Cellulose最新文献

{"title":"Harnessing AI-RSM to improve the mechanical and optical properties of Kraft pulp during the refining process","authors":"Youssef Elrhayam,&nbsp;Fatima Ezzahra Bennani,&nbsp;Mohamed Allaoui,&nbsp;Omar Berradi,&nbsp;Brahim Sallek,&nbsp;Abderrahim El Bachiri","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07151-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07151-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Adaptive neuro-fuzzy is a hybrid learning algorithm used for function approximation problems; this technique consolidates both artificial neural networks and response surface methodology to optimize the individual and interactive effects of independent parameters. The parameters under consideration include percentage of sulfidity, Kappa number, and refining intensity. These are utilized as inputs for the development of models based on artificial intelligence. The proposed response surface scheme is employed in the context of mechanical and optical properties of paper pulp. The properties of interest include tear index, opacity, and permeability, which are the outputs of the process. The chemical structure of Kraft pulp was characterized through the utilization of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Subsequently, a dynamometer, tear meter, chip counter, micrometer, and densometer were utilized to assess the quality of pulp during the refining process. The findings indicate that the adaptive neuro-fuzzy model provides optimal conditions, characterized by a % sulfidity of 20%, a kappa number of 16.20, and a refining intensity of 33.00°SR. It is predicted that these conditions will yield specific responses, including a tear index of 43.9 g/m², an opacity of 84.8%, and a permeability of 4.6 cm³/s Pa m². The experimental results obtained were consistent with the theoretical findings, as evidenced by the following parameters: The T.I. was found to be 43 g/Nm², the Op was 84.5%, and the A.P. was 4.25 cm³/s·Pa·m². The findings of this study indicated that artificial intelligence exhibited efficacy in predicting these properties, as evidenced by the low residual sum of squares and mean square error for the predicted values. Finally, the structural characterization facilitated the identification of the primary characteristic bands of the refined pulp and the crystalline index of the pulp, which was determined to be 51.00%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 10","pages":"6101 - 6130"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellulose nanofibers aid self-healing flushable wet wipes","authors":"Luke Berger,&nbsp;Rakibul Hossain,&nbsp;Islam Hafez,&nbsp;Mehdi Tajvidi","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07150-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07150-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing demand for disposable cleaning wipes, the environmental concerns associated with their disposal, and the petroleum-based nature of nonwoven substrates necessitate the development of biodegradable, flushable, high-performance alternatives. A novel approach was taken in this study to prepare eco-friendly, flushable, nonwoven cellulose nanofibril (CNF)- reinforced polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite substrates for wet wipe applications. These substrates were made using a simple freeze-drying technique with varying proportions of CNFs and PVA. The influence of CNF content on the substrate’s microstructure and properties was studied using a range of tests, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), water absorption, alcohol retention, tensile strength, and flushability test. SEM results showed that the substrates had a porous structure, and the pore size increased with increasing CNF content. All substrates had excellent alcohol retention properties compared to commercial wipes. The addition of CNFs improved water absorption, flushability, thermal stability, and alcohol retention properties. At 40 wt.% CNF content or above, the substrates had water absorption capacities equal to or higher than those of commercial substrates. The tensile strength and modulus decreased when CNFs were added up to 30 wt.%, but these attributes improved when the CNF level reached 40 wt.% or above. The tensile strength decreased significantly when the substrates were saturated with water, with the drop more pronounced as the CNF content increased. The composite substrates exhibited self-healing properties, albeit with reduced tensile strength compared to the uncut samples. Substrates with 50 wt.% CNFs or more were fully flushable. Overall, the CNF/PVA composite substrates developed in this study exhibit numerous remarkable properties and hold great potential as an alternative to conventional wet wipes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 10","pages":"6043 - 6057"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS multi-objective optimization of linseed oil treated coir geotextile for road pavement applications","authors":"Dinesh Bhatia,&nbsp; Kavita,&nbsp;Prashant Thakur,&nbsp;Sachin Patiyal","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07149-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07149-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the influence of various parameters during treatment of coir geotextiles with linseed for their application in road pavement applications. 15 different samples of coir geotextiles were prepared using the Box-Behnken design by varying the material-to-liquor ratio (M:L), temperature and time during treatment with linseed. Untreated and treated coir geotextiles were evaluated for the California bearing ratio (CBR), water absorption capacity (WAC), adhesion interface friction angle (IFA) and tensile strength in the warp and weft directions (TS) to analyse the effect of linseed treatment. FTIR and SEM analyses were carried out to confirm the effect of linseed treatment on coir geotextile. The statistical analysis (ANOVA) confirmed that parameters varied during treatment and significantly influenced the examined properties for road pavement applications. Triangular fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) techniques were used to calculate weight for attributes and corresponding rank for each evaluated alternative of treated coir geotextiles, respectively. The selected coir geotextile sample using MADM techniques (1:30 M:L ratio, 40 °C, 20 min) demonstrates a 32.94% increase in CBR, 40.86% improvement in adhesion, 17.89% higher interface friction angle, and over 100% increase in tensile strength (warp), while reducing water absorption by 58.33%. FTIR and SEM analyses revealed that the treated coir geotextiles showed significant surface alterations and improvements in comparison to untreated coir geotextiles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 10","pages":"6025 - 6041"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure and electronic properties of zirconium- and hafnium-ion functionalized cellulose nanofibrils","authors":"Lucas Repecka Alves,&nbsp;Giovanni Miraveti Carriello,&nbsp;Guilherme Manassés Pegoraro,&nbsp;Thaís de Agrella Janolla,&nbsp;Henrique Solowej Medeiros Lopes,&nbsp;Amanda Stefanie Jabur de Assis,&nbsp;Ahmed Amer Flayeh,&nbsp;Roberta Ranielle Matos de Freitas,&nbsp;Vagner Roberto Botaro,&nbsp;Maira de Lourdes Rezende,&nbsp;Giovanni Pimenta Mambrini,&nbsp;Aparecido Junior de Menezes","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07139-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07139-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the functionalization of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) with zirconium (Zr⁴⁺) and hafnium (Hf⁴⁺) ions to tailor their structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. CNFs were initially activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and subsequently treated with zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (ZrOCl₂·8H₂O) or hafnium oxychloride octahydrate (HfOCl₂·8H₂O) at two stoichiometric ratios (2:1 and 4:1, [OH⁻]:metal). Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) revealed that the 2:1 ratio yielded a denser and more homogeneous surface coverage, with metals highly concentrated at the surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated significant amorphization, particularly for Hf⁴⁺ treated samples, where crystallinity indices decreased by over 30%. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies confirmed the preservation of the cellulose backbone integrity despite the induction of local structural disorder. While thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) evidenced reduced thermal stability, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated that Hf⁴⁺-functionalized samples, especially at the 2:1 ratio, exhibited enhanced stiffness and damping. Additionally, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) indicated a narrowing of the optical band gap following metal incorporation. These findings underscore the tunability of CNF-based materials via Zr⁴⁺ and Hf⁴⁺ functionalization, paving the way for applications in advanced composites, coatings, and sustainable technologies.Author names: Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Author 1 Given name: [Lucas Repecka] Last name [Alves]; Author 2 Given name: [Giovanni Miraveti] Last name [Carriello]; Author 3 Given name: [Guilherme Manassés] Last name [Pegoraro]; Author 4 Given name: [Thaís de Agrella] Last name [Janolla]; Author 5 Given name: [Henrique Solowej Medeiros] Last name [Lopes]; Author 6 Given name: [Amanda Stefanie Jabur de] Last name [Assis]; Author 7 Given name: [Ahmed Amer] Last name [Flayeh]; Author 8 Given name: [Roberta Ranielle Matos de] Last name [Freitas]; Author 9 Given name: [Vagner Roberto] Last name [Botaro]; Author 10 Given name: [Maira de] Last name [Lourdes Rezende]; Author 11 Given name: [Giovanni Pimenta] Last name [Mambrini]; Author 12 Given name: [Aparecido Junior de] Last name [Menezes]. Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct.We corrected the last name of Thaís de Agrella Janolla.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 10","pages":"5843 - 5864"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10570-026-07139-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of nitrogen content and thermal stability in nitrocellulose","authors":"Yang Li,&nbsp;Honglei Fan,&nbsp;Shiying Li,&nbsp;Congyong Cheng,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Wu,&nbsp;Zhongliang Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07143-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07143-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Waste munitions-grade nitrocellulose (NC), a cellulose-based energetic polymer, exhibits high nitrogen content and poor thermal stability, posing significant challenges for its sustainable utilization. In this work, a hydrazine hydrate/ethanol aqueous system is proposed as a controllable denitration strategy to precisely regulate the nitrogen content of NC, thereby enabling the adjustment of its molecular structure and thermal behavior. In ethanol-assisted hydrazine hydrolysis, nitrate groups are selectively removed while the polymer backbone remains intact, and the nitrogen content decreases from 12.83 to 11.60%. The activation energy of thermal decomposition increases from 181.58 ± 9.73 to 277.40 ± 15.41 kJ mol^-1, confirming a significant enhancement in thermal stability. DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations together demonstrate that ethanol enhances the interaction between hydrazine hydrate and the nitrate ester groups of NC, thereby significantly promoting the denitration reaction. Overall, this work provides a safe and effective approach for transforming waste NC into thermally stable polymeric materials, offering new insights into the controlled modification and resource recovery of nitrate-ester-functionalized polymers.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 10","pages":"5743 - 5758"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in lignocellulosic coconut fiber biocomposites and their industrial applications","authors":"H. S. N. Hawanis,&nbsp;R. A. Ilyas,&nbsp;Vasi Uddin Siddiqui,&nbsp;Tan Gi Ning,&nbsp;Muhammad Nazif Md Nasir,&nbsp;Anis Ireena Kamarul’ Zaman,&nbsp;S. M. Sapuan,&nbsp;Willy Artha Wirawan,&nbsp;Faris M. AL-Oqla,&nbsp;Khubab Shaker,&nbsp;Mavinkere Rangappa Sanjay,&nbsp;Suchart Siengchin","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07142-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07142-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The depletion of petroleum resources and escalating plastic pollution have intensified the search for sustainable alternatives, positioning agricultural waste as a vital resource for eco-friendly material development. This review critically assesses the potential of coconut (<i>Cocos nucifera</i>) waste fibers emerged as a rich source of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and as a renewable reinforcement for biocomposites. The primary objectives are to: (1) analyze the composition, structure, and key properties of coconut fibers; (2) evaluate advanced chemical, physical, and biological treatments for enhancing fiber-matrix compatibility emphasizing the of cellulose; and (3) explore their successful incorporation into biopolymer composites, highlighting improvements in mechanical, thermal, and morphological performance. The review comprehensively documents applications spanning biodegradable packaging, automotive components, and construction materials, demonstrating the fiber’s versatility. Furthermore, it identifies key challenges, including hydrophilicity, variability, and durability, which currently limit wider adoption. The review concludes by outlining a future research roadmap, emphasizing the need for advanced surface engineering, hybrid reinforcement strategies, standardized processing protocols, and comprehensive life-cycle assessments to fully realize the potential of lignocellulosic coconut fibers in advancing the next generation of sustainable materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 10","pages":"5631 - 5670"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anion and cation effects of alkyl sulfonic acid functionalized Brønsted acid ionic liquids on production of cellulose nanocrystals","authors":"Ramón Pita,&nbsp;Felipe Olea,&nbsp;Ricardo A. Tapia,&nbsp;Paulina Pavez","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07146-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07146-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Twelve alkyl sulfonic acid functionalized Brønsted Ionic Liquids (BAILs) and their aqueous mixtures (BAIL:Water) were synthesized and evaluated as solvents and acid catalysts for the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to produce cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The functionalized BAILs synthesized include various anions (Cl⁻, HSO₄⁻, H₂PO₄⁻), two different cations (imidazolium and pyridinium), and cationic alkyl chains of different lengths (C3, C4). This work examined how structural features influence physicochemical properties, such as acidity and polarity, and in turn, CNC yield and nanomaterial characteristics. Moreover, the presence of the sulfonic acid group (–SO₃H) attached to the cation is emphasized as a key factor in enhancing the acid-catalyzed conversion of cellulose. A Taguchi Design of Experiments (DOE) identified optimal experimental conditions (60 °C, 2 h, 90:10 BAIL:Water Ratio (BWR), 10 wt% MCC loading). Under these conditions, BAILs were systematically assessed, showing that structural variations and water content modulate solvent polarity and acidity, thereby affecting hydrolysis efficiency. The CNCs produced were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate that changes in solvent structure and physicochemical parameters impact not only CNC yield but also the final properties of the nanomaterial. These insights provide a solid foundation for the rational design of more efficient solvents and catalysts for CNC production.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 10","pages":"5821 - 5842"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148853891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable ecological perceptions of functional cellulose-derived hydrogels: a comprehensive review","authors":"Selvaganapathy Muthusamy,&nbsp;Pravin Narayanaperumal","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07144-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07144-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cellulose-derived hydrogels (CDHs) have emerged as promising materials for environmental sustainability due to their renewable, biodegradable, and eco-friendly nature. Derived from natural cellulose, these hydrogels exhibit unique properties such as high-water absorption, biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry, making them ideal for various environmental applications. This review focuses on the potential of CDHs in addressing key environmental challenges, including water purification, soil enhancement, waste management and as slow releasing fertilizer. In water treatment, CDHs have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in adsorbing heavy metals, dyes, and organic pollutants from wastewater, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional adsorbents. Their ability to retain and release water makes them valuable in agriculture, where they can improve soil moisture content and facilitate the controlled release of agrochemicals, thus reducing irrigation frequency and minimizing environmental contamination. Additionally, CDHs show promise in waste management as absorbents for oil spills and hazardous substances, with the added benefit of biodegradability, reducing long-term environmental impact. Despite their potential, challenges such as scalability, cost, and optimization for specific applications remain. This review explores recent advancements in the synthesis and functionalization of CDHs to enhance their environmental performance, along with the integration of these materials into holistic environmental management strategies. By highlighting the versatile applications and sustainable nature of CDHs, this paper aims to underscore their role in promoting eco-friendly practices and contributing to a sustainable future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 10","pages":"5671 - 5694"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of substitution pattern, surface polarity, and temperature in modulating xylan-cellulose interactions","authors":"Ankit Joshi,&nbsp;Madhulika Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07133-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07133-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Xylan-cellulose interactions are key to plant secondary cell wall organization and biomass recalcitrance. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations at 300 and 400 K, we examine the conformational dynamics of xylans with mixed O2/O3 acetylation patterns (2AcX_O3 and 3AcX_O2) on (110) hydrophilic and (100) hydrophobic cellulose surfaces. At ambient temperatures, 3AcX_O2 favors twofold screw conformations on hydrophobic surfaces, while both xylans preferentially adopt unstable threefold screw conformations on hydrophilic surfaces, resulting in desorption. Elevated temperature enhances conformational flexibility and promotes the stabilization of twofold screw conformations on hydrophobic cellulose surfaces, where migration from hydrophilic to hydrophobic surfaces enhances adhesion via hydrogen bonds. These findings reveal that acetylation position dictates surface-specific anchoring, with O2 stabilizing polar interactions and O3 disrupting hydrophobic adhesion. These results demonstrate that xylan conformations and their stability on cellulose are jointly regulated by acetylation pattern, surface polarity, and temperature, providing mechanistic insights into the molecular basis of plant cell wall assembly. These findings have implications for designing strategies to tailor substitution patterns and exploit thermal processing to modulate cellulose accessibility, thereby improving biomass deconstruction and bioenergy applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 10","pages":"5721 - 5741"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148854724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lignocellulosic almond shell nanocomposites embedded with biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles: structural and antibacterial properties","authors":"Büşra Şensoy Gün,&nbsp;Arife Kübra Yontar","doi":"10.1007/s10570-026-07145-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10570-026-07145-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using lignin-rich almond (<i>Prunus dulcis</i>) shell extract, environmentally friendly lignocellulosic nanocomposites embedded with biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles (γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs) were synthesized via a biogenic, waste-derived approach. The nanocomposites were prepared in both calcined and uncalcined forms and characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, and FTIR analyses. Furthermore, the almond shell extract involved in the synthesis of the nanoparticles was analyzed by GC-MS. The uncalcined sample exhibited a γ-Fe₂O₃ (maghemite) phase embedded in a semi-amorphous lignocellulosic matrix. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) tests were performed against <i>Escherichia coli</i> ATCC 35218 and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> ATCC 27853. The uncalcined nanocomposite provided inhibition of <i>E. coli</i> at 50 ppm and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> at 100 ppm, while the calcined form showed inhibition at higher concentrations of 100 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively. Raw almond shell powder, however, showed inhibition only against <i>E. coli</i> (100 ppm). Furthermore, in the agar well diffusion test, the raw almond shell and the calcined nanocomposite showed no antibacterial zones, whereas the uncalcined nanocomposite produced a larger inhibition zone (20 ± 0.06 mm) compared to the positive control, chlorhexidine (13 ± 0.06 mm), under the tested conditions. The superior antibacterial performance of the uncalcined nanocomposite is attributed to the combined effects of γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs and almond shell–derived lignocellulosic and phenolic compounds. Calcination was employed as a controlled comparative process to elucidate the contribution of biomass-derived components to nanoparticle stabilization and antibacterial activity. These findings highlight almond shells as a sustainable biomass resource for the biogenic synthesis of functional nanocomposites with promising antibacterial potential.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":511,"journal":{"name":"Cellulose","volume":"33 10","pages":"5887 - 5909"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}