Neural Plasticity最新文献

{"title":"The Protective Role of E-64d in Hippocampal Excitotoxic Neuronal Injury Induced by Glutamate in HT22 Hippocampal Neuronal Cells.","authors":"RuiJin Xie,&nbsp;TianXiao Li,&nbsp;XinYu Qiao,&nbsp;HuiYa Mei,&nbsp;GuoQin Hu,&nbsp;LongFei Li,&nbsp;Chenyu Sun,&nbsp;Ce Cheng,&nbsp;Yin Cui,&nbsp;Ni Hong,&nbsp;Yueying Liu","doi":"10.1155/2021/7174287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7174287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epilepsy is the most common childhood neurologic disorder. Status epilepticus (SE), which refers to continuous epileptic seizures, occurs more frequently in children than in adults, and approximately 40-50% of all cases occur in children under 2 years of age. Conventional antiepileptic drugs currently used in clinical practice have a number of adverse side effects. Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) can progressively develop in children with persistent SE, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic drugs. During SE, the persistent activation of neurons leads to decreased glutamate clearance with corresponding glutamate accumulation in the synaptic extracellular space, increasing the chance of neuronal excitotoxicity. Our previous study demonstrated that after developmental seizures in rats, E-64d exerts a neuroprotective effect on the seizure-induced brain damage by modulating lipid metabolism enzymes, especially ApoE and ApoJ/clusterin. In this study, we investigated the impact and mechanisms of E-64d administration on neuronal excitotoxicity. To test our hypothesis that E-64d confers neuroprotective effects by regulating autophagy and mitochondrial pathway activity, we simulated neuronal excitotoxicity in vitro using an immortalized hippocampal neuron cell line (HT22). We found that E-64d improved cell viability while reducing oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. In addition, E-64d treatment regulated mitochondrial pathway activity and inhibited chaperone-mediated autophagy in HT22 cells. Our findings indicate that E-64d may alleviate glutamate-induced damage via regulation of mitochondrial fission and apoptosis, as well as inhibition of chaperone-mediated autophagy. Thus, E-64d may be a promising therapeutic treatment for hippocampal injury associated with SE.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8550833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39579431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Temporal Coupling between Thalamus and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Mediates Chronic Low Back Pain and Depression.","authors":"Hong Li,&nbsp;Qiaoyan Song,&nbsp;Ruya Zhang,&nbsp;Youlong Zhou,&nbsp;Yazhuo Kong","doi":"10.1155/2021/7498714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7498714","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Numerous neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the brain plasticity is associated with chronic low back pain (cLBP). However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms of thalamic pathways for chronic pain and psychological effects in cLBP caused by lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Combining psychophysics and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we investigated the structural and functional brain plasticity in 36 patients with LDH compared with 38 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We found that (1) LDH patients had increased psychophysical disturbs (i.e., depression and anxiety), and depression (Beck-Depression Inventory, BDI) was found to be an outstanding significant factor to predict chronic pain (short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, SF-MPQ); (2) the LDH group showed significantly smaller fractional anisotropy values in the region of posterior corona radiate while gray matter volumes were comparable in both groups; (3) resting state functional connectivity analysis revealed that LDH patients exhibited increased temporal coupling between the thalamus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which further mediate the relationship from chronic pain to depression. Our results emphasized that thalamic pathways underlying prefrontal cortex might play a key role in regulating chronic pain and depression of the pathophysiology of LDH.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8519723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39527388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Changes of Sensorimotor Resting-State Functional Connectivity Differentiate between Patients with Thalamic Infarction and Pontine Infarction.","authors":"Peipei Wang,&nbsp;Zhenxiang Zang,&nbsp;Miao Zhang,&nbsp;Yanxiang Cao,&nbsp;Zhilian Zhao,&nbsp;Yi Shan,&nbsp;Qingfeng Ma,&nbsp;Jie Lu","doi":"10.1155/2021/7031178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7031178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpos</i>e. We investigated the disparate influence of lesion location on functional damage and reorganization of the sensorimotor brain network in patients with thalamic infarction and pontine infarction. <i>Methods</i>. Fourteen patients with unilateral infarction of the thalamus and 14 patients with unilateral infarction of the pons underwent longitudinal fMRI measurements and motor functional assessment five times during a 6-month period (<7 days, at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after stroke onset). Twenty-five age- and sex-matched controls underwent MRI examination across five consecutive time points in 6 months. Functional images from patients with left hemisphere lesions were first flipped from the left to the right side. The voxel-wise connectivity analyses between the reference time course of each ROI (the contralateral dorsal lateral putamen (dl-putamen), pons, ventral anterior (VA), and ventral lateral (VL) nuclei of the thalamus) and the time course of each voxel in the sensorimotor area were performed for all five measurements. One-way ANOVA was used to identify between-group differences in functional connectivity (FC) at baseline stage (<7 days after stroke onset), with infarction volume included as a nuisance variable. The family-wise error (FWE) method was used to account for multiple comparison issues using SPM software. Post hoc repeated-measure ANOVA was applied to examine longitudinal FC reorganization. <i>Results</i>. At baseline stage, significant differences were detected between the contralateral VA and ipsilateral postcentral gyrus (cl_VA-ip_postcentral), contralateral VL and ipsilateral precentral gyrus (cl_VL-ip_precentral). Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the FC change of cl_VA-ip_postcentral differ significantly among the three groups over time. The significant changes of FC between cl_VA and ip_postcentral at different time points in the thalamic infarction group showed that compared with 7 days after stroke onset, there was significantly increased FC of cl_VA-ip_postcentral at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after stroke onset. <i>Conclusions</i>. The different patterns of sensorimotor functional damage and reorganization in patients with pontine infarction and thalamic infarction may provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying functional recovery after stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8519702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39528446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroacupuncture Promotes the Survival of the Grafted Human MGE Neural Progenitors in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia by Promoting Angiogenesis and Inhibiting Inflammation.","authors":"Juan Li,&nbsp;Luting Chen,&nbsp;Danping Li,&nbsp;Min Lu,&nbsp;Xiaolin Huang,&nbsp;Xiaohua Han,&nbsp;Hong Chen","doi":"10.1155/2021/4894881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4894881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stem cells have the potential as a regenerative therapy for cerebral ischemia by improving functional outcomes. However, cell transplantation has some limitations, including a low rate of the grafted cell survival. There is still a major challenge of promoting the harmonious symbiosis between grafted cells and the host. Acupuncture can effectively improve the functional outcome after cerebral ischemia. The present study evaluated the therapeutic effects and explored the mechanism of combined medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) neural progenitors differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with electroacupuncture (EA) in a bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO) rat model. The results showed that EA could promote the survival of the grafted MGE neural progenitors differentiated from hESCs and alleviate learning and memory impairment in rats with cerebral ischemia. This may have partially resulted from inhibited expression of TNF-<i>α</i> and IL-1<i>β</i> and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and blood vessel density in the hippocampus. Our findings indicated that EA could promote the survival of the grafted MGE neural progenitors and enhance transplantation therapy's efficacy by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8516583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39528445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Restoration following Global Cerebral Ischemia in Juvenile Mice following Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential M2 (TRPM2) Ion Channels.","authors":"Robert M Dietz,&nbsp;James E Orfila,&nbsp;Nicholas Chalmers,&nbsp;Crystal Minjarez,&nbsp;Jose Vigil,&nbsp;Guying Deng,&nbsp;Nidia Quillinan,&nbsp;Paco S Herson","doi":"10.1155/2021/8774663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8774663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hippocampal cell death and cognitive dysfunction are common following global cerebral ischemia across all ages, including children. Most research has focused on preventing neuronal death. Restoration of neuronal function after cell death is an alternative approach (neurorestoration). We previously identified transient receptor potential M2 (TRPM2) ion channels as a potential target for acute neuroprotection and delayed neurorestoration in an adult CA/CPR mouse model. Cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) in juvenile (p20-25) mice was used to investigate the role of ion TRPM2 channels in neuroprotection and ischemia-induced synaptic dysfunction in the developing brain. Our novel TRPM2 inhibitor, tatM2NX, did not confer protection against CA1 pyramidal cell death but attenuated synaptic plasticity (long-term plasticity (LTP)) deficits in both sexes. Further, <i>in vivo</i> administration of tatM2NX two weeks after CA/CPR reduced LTP impairments and restored memory function. These data provide evidence that pharmacological synaptic restoration of the surviving hippocampal network can occur independent of neuroprotection via inhibition of TRPM2 channels, providing a novel strategy to improve cognitive recovery in children following cerebral ischemia. Importantly, these data underscore the importance of age-appropriate models in disease research.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8514917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39527389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions between Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy: Implications for Apoptosis and Neuroplasticity-Related Proteins in Palmitic Acid-Treated Prefrontal Cells.","authors":"Xiangli Xue,&nbsp;Feng Li,&nbsp;Ming Cai,&nbsp;Jingyun Hu,&nbsp;Qian Wang,&nbsp;Shujie Lou","doi":"10.1155/2021/8851327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8851327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipotoxicity of palmitic acid (PA) or high-fat diets has been reported to increase endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy in peripheral tissue as well as apoptotic cell death. It also can lead to an AD-like pathological pattern. However, it has been unknown that PA-induced ER stress and autophagy are involved in the regulation of neuroplastic abnormalities. Here, we investigated the roles of ER stress and autophagy in apoptosis and neuroplasticity-related protein expression in PA-treated prefrontal cells. Prefrontal cells dissected from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with PA compound with ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or PA alone. PA promoted ER stress and autophagy and also cause apoptosis as well as a decline in the expression of neuroplasticity-related proteins. Inhibition of ER stress decreased the expressions of neuroplasticity-related proteins and reduced autophagy activation and apoptosis in PA-treated prefrontal cells. Inhibition of autophagy exacerbated apoptosis and enhanced ER stress in PA-treated prefrontal cells. The present study illustrated that both ER stress and autophagy could be involved in apoptosis and decreased neuroplasticity-related proteins, and the interaction between ER stress and autophagy may play a critical role in apoptosis in PA-treated prefrontal cells. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms in vitro of lipotoxicity in obesity-related cognitive dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8505096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39515503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Mental Fatigue and Gender on Working Memory Performance during Repeated Practice by Young and Older Adults.","authors":"Valentina Pergher,&nbsp;Nele Vanbilsen,&nbsp;Marc Van Hulle","doi":"10.1155/2021/6612805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6612805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Working memory (WM) is one of the most investigated cognitive functions albeit the extent to which individual characteristics impact on performance is still unclear, especially when older adults are involved. The present study considers repeated practice of a visual <i>N</i>-Back task with three difficulty levels (1-, 2-, and 3-Back) in healthy young and older individuals. Our results reveal that, for both age groups, the expected mental fatigue was countered by a learning effect, in terms of accuracies and reaction times, which turned out to benefit females more than males, for all three <i>N</i>-Back levels. We conclude that future WM studies, in particular when relying on repeated <i>N</i>-Back sessions, should account for learning effects in relation to mental fatigue and gender, in both young and older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8505107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39515501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associated Mirror Therapy Enhances Motor Recovery of the Upper Extremity and Daily Function after Stroke: A Randomized Control Study.","authors":"Jin-Yang Zhuang,&nbsp;Li Ding,&nbsp;Bei-Bei Shu,&nbsp;Dan Chen,&nbsp;Jie Jia","doi":"10.1155/2021/7266263","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/7266263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bimanual cooperation plays a vital role in functions of the upper extremity and daily activities. Based on the principle of bilateral movement, mirror therapy could provide bimanual cooperation training. However, conventional mirror therapy could not achieve the isolation of the mirror. A novel paradigm mirror therapy called associated mirror therapy (AMT) was proposed to achieve bimanual cooperation task-based mirror visual feedback isolating from the mirror. The study was aimed at exploring the feasibility and effectiveness of AMT on stroke patients. We conducted a single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Thirty-six eligible patients were equally assigned into the experimental group (EG) receiving AMT and the control group (CG) receiving bimanual training without mirroring for five days/week, lasting four weeks. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Limb subscale (FMA-UL) for upper extremity motor impairment was used as the primary outcome. The secondary outcomes were the Box and Block Test (BBT) and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) for motor and daily function. All patients participated in trials throughout without adverse events or side effects. The scores of FMA-UL and FIM improved significantly in both groups following the intervention. Compared to CG, the scores of FMA-UL and FIM were improved more significantly in EG after the intervention. The BBT scores were improved significantly for EG following the intervention, but no differences were found in the BBT scores of CG after the intervention. However, no differences in BBT scores were observed between the two groups. In summary, our study suggested that AMT was a feasible and practical approach to enhance the motor recovery of paretic arms and daily function in stroke patients. Furthermore, AMT may improve manual dexterity for poststroke rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8494575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39502842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired Cognitive Empathy in Outpatients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Hang-Bin Zhang,&nbsp;Hang Ou,&nbsp;Dian-Huai Meng,&nbsp;Qian Lu,&nbsp;Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Xi Lu,&nbsp;Zhi-Fei Yin,&nbsp;Chuan He,&nbsp;Ying Shen","doi":"10.1155/2021/4430594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4430594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, a growing number of researchers showed significant interest in psychological and social interventions to manage chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) pain. Cognitive and emotional empathy is an attractive and valuable sociopsychological factor that may provide protection and resilience against chronic MSK pain. However, its effect on outpatients remains underexplored.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the empathy ability between chronic MSK pain outpatients and healthy controls and explore the relationship between cognitive/emotional empathy and chronic pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with chronic MSK pain (<i>n</i> = 22) and healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 26) completed the pain assessment and empathy ability task, utilizing a multidimensional empathy assessment tool with satisfactory reliability and validity (i.e., the Chinese version of the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET-C)).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data indicated that the chronic MSK pain outpatients had impaired cognitive empathy (i.e., lower squared cognitive empathy accuracy: Student's <i>t</i> = -2.119, <i>P</i> = 0.040, and longer task completion time: Student's <i>t</i> = 3.382, <i>P</i> = 0.002) compared to healthy controls, and cognitive empathy was negatively correlated with pain intensity (<i>r</i> = -0.614, <i>P</i> = 0.002). Further, the impaired cognitive empathy was present in identifying positive, but not negative emotions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicate that chronic MSK pain is associated with impaired empathy ability. Our studies contribute to offering a potential direction for developing psychosocial interventions to treat chronic MSK pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8487839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39491489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"mRNA Trafficking in the Nervous System: A Key Mechanism of the Involvement of Activity-Regulated Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein (Arc) in Synaptic Plasticity.","authors":"Michal Fila,&nbsp;Laura Diaz,&nbsp;Joanna Szczepanska,&nbsp;Elzbieta Pawlowska,&nbsp;Janusz Blasiak","doi":"10.1155/2021/3468795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3468795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synaptic activity mediates information storage and memory consolidation in the brain and requires a fast de novo synthesis of mRNAs in the nucleus and proteins in synapses. Intracellular localization of a protein can be achieved by mRNA trafficking and localized translation. Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is a master regulator of synaptic plasticity and plays an important role in controlling large signaling networks implicated in learning, memory consolidation, and behavior. Transcription of the <i>Arc</i> gene may be induced by a short behavioral event, resulting in synaptic activation. <i>Arc</i> mRNA is exported into the cytoplasm and can be trafficked into the dendrite of an activated synapse where it is docked and translated. The structure of Arc is similar to the viral GAG (group-specific antigen) protein, and phylogenic analysis suggests that Arc may originate from the family of Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposons. Therefore, Arc might evolve through \"domestication\" of retroviruses. Arc can form a capsid-like structure that encapsulates a retrovirus-like sentence in the 3'-UTR (untranslated region) of <i>Arc</i> mRNA. Such complex can be loaded into extracellular vesicles and transported to other neurons or muscle cells carrying not only genetic information but also regulatory signals within neuronal networks. Therefore, <i>Arc</i> mRNA inter- and intramolecular trafficking is essential for the modulation of synaptic activity required for memory consolidation and cognitive functions. Recent studies with single-molecule imaging in live neurons confirmed and extended the role of <i>Arc</i> mRNA trafficking in synaptic plasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":51299,"journal":{"name":"Neural Plasticity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8486535/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39482042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}