Virus Genes最新文献

{"title":"Whole genome sequencing of measles viruses: the benefit for outbreak investigation, The Netherlands, 2013-2014.","authors":"Rogier Bodewes, Cyril Maissan, Linda van de Nes-Reijnen, Marjan Boter, Susanne C van den Boom, Florian Zwagemaker, Susan Hahné, Tom Woudenberg, Wilhelmina L M Ruijs, Marion P G Koopmans, Chantal B E M Reusken, Rory D de Vries, Richard Molenkamp, Rik L de Swart, B Oude Munnink","doi":"10.1007/s11262-026-02253-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11262-026-02253-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease and remains a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Molecular surveillance of measles virus (MV) is used for tracing transmission chains, by, for instance, distinguishing between repeated introductions and endemic circulation. WHO guidelines used in the global measles surveillance network recommend sequencing of a 450-nucleotide region at the C-terminal end of the N-gene (N450). Given the limited genetic variability of MV, whole-genome sequencing would increase the resolution and provide a more detailed molecular surveillance of circulating MV. In this study, we describe an amplicon-based nanopore sequencing protocol for generating near complete whole MV genome sequences (nWGS; 15,813 nucleotides). We applied this protocol to samples collected during an epidemic of measles in the Netherlands in 2013-2014, involving an estimated 30,000 cases, to quantify the sequence variation of nWGS during this epidemic. While this was considered an epidemic with very limited sequence variation based on analysis of the N450 region, different molecular clusters were identified by phylogenetic analysis of nWGS genomes. Notably, the number of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) between viruses detected during the early and late phase of the epidemic varied among molecular clusters. Four epidemiological clusters could be identified in the beginning of the epidemic, of which 2 were supported by molecular data. Analysis of nWGS genomes suggested that the epidemic started with either a single unnoticed introduction into the Netherlands and a few unnoticed generations or with at least 2 introductions at the same time, the latter option is supported by epidemiological data. These results can aid in interpreting MV sequence variation during transmission chains, outbreaks and epidemics in countries or regions approaching measles elimination.</p>","PeriodicalId":51212,"journal":{"name":"Virus Genes","volume":" ","pages":"548-556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13461698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148279900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of an infectious full-length cDNA clone of a melon yellowing-associated virus from Brazil.","authors":"B A Silva, D M T Alves-Freitas, C M Kauffmann, A M V Batista, P S Queiroz, S B S Cardenas, D F Fraga, H B S Mota, P R M S Machado, T Nagata","doi":"10.1007/s11262-026-02240-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11262-026-02240-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melon yellowing-associated virus (MYaV), a member of the genus Carlavirus (family Betaflexiviridae), is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus with a poly(A) tail. It is thought to be one of the causative agents of severe yellowing disease in melon \"Amarelão do meloeiro\" (in Portuguese) in northeastern Brazil and is transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. In the field, MYaV frequently occurs in mixed infections with the recombinant form of cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV), contributing to the disease complex of melon severe yellowing disease. Considering its impact, the inability of virus transmission by mechanical inoculation, and the lack of molecular tools to study this pathogen, we constructed a full-length infectious cDNA clone of MYaV using Gibson Assembly technology. The genome was amplified in two overlapping fragments spanning the 5' and 3' regions, cloned in the binary vector pJL89 and subsequently introduced to Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101. Agroinoculation with this construct revealed that the MYaV clone was infectious in melon, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), West Indian gherkin (Cucumis anguria), and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Notably, infections in watermelon and West Indian gherkin were asymptomatic, a finding of epidemiological relevance since these crops may act as unnoticed inoculum sources in the field for melon crops. In contrast, no infection was detected in squash (Cucurbita maxima) or zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). This infectious clone provides not only a valuable tool to advance studies on MYaV and virus-host interactions but also an essential resource for breeding programs aimed at developing resistant melon varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":51212,"journal":{"name":"Virus Genes","volume":" ","pages":"557-560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding classical swine fever virus-swine protein interactions: a bioinformatics approach to targeted viral control.","authors":"Manohar Jebakumar Ravikumar, Akshatha Velankar, Prathipa Krishnan, Mouna Venkataramappa, Neha Naik, Nagarajan Siddharthan, Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh, Jagadish Hiremath, Shivasharanappa Nayakvadi, Sharanagouda Shiddanagouda Patil","doi":"10.1007/s11262-026-02245-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11262-026-02245-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study mapped and analyzed protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between classical swine fever virus (CSFV) proteins and 19 swine host proteins to uncover key molecular mechanisms underlying viral infection and pathogenesis. An integrated bioinformatics workflow was implemented in Google Colab, combining structural modeling, binding affinity estimation, and network analysis to predict and evaluate interactions involving CSFV proteins (E1, E2, NS5A, protein C, etc.) and host proteins such as signalosome subunit 2, IQGAP1, and MYO1B. Predicted interaction scores (in silico KD equivalents in the range of 10⁻⁷-10⁻¹⁰ M) were used to rank the strength of viral-host complexes. These values represent computational estimates and should not be interpreted as absolute biophysical constants. CSFV proteins exhibited a hierarchical interaction network, with E2, E1, NS5A, and protein C showing high predicted interaction scores with central host proteins. Signalosome subunit 2 interacted with 12 viral proteins, indicating its potential pivotal role in viral replication and immune evasion. IQGAP1 and MYO1B also emerged as major hubs in the predicted network. Multivariable and network analyses revealed predicted interaction patterns within this curated set of host proteins. The Colab-based computational approach provided a scalable platform for large-scale PPI prediction and analysis, showing strong inter-protein agreement across models. The study presents an in silico interaction map of selected CSFV-swine host proteins, identifying signalosome subunit 2 and IQGAP1 as high-centrality candidate targets that warrant experimental validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51212,"journal":{"name":"Virus Genes","volume":" ","pages":"505-520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147989201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive overview of the multifaceted roles of non-structural proteins of Orthoflavivirus in replication and immunopathology.","authors":"Chirantan Maity, Souvik Mitra, Anjali Tripathi, Samyak Khobdagade, Chandhu Balachandran, Pushpendra Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11262-026-02242-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11262-026-02242-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus Orthoflavivirus, encompassing formidable global pathogens such as Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and West Nile (WNV) viruses, utilizes a compact positive-sense RNA genome to encode a sophisticated arsenal of seven non-structural (NS) proteins that dictate the outcome of the host-pathogen standoff. These proteins-NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5-function as a multifunctional molecular consortium, where the enzymatic dominance of the NS3 protease/helicase and NS5 polymerase/methyltransferase drives viral proteolysis and genomic synthesis. Simultaneously, the hydrophobic scaffolds of NS2A, NS4A, and NS4B orchestrate the biogenesis of endoplasmic reticulum-derived replication organelles, providing a privileged microenvironment that shields viral RNA from cellular sensors. Beyond replication, these proteins serve as the frontline of immune evasion; the secreted lipoprotein NS1 acts as a potent virulence factor by triggering \"cytokine storms\" and vascular permeability, while NS5 and the NS4 complex potently suppress Type I Interferon (IFN) signalling by intercepting the RIG-I/MDA5-MAVS axis and inducing the degradation of STAT transducers. Given the rapid expansion of mosquito vectors and the persistent absence of broad-spectrum antivirals, reviewing the structural biology and interactomes of these NS proteins is a critical priority for global biosecurity. By synthesising the current understanding of these \"molecular architects,\" this review highlights how targeting the conserved interfaces of the replication complex can bridge the \"therapeutic gap,\" offering a pathway toward universal countermeasures against current and emerging threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":51212,"journal":{"name":"Virus Genes","volume":" ","pages":"405-417"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148044701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In silico analysis, expression, and characterization of LysStp1 endolysin with L-alanyl-D-glutamate carboxypeptidase activity.","authors":"K S Sritha, K J Tina, M Harikrishnan, Sarita G Bhat","doi":"10.1007/s11262-026-02241-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11262-026-02241-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An increased manifestation of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens necessitates reduced usage of the current generation of antibiotics and warrants the search for novel antimicrobial agents. Peptidoglycan hydrolytic enzymes like endolysins are a promising alternative to antibiotics, resulting in a quest for novel endolysins. The analysis of Salmonella bacteriophage Stp1 complete genome revealed an ORF encoding an endolysin with L-alanyl-D-glutamate carboxypeptidase activity and was designated as LysStp1. The promising results obtained with molecular docking prompted us to carry out cloning, expression, and purification of LysStp1. Purified LysStp1 showed strong muralytic activity against multiple Gram-negative bacteria, following chloroform permeabilization of the outer membrane. LysStp1 activity ranged from pH 4 to 10, with maximal activity at pH 9 and stability [> 70%] at pH 6-9. Similarly, LysStp1 exhibited significant activity [> 80%] from 20 to 70 °C with optimum activity at 60 °C and retained 50% stability for up to 30 min of incubation at 100 °C. Interestingly, Ca²⁺ ions increased the activity of LysStp1 at lower concentrations. LysStp1 retained up to 50% activity at 500 mM NaCl concentration, with a broad antimicrobial spectrum against Gram-negative bacteria. These findings suggest that LysStp1 endolysin is a promising antibiotic alternative with rapid action, broad bactericidal activity and, high thermal stability. However, the antibacterial activity of LysStp1 against Gram-negative bacteria was observed only under outer-membrane permeabilized conditions, underscoring a limitation in direct applicability and the need for compatible outer membrane-disrupting strategies, such as antimicrobial peptides or related agents, to enable its translational potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":51212,"journal":{"name":"Virus Genes","volume":" ","pages":"521-532"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148007317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic characterization of the virome of Aedes albopictus in Anhui Province, China, with phylogenetic analysis of CRESS-DNA viruses and Parvoviridae.","authors":"Quan Shen, Jiaheng Chen, Yufeng Chen, Junfeng Liu, Lichen Mao, Wenhui Shi, Alfred Ndjekadom, Jianqiang Wang, Xiaochun Wang, Yuwei Liu, Shixing Yang, Likai Ji, Ping Wu, Fei Tong, Hengfeng Yang, Wen Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11262-026-02250-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11262-026-02250-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aedes albopictus is a globally important mosquito species capable of transmitting a variety of viruses. In this study, a total of 440 Ae. albopictus individuals were collected from Fanchang, Anhui Province, and 22 tissue libraries were constructed for metagenomic sequencing. A total of 649,930,614 reads were obtained and assembled into 209,335 contigs, of which 18,339 showed similarity to known viral proteins, spanning 13 viral families including both DNA and RNA viruses. Because several DNA virus-related sequences were recovered from the dataset, we further focussed on CRESS-DNA virus-related sequences and members of the family Parvoviridae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three CRESS-DNA virus-related sequences clustered within Smacoviridae and Genomoviridae, while two Parvoviridae genomes were assigned to Brevihamaparvovirus and Protoparvovirus. These findings provide a metagenomic overview of the Ae. albopictus-associated virome in Anhui Province and provide baseline information on mosquito-associated DNA virus-related sequences in this region.</p>","PeriodicalId":51212,"journal":{"name":"Virus Genes","volume":" ","pages":"533-541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148240611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reverse genetics strategies for coronaviruses: platform construction and applications in vaccine development.","authors":"Yuhang Jia, Xinyu Han, Yuchen Ma, Xinjuan Wang, Yunzhu Yang, Aohan Zhang, Ke Ding, Songbiao Chen","doi":"10.1007/s11262-026-02249-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11262-026-02249-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The continuous emergence of novel coronaviruses, characterized by high mutation rates and frequent recombination events, poses severe threats to global \"One Health.\" Notably, the recent outbreak of the recombinant feline coronavirus (FCoV-23) and the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 variants underscore the urgent need to understand viral pathogenesis and cross-species transmission mechanisms. Reverse genetics technology serves as a critical platform for bridging genomic sequencing to functional virology, enabling targeted mutagenesis and the generation of recombinant viruses. However, the construction of reverse genetics systems for coronaviruses is often hampered by their exceptionally large genomes and the instability of viral cDNA sequences in bacterial hosts due to cytotoxicity. This review moves beyond a simple enumeration of methods to systematically compare current reverse genetics strategies-including in vitro ligation, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) systems, and transformation-associated recombination (TAR)-across different viral genera. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the application of these platforms in deciphering pathogenic mechanisms and developing next-generation vaccines, with a specific focus on overcoming technical bottlenecks and designing broad-spectrum countermeasures against emerging cross-species threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":51212,"journal":{"name":"Virus Genes","volume":" ","pages":"428-445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148240569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting in SARS-CoV-2: molecular mechanisms and implications for antiviral targeting.","authors":"Zyanya Bravo-Hernández, Luis Márquez-Domínguez, Lenin Domínguez-Ramírez, Claudia F Martínez-de la Peña, Gerardo Santos-López","doi":"10.1007/s11262-026-02248-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11262-026-02248-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome is organized into two functional regions. The 5' region comprises an open reading frame (ORF1a) that encodes the polyprotein pp1a and, through a programmed frameshifting event, enables the production of the extended polyprotein pp1ab. These polyproteins are processed by the viral proteases 3CLpro and PLpro into 16 nonstructural proteins (nsps). Nsps 1-11 participate in polyprotein processing, formation, and regulation of the replication-transcription complex, and modulation of host immune responses. Nsps 12-16 form the core of the viral RNA synthesis machinery and are primarily associated with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity, proofreading, capping, and RNA modification, while also functioning in coordination with additional nsps. The 3' functional region of the genome encodes structural (S, E, M, and N) and accessory proteins (e.g., 3a, 6, 7a, 8, and 9b) that contribute to viral assembly, replication efficiency, and pathogenicity. Synthesis of pp1ab depends on a programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1 PRF) event mediated by cis-acting RNA elements that induce a one-nucleotide shift in the 5' direction of the ribosome. This mechanism is critical for maintaining the stoichiometric balance of replication proteins. Here, we review recent current insights into the molecular mechanisms and structural dynamics of -1 PRF in SARS-CoV-2 and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target for antiviral intervention across clinically relevant coronaviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":51212,"journal":{"name":"Virus Genes","volume":" ","pages":"418-427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148207000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of reovirus reassortants with enhanced oncolytic activity in human fibrosarcoma cells.","authors":"Charlotte V Dagli, J Ryder Hutchinson, Alice K Efremov, Efraín E Rivera-Serrano","doi":"10.1007/s11262-026-02239-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11262-026-02239-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fibrosarcoma is a rare, clinically aggressive soft-tissue sarcoma that can be difficult to treat once advanced, highlighting the need for new therapeutic strategies. Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging approach that uses replication-competent viruses to selectively infect and lyse tumor cells while stimulating antitumor immune responses. Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is an attractive candidate due to its generally benign clinical profile and capacity to replicate in many cancer cells. Reoviruses exhibit substantial genetic diversity arising from mutations and reassortment of their segmented genomes during co-infection, enabling the emergence of variants with distinct phenotypes. However, most preclinical and clinical studies have relied on a single prototype strain (T3D; clinically formulated as pelareorep), leaving open the possibility that other variants may exhibit superior activity in rare cancers. Using an in vitro screen, HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells were infected with a diverse panel of parental and reassortant reoviruses and assessed for cytopathicity and infectivity. One reassortant emerged as a top-performing candidate, combining robust infectivity with pronounced cytotoxicity and increased viral protein accumulation over time compared with a prototype strain. Pharmacologic pathway interrogation indicated that virus-induced cytopathicity in this model was predominantly caspase-dependent, supporting apoptosis as the primary mode of cell death rather than necroptosis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that reassortant reoviruses can markedly enhance oncolytic activity in fibrosarcoma cells relative to commonly used strains, motivating broader evaluation of genetically diverse reoviruses across additional sarcoma models and in combination regimens to optimize therapeutic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":51212,"journal":{"name":"Virus Genes","volume":" ","pages":"542-547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147864720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome mining expands the diversity of Antonospora locustae virus 1-like viruses in the family Amalgaviridae.","authors":"Dongjin Choi, Seungwoo Baek, Myeung Seok Choi, Yoonsoo Hahn","doi":"10.1007/s11262-026-02265-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11262-026-02265-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The family Amalgaviridae comprises double-stranded RNA viruses with two partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), in which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is expressed through programmed ribosomal frameshifting. Antonospora locustae virus 1 (AnloV1), the founding member of the proposed genus \"Anlovirus\", represents a poorly characterized viral lineage because only a limited number of genome sequences have been reported. Here, we systematically mined publicly available transcriptome datasets and identified 13 AnloV1-like genome sequences from four insect species and one mammalian fecal sample. Pairwise sequence comparisons indicated that these genomes represent nine putative viral species, substantially expanding the diversity of this lineage. Comparative genomic analyses showed that all newly identified viruses possess two overlapping ORFs and a highly conserved UUU_CNN motif at the ORF1/ORF2 overlap, further supporting this sequence as the consensus +1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting motif of the proposed genus \"Anlovirus\". Phylogenetic analysis recovered a well-supported AnloV1-like clade distinct from the recognized genera of the family Amalgaviridae, providing additional evidence for the proposed genus \"Anlovirus\". Transcriptome datasets from all four insect species also contained transcripts with high similarity to microsporidian proteins, suggesting that at least some AnloV1-like viruses may infect microsporidian parasites rather than the sampled animals. These findings substantially expand the genomic resources available for AnloV1-like viruses and provide an evolutionary framework that may facilitate the future establishment and classification of the proposed genus \"Anlovirus\".</p>","PeriodicalId":51212,"journal":{"name":"Virus Genes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148632683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}