549428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2549428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The goal of this pilot study was to describe the relationship between early psychosocial risk (i.e., adverse childhood experiences, neighborhood disadvantage, multiple relocations) and brain health outcomes among Veterans with mild TBI. Veterans (N = 76) with mild TBI participated at an outpatient VA. This cross-sectional study involved the collection and analysis of retrospective self-report data and neuropsychological tests. Interviews and surveys included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5, Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury, Childhood Experiences Survey, Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Neuropsychological tests included the California Verbal Learning Test-3, Controlled Oral Word Association and Animal Naming, Stroop, Trail Making Test, and WAIS-IV subtests (Digit Span, Letter Number Sequencing). Global deficit scores were calculated. Participants endorsed a wide range of psychosocial risk factors. Cognitive functioning was generally intact. There were few significant relationships between early psychosocial risk and outcomes. Early psychosocial risk was not associated with mental health or cognitive functioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144977682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.","authors":"Oscar R Kronenberger, Alyssa N Kaser, Vishal J Thakkar, Laura H Lacritz, Jeff Schaffert","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2539990","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2539990","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a widely applied cognitive screening instrument, with a supplemental Memory Index Score (MIS) which has been suggested to predict conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's Clinical Syndrome (ACS). This study compared the prognostic utility of the MIS to other MoCA metrics in predicting conversion to ACS or other dementias (OD). We analyzed National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center data from 2900 participants aged 50 years or older, diagnosed with MCI at baseline, with at least one follow-up visit. Multinomial logistic regression models assessed whether baseline MoCA Total Score (TS) or MIS predicted final diagnoses, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves examined the clinical utility of baseline MoCA TS, MIS, Free Recall Score (FRS) and TS+MIS for identifying ACS converters at 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-ups. Over an average follow-up of 4.65 years, 26.5% converted to ACS and 7.4% to OD. Higher baseline TS was associated with lower odds of conversion to ACS (OR = 0.82) and OD (OR = 0.86), while higher MIS was associated with lower odds of ACS (OR = 0.82) but not OD (OR = 0.97). For identifying ACS, ROC area under the curve ranges showed modest advantage for FRS (0.70-0.73), MIS (0.71-0.74), and TS+MIS (0.70-0.74) over the TS (0.63-0.70). MoCA memory subscores were the strongest baseline indicator of later ACS conversion, but no cut-off score displayed acceptable sensitivity and specificity. Future research may explore if MoCA memory subscores display greater prognostic utility in combination with other ACS features.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144977786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dementia worry in ethnoracially diverse young adults.","authors":"Maiya Larry, Mathilde Weberg, Kaitlyn Sung, Lisa V Graves","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2548384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2548384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dementia is the second most feared disease following cancer, and high rates of dementia worry (DW) have been reported in the United States. Personal exposure to dementia (e.g., having a family member with dementia) and subjective cognitive concerns (SCCs) are associated with DW. However, previous studies have focused mainly on older and predominantly non-Hispanic White samples. Nevertheless, personal exposure to dementia is not limited to older adults, and the nature and extent to which DW influences subjective and objective cognition in ethnoracially diverse young adults has not been adequately examined. The present study examined associations among personal exposure to dementia, DW, SCCs, and neuropsychological performance among ethnoracially diverse young adults. Young adults with personal exposure to dementia (<i>M</i> = 20.17, <i>SD</i> = 8.28, <i>n</i> = 48) reported significantly higher DW compared to those without personal exposure (<i>M</i> = 16.83, <i>SD</i> = 6.32, <i>n</i> = 70) (<i>p</i> = .013), and this was especially true for Hispanic/Latino young adults (<i>p</i> = .030). However, DW was not shown to influence SCCs or neuropsychological performance after accounting for depression and anxiety symptoms (<i>p</i>s>.05). Further investigation of associations among personal exposure to dementia, DW, SCCs, and neuropsychological performance in demographically diverse adults is imperative given current estimates and projections for mild cognitive impairment and dementia in our increasingly diversifying aging population.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144977674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High‑Resolution T2 MRI Volumetry of Medial Temporal Lobe Subregions Predicts Cognitive Decline Across the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum.","authors":"Mehrdad Mozafar, Sahba Shahbazi, Mohammad Amir Amirian, Kosar Shekari, Neshat Sepahvand, Melika Esmaeili, AmirAbbas Amini, Shayan Shakeri, Hanieh Mirhosseini, Mahsa Mayeli","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2546951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2546951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atrophy of medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregions is an early biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to examine the relationship between MTL subregion volumes and cognitive performance in patients across the AD continuum. We analyzed data from 276 participants using the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), including 74 cognitively normal (CN), 110 subjective memory complaints (SMC), 37 early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), 35 late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI), and 20 AD participants. MTL subregions volumes were measusing high-resolution T2-weighted MRI, and analyses were adjusted for age, education, <i>APOE</i> ε4 status, and intracranial volume (ICV). Significant atrophy in regions such as the cornu ammonis (CA), dentate gyrus (DG), subiculum (SUB), entorhinal cortex (ERC), and Brodmann area 35 (BA35) was found in AD participants compared with other groups. In AD, poorer Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive Subscale 13 (ADAS-13) performance was associated with reduced CA, DG, BA35, and parahippocampal cortex (PHC) volumes. In LMCI, lower Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were associated with atrophy in CA and SUB. Diminished Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores were linked to reduced ERC volumes in CN, as well as with atrophy in BA35, ERC and CA subfields among AD patients. In LMCI, poorer Trail Making Test, Part B performance (i.e., longer completion time) was related to smaller Brodmann area 36 (BA36), collateral sulcus (CS), and PHC subregion volumes, whereas in the AD, it was related to BA36 only. Poorer immediate memory recall in AD was associated with atrophy in CA, DG, while in early stages of MCI, poorer verbal learning scores correlated with atrophy in the CA, DG, BA35, SUB, and CS regions. Moreover, diminished Logical Memory Delayed Recall was associated with atrophy in the CA, BA35, and PHC subfields among AD subjects. These findings support the value of atrophy in MTL subregions as potential imaging markers for detecting and monitoring cognitive decline across the AD continuum.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144977797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing the concordance between performance validity tests and novel embedded symptom validity tests in the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory among neuropsychiatric and medical outpatients.","authors":"Brooke Benowitz, Katherine S Payne, Megan Wintrode, Reilly Keyes, Ashley Levenson, Evan P Fisher, Alex Q Combs, G Whitman Kent, Janina M Kamm, Jason R Soble","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2548011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2548011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Research examining performance (PVTs) and symptom (SVTs) validity tests has largely included freestanding SVTs or SVTs included in lengthy personality inventories, whereas few studies have assessed this relationship using embedded SVTs. This study investigated the concordance between newly developed embedded SVTs derived from the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory and performance validity status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A mixed clinical sample of 420 adult medical and neuropsychiatric patients referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation at an urban academic medical center. Performance validity status was determined by the Dot Counting Test, Medical Symptom Validity Test, WAIS-IV Reliable Digit Span, and Test of Memory Malingering-Trial 1. Symptom validity status was determined by SVTs validated from the BDI-II and BAI total scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BDI-II and BAI SVTs were moderately correlated (<i>r</i>=.69), whereas weak correlations emerged between these embedded SVT and PVTs (<i>r</i>=.09-.22). Patients with invalid performance on PVTs had significantly higher elevations rates on the BDI-II (2.5x) and BAI (2x) SVTs. However, neither the BDI-II nor BAI SVTs, as well as a combined BDI-II/BAI composite score accurately differentiated invalid from valid performance validity status (AUCs=.573-.583). Results essentially replicated after supplementary analyses excluding those with 1 PVT failure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results align with previous research showing that that PVTs and newly-developed embedded SVTs in the BDI-II and BAI assess non-redundant constructs and should both be routinely included in neuropsychological evaluations. In short, performance invalidity does not necessarily convey noncredible symptom reporting and vice versa.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144977746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internal and predictive validity of subscale scores of the short-form Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) in research.","authors":"Hong Lan, R K Lawrence, M J Zimmer-Gembeck, E G Conlon","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2542498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2542498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We examined the five-factor structure of the items on the short-form Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS). Internally, the subscale structure of the form was verified, and associations between the short- and long-form subscales were investigated. To establish predictive validity, the associations of the BDEFS subscale scores (short and long-forms) with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), as well as negative affect (depression and anxiety) were investigated.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Australian university students (<i>N</i> = 608; aged 17-69 years, 23.5% men, 75.5% women and 1.0% others) completed self-reports of EF, ADHD, CDS, depression and anxiety.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, the five-factor model of the short-form BDEFS items was the best balance of fit and parsimony, and the factors aligned with the five subscales. Measurement invariance was shown across gender and age-group. The short-form subscales were highly correlated with their counterparts in the long-form, and subscale scores based on each form produced the same pattern of correlations and unique associations with ADHD and CDS, controlling for depression and anxiety.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The short-form BDEFS produces five valid and reliable subscales that can be used in place of the long-form subscales when a more efficient method of data collection is desired.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 in older adults with Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Hossein Soltaninejad, Ghorban Taghizadeh, Sayed Amir Hassan Habibi, Masoumeh Bayat, Farzaneh Fendereski, Reihaneh Akbari, Maryam Mehdizadeh","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2547311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2547311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Persian GDS-15 as a screening tool for depression in older adults with Parkinson's disease (PD), given its high prevalence and diagnostic challenges in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 160 older adults aged 65 years and above with a confirmed diagnosis of PD and 80 age-matched healthy controls. Participants completed the GDS-15, the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Cronbach's alpha, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) (Test-retest reliability), and Pearson correlation coefficient. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal diagnostic cutoff score.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure for the Persian GDS-15, demonstrating excellent reliability (α = 0.94; ICC = 0.92). Strong convergent validity was evidenced by significant correlations with HADS-D and BDI-II (both <i>p</i> < 0.001). ROC analysis established an optimal cutoff of ≤5, showing outstanding diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity = 98.7%, specificity = 84.7%) for depression detection in PD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Persian version of the GDS-15 is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing depression in older adults with PD and can be utilized in both clinical and research settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144856960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are executive functions among Javanese and Sundanese affected by language spoken at home and in public?","authors":"Ria Wardani, Heliany Kiswantomo, Tessalonika Sembiring, Gilles van Luijtelaar","doi":"10.1080/23279095.2025.2545545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2025.2545545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The need for standardized neuropsychological tests, scoring, and interpretation is crucial for distinguishing individuals with normal cognitive function from those with deficits. Executive function (EF) is one of four cognitive domains assessed by the Indonesian Neuropsychological Test Battery (INTB), which is administered exclusively in Bahasa Indonesia. Given Indonesia's ethnic and linguistic diversity, ensuring equal validity of EF tests across groups is essential. This study examined potential ethnic differences between the Javanese and Sundanese, Indonesia's two largest ethnic groups, and the influence of languages spoken at home and in public on performance in five EF tests: digit span, five-point, trail making, verbal fluency, and Stroop. A total of 147 healthy participants, matched for age and education, were assessed. Results revealed minimal performance differences between ethnicities. However, language spoken at home significantly affected scores across all tests for both groups. Participants who did not speak Bahasa Indonesia at home showed disadvantages, while bilinguals demonstrated advantages on the Stroop test. The findings show that home language influences EF test outcomes and that bilingualism confers benefits. Hence, language spoken at home constitutes a key demographic factor affecting EF performance alongside age and education.</p>","PeriodicalId":51308,"journal":{"name":"Applied Neuropsychology-Adult","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144823162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}