Neural Plasticity最新文献

{"title":"Distinctive Gut Microbiota Alteration Is Associated with Poststroke Functional Recovery: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Yini Dang,&nbsp;Xintong Zhang,&nbsp;Yu Zheng,&nbsp;Binbin Yu,&nbsp;Dijia Pan,&nbsp;Xiaomin Jiang,&nbsp;Chengjie Yan,&nbsp;Qiuyu Yu,&nbsp;Xiao Lu","doi":"10.1155/2021/1469339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1469339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Functional prognosis is potentially correlated with gut microbiota alterations following the dysregulation of the gut-microbiota-brain axis after stroke. This study was designed to explore the poststroke alterations of gut microbiota and potential correlations between gut microbiota and global functions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of thirty-eight patients with stroke and thirty-five healthy demographics-matched controls were recruited. Their fecal DNAs were extracted, and the V3-V4 regions of the conserved bacterial 16S RNA were amplified and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Microbial composition, diversity indices, and species cooccurrence were compared between groups. Random forest and receiver operating characteristic analysis were used to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers. Relationships between discriminant bacteria and poststroke functional outcomes were estimated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher alpha diversity of gut microbiota was observed in poststroke patients as compared to the healthy controls (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Beta diversity showed that microbiota composition in the poststroke group was significantly different from that in the control group. Relative abundance of nine genera increased significantly in poststroke patients, while 82 genera significantly decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The accuracy, specificity, and susceptibility of the optimal model consisted of the top 10 discriminant species were 93%, 100%, and 86%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that bacterial taxa abundant between subacute and chronic stroke patients were overall different (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The modified Rankin scale (mRS) (<i>r</i> = -0.370, <i>p</i> < 0.05), Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) score (<i>r</i> = 0.364, <i>p</i> < 0.05), water swallow test (WST) (<i>r</i> = 0.340, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and Barthel index (BI) (<i>r</i> = 0.349, <i>p</i> < 0.05) were significantly associated with alterations of distinctive gut microbiota.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The gut microbiota in patients with stroke was significantly changed in terms of richness and composition. Significant associations were detected between alterations of distinctive gut microbiota and global functional prognosis. It would facilitate novel treatment target selection in the context of stroke while the causal relationships between distinctive gut microbiota alterations and functional variations need to be further verified with well-designed studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":" ","pages":"1469339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8670901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39609579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soleus H-Reflex Change in Poststroke Spasticity: Modulation due to Body Position.","authors":"Wenting Qin,&nbsp;Anjing Zhang,&nbsp;Mingzhen Yang,&nbsp;Chan Chen,&nbsp;Lijun Zhen,&nbsp;Hong Yang,&nbsp;Lingjing Jin,&nbsp;Fang Li","doi":"10.1155/2021/9955153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9955153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study is aimed at exploring how soleus H-reflex change in poststroke patients with spasticity influenced by body position.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty-four stroke patients with spastic hemiplegia and twelve age-matched healthy controls were investigated. Maximal Hoffmann-reflex (Hmax) and motor potential (Mmax) were elicited at the popliteal fossa in both prone and standing positions, respectively, and the Hmax/Mmax ratio at each body position was determined. Compare changes in reflex behavior in both spastic and contralateral muscles of stroke survivors in prone and standing positions, and match healthy subjects in the same position.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In healthy subjects, Hmax and Hmax/Mmax ratios were significantly decreased in the standing position compared to the prone position (Hmax: <i>p</i> = 0.000, Hmax/Mmax: <i>p</i> = 0.016). However, Hmax/Mmax ratios were increased in standing position on both sides in poststroke patients with spasticity (unaffected side: <i>p</i> = 0.006, affected side: <i>p</i> = 0.095). The Hmax and Hmax/Mmax ratios were significantly more increased on the affected side than unaffected side irrespective of the position.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The motor neuron excitability of both sides was not suppressed but instead upregulated in the standing position in subjects with spasticity, which may suggest that there was abnormal regulation of the Ia pathway on both sides.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":" ","pages":"9955153"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8670919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39610031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood-Brain Barrier Overview: Structural and Functional Correlation.","authors":"Abeer Alahmari","doi":"10.1155/2021/6564585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6564585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a semipermeable and extremely selective system in the central nervous system of most vertebrates, that separates blood from the brain's extracellular fluid. It plays a vital role in regulating the transport of necessary materials for brain function, furthermore, protecting it from foreign substances in the blood that could damage it. In this review, we searched in Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Saudi Digital Library for the various cells and components that support the development and function of this barrier, as well as the different pathways to transport the various molecules between blood and the brain. We also discussed the aspects that lead to BBB dysfunction and its neuropathological consequences, with the identification of some of the most important biomarkers that might be used as a biomarker to predict the BBB disturbances. This comprehensive overview of BBB will pave the way for future studies to focus on developing more specific targeting systems in material delivery as a future approach that assists in combinatorial therapy or nanotherapy to destroy or modify this barrier in pathological conditions such as brain tumors and brain stem cell carcinomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":" ","pages":"6564585"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8668349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39817816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 Prevents Cognitive Impairment and Hippocampal Neuronal Apoptosis in Experimental Vascular Dementia Mice by Promoting GPR30 Expression.","authors":"Fengming Shen, Juan Wang, Feng Gao, Jingji Wang, Guoqi Zhu","doi":"10.1155/2021/2412220","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/2412220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study is aimed at investigating the potential roles of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER, also known as GPR30) in the preventive effect of ginsenoside Rg1 against cognitive impairment and hippocampal cell apoptosis in experimental vascular dementia (VD) in mice. The effects of bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) on GPR30 expression at mRNA level were evaluated. Thereafter, the BCAS mouse model was utilized to evaluate the protection of Rg1 (0.1, 1, 10 mg/kg, 14 days, <i>ip</i>). Spatial memory was evaluated by water Morris Maze 7 days post BCAS. After behavioral tests, neuronal apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay, and potential mechanisms were determined using western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Our results showed that GPR30 expression in the hippocampal region at mRNA level was promoted 30 min, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h following BCAS. Ginsenoside Rg1 (1 or 10 mg/kg, 14 days, <i>ip</i>) promoted GPR30 expression in the hippocampus of model mice (after behavioral tests) but did not alter GPR30 expression in the hippocampus of control mice. Moreover, treatment of ginsenoside Rg1 (10 mg/kg) or G1 (5 <i>μ</i>g/kg), a GPR30 agonist, prevented BCAS-induced memory impairment and hippocampal neuronal loss and apoptosis and promoted the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax expression in the hippocampus (after behavioral tests). On the contrary, G15 (185 <i>μ</i>g/kg), an antagonist of GPR30, aggravated BCAS-induced hippocampal neuronal loss and apoptosis. Finally, drug-target molecular docking pointed that Rg1 had a lower binding energy with GPR30 compared with Bax and Bcl-2. Together, our data implicate that ginsenoside Rg1 prevents cognitive impairment and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in VD mice, likely through promoting GPR30 expression. These results would provide important implications for the application of Rg1 in the treatment of VD.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":" ","pages":"2412220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8664545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39596183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Sequencing of the Rat MCAO Cortexes Reveals Crucial circRNAs Involved in Early Stroke Events and Their Regulatory Networks.","authors":"Chengtan Wang,&nbsp;Yuying Yang,&nbsp;Mengsi Xu,&nbsp;Fuxiu Mao,&nbsp;Peng Yang,&nbsp;Shan Yuan,&nbsp;Rui Gao,&nbsp;Shangquan Gan","doi":"10.1155/2021/9942537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9942537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are highly enriched in the central nervous system and significantly involved in a range of brain-related physiological and pathological processes. Ischemic stroke is a complex disorder caused by multiple factors; however, whether brain-derived circRNAs participate in the complex regulatory networks involved in stroke pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we successfully constructed a cerebral ischemia-injury model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of poststroke cortical circRNAs were performed through deep sequencing, and RT-PCR and qRT-PCR were used for validation. Of the 24,858 circRNAs expressed in the rat cerebral cortex, 294 circRNAs were differentially expressed in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex between the MCAO and sham rat groups. Cluster, GO, and KEGG analyses showed enrichments of these circRNAs and their host genes in numerous biological processes and pathways closely related to stroke. We selected 106 of the 294 circRNAs and constructed a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network comprising 577 sponge miRNAs and 696 target mRNAs. In total, 15 key potential circRNAs were predicted to be involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of a series of downstream target genes, which are widely implicated in poststroke processes, such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammatory response, and nerve regeneration, through the competing endogenous RNA mechanism. Thus, circRNAs appear to be involved in multilevel actions that regulate the vast network of multiple mechanisms and events that occur after a stroke. These results provide novel insights into the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":" ","pages":"9942537"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8635952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39807863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Classification System for Postinterventional Cerebral Hyperdensity: The Influence on Hemorrhagic Transformation and Clinical Prognosis in Acute Stroke.","authors":"Yuan Shao,&nbsp;Yuyun Xu,&nbsp;Yumei Li,&nbsp;Xuehua Wen,&nbsp;Xiaodong He","doi":"10.1155/2021/6144304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6144304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Postinterventional cerebral hyperdensity (PCHD) is commonly seen in acute ischemic patients after mechanical thrombectomy. We propose a new classification of PCHD to investigate its correlation with hemorrhagic transformation (HT). The clinical prognosis of PCHD was further studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 189 acute stroke patients were analyzed retrospectively. According to the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study criteria (ECASS), HT was classified as hemorrhagic infarction (HI-1 and HI-2) and parenchymal hematoma (pH-1 and pH-2). Referring to the classification of HT, PCHD was classified as PCHD-1, PCHD-2, PCHD-3, and PCHD-4. The prognosis included early neurological deterioration (END) and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 3 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The incidence of HT was 14.8% (12/81) in the no-PCHD group and 77.8% (84/108) in the PCHD group. PCHD was highly correlated with HT (<i>r</i> = 0.751, <i>p</i> < 0.01). After stepwise regression analysis, PCHD and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission were found to be independent factors for END (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>p</i> = 0.015, respectively). The area of curves (AUC) of PCHD, the NIHSS at admission, and the combined model were 0.810, 0.667, and 0.832, respectively. The optimal diagnostic cutoff of PCHD for END was PCHD > 2. PCHD, the NIHSS score at admission, and good vascular recanalization (VR) were independently associated with 3-month mRS (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). The AUC of PCHD, the NIHSS at admission, good VR, and the combined model were 0.779, 0.733, 0.565, and 0.867, respectively. And the best cutoff of PCHD for the mRS was PCHD > 1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The relationship of PCHD and HT suggested PCHD was an early risk indicator for HT. The occurrence of PCHD-3 and PCHD-4 was a strong predictor for END. PCHD-1 is considered to be relatively benign in relation to the 3-month mRS.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":" ","pages":"6144304"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8632469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39687429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Gait Characteristics of Stroke Patients with Foot Drop after the Combination Treatment of Foot Drop Stimulator and Moving Treadmill Training.","authors":"Chen Peishun,&nbsp;Zhou Haiwang,&nbsp;Li Taotao,&nbsp;Guan Hongli,&nbsp;Min Yu,&nbsp;Zhang Wanrong","doi":"10.1155/2021/9480957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9480957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study the changes in gait characteristics of stroke patients with foot drop after the combination treatment of foot drop stimulator and moving treadmill training and thus provide a basis for the improvement in a foot drop gait after stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty patients with hemiplegia and foot drop caused by stroke were randomly divided into two groups of 30: the test group and the control group. Both groups received basic rehabilitation training. On this basis, the test group received the combination treatment of foot drop stimulator and moving treadmill training. The control group received foot drop stimulator training. Both groups received consecutive treatment for 3 weeks, five times a week, and every single time lasted for 30 minutes. Before and after the treatment, a gait watch three-dimensional gait analysis system was used to measure and record the maximum angles of flexion of the affected side's hip, knee, and ankle; the pace; the step length asymmetry; the iEMG of the tibialis anterior muscle; the functional ambulation category; and Ashworth's modified spasticity classification of the gastrocnemius.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After treatment, in the two groups, the maximum angles of flexion of the affected side's hip, knee, and ankle improved, the pace increased, the step length asymmetry decreased, the iEMG of the tibialis anterior muscle increased, the functional ambulation category improved, and Ashworth's modified spasticity classification of the gastrocnemius decreased, but the above changes in the test group were better than those in the control group. The difference is statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The combination treatment of the foot drop stimulator and moving treadmill can significantly improve stroke patients' foot gait and promote the normalization of hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle flexion. It can increase the pace, significantly reduce the step length asymmetry, reduce the muscle tone of the gastrocnemius, and improve walking function.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":" ","pages":"9480957"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8629651/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39796186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Pain and Sleep in Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Xin Li,&nbsp;Yuwei Feng,&nbsp;Jianping Xia,&nbsp;Xuan Zhou,&nbsp;Nan Chen,&nbsp;Zhengquan Chen,&nbsp;Qimeng Fan,&nbsp;Hong Wang,&nbsp;Peiyuan Ding,&nbsp;Qing Du","doi":"10.1155/2021/6552246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6552246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on insomnia and pain in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, and Web of Science databases were searched. Outcomes, including pain, sleep quality, and adverse events, were investigated. Differences were expressed using mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The statistical analysis was performed using STATA 16.0. Twelve trials with 476 TBI patients were included. The included studies did not indicate a positive effect of CBT on pain. Significant improvements were shown for self-reported sleep quality, reported with the Pittsburgh Self-Reported Sleep Quality Index (MD, -2.30; 95% CI, -3.45 to -1.15; <i>P</i> < 0.001) and Insomnia Severity Index (MD, -5.12; 95% CI, -9.69 to -0.55; <i>P</i> = 0.028). No major adverse events related to CBT were reported. The underpowered evidence suggested that CBT is effective in the management of sleep quality and pain in TBI adults. Future studies with larger samples are recommended to determine significance. This trial is registered with PROSPERO registration number CRD42019147266.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":" ","pages":"6552246"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39644053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation on Dysphagia after Stroke.","authors":"Lingling Li, Hailiang Huang, Yuqi Jia, Ying Yu, Zhiyao Liu, Xin Shi, Fangqi Wang","doi":"10.1155/2021/3831472","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/3831472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dysphagia is a common sequelae after stroke. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a tool that has been used in the rehabilitation process to modify cortical excitability and improve dysphagia.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To systematically evaluate the effect of NIBS on dysphagia after stroke and compare the effects of two different NIBS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Randomized controlled trials about the effect of NIBS on dysphagia after stroke were retrieved from databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, and CBM, from inception to June 2021. The quality of the trials was assessed, and the data were extracted according to the <i>Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions</i>. A statistical analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.3 and ADDIS 1.16.8. The effect size was evaluated by using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ultimately, 18 studies involving 738 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that NIBS could improve the dysphagia outcome and severity scale (DOSS) score (standard mean difference (SMD) = 1.44, 95% CI 0.80 to 2.08, <i>P</i> < 0.05) and the water swallow test score (SMD = 6.23, 95% CI 5.44 to 7.03, <i>P</i> < 0.05). NIBS could reduce the standardized swallowing assessment (SSA) score (SMD = -1.04, 95% CI -1.50 to -0.58, <i>P</i> < 0.05), the penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) score (SMD = -0.85, 95% CI -1.33 to -0.36, <i>P</i> < 0.05), and the functional dysphagia scale score (SMD = -1.05, 95% CI -1.48 to -0.62, <i>P</i> < 0.05). Network meta-analysis showed that the best probabilistic ranking of the effects of two different NIBS on the DOSS score is rTMS (<i>P</i> = 0.52) > tDCS (<i>P</i> = 0.48), the best probabilistic ranking of the SSA score is rTMS (<i>P</i> = 0.72) > tDCS (<i>P</i> = 0.28), and the best probabilistic ranking of the PAS score is rTMS (<i>P</i> = 0.68) > tDCS (<i>P</i> = 0.32).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Existing evidence showed that NIBS could improve swallowing dysfunction and reduce the occurrence of aspiration after stroke, and that rTMS is better than tDCS. Limited by the number of included studies, more large-sample, multicenter, double-blind, high-quality clinical randomized controlled trials are still needed in the future to further confirm the results of this research.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":" ","pages":"3831472"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39876818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attention Bias to Pain Words Comes Early and Cognitive Load Matters: Evidence from an ERP Study on Experimental Pain.","authors":"Kangling Wang,&nbsp;Yifei Chen,&nbsp;Shimin Huang,&nbsp;Howe Liu,&nbsp;Wen Wu","doi":"10.1155/2021/9940889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9940889","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attention bias (AB) is a common cognitive challenge for patients with pain. In this study, we tested at what stage AB to pain occurs in participants with experimental pain (EP) and tested whether cognitive load interferes with it. We recruited 40 healthy adults aged 18-27 years, and randomized them into control and EP groups. We sprayed the participants in the EP group with 10% capsaicin paste to mimic acute pain and those in the control group with water, accessing both groups' behavioral results and event-related potential data. We found that high-load tasks had longer response times and lower accuracies than low-load tasks did and that different neural processing of words occurred between the groups. The EP group exhibited AB to pain at an early stage with both attentional avoidance (N1 latency) and facilitated attention (P2 amplitude) to pain words. The control group coped with semantic differentiation (N1) at first, followed by pain word discrimination (P2). In addition, AB to pain occurred only in low-load tasks. As the cognitive load multiplied, we did not find AB in the EP group. Therefore, our study adds further evidence for AB to pain, suggesting the implementation of cognitive load in future AB therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":" ","pages":"9940889"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8572635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39711845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}