Social Studies of Science最新文献_第2页

From the bench to public policy: Enhancing public trust in science. 从法官到公共政策：增强公众对科学的信任。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241310587

Shobita Parthasarathy

引用次数: 0

Coordinating uncertainty in the political economy of cyber threat intelligence. 协调网络威胁情报政治经济中的不确定性。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241299132

Rebecca Slayton, Lilly Muller

{"title":"Coordinating uncertainty in the political economy of cyber threat intelligence.","authors":"Rebecca Slayton, Lilly Muller","doi":"10.1177/03063127241299132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127241299132","url":null,"abstract":"Cyber threat intelligence firms play a powerful role in producing knowledge, uncertainty, and ignorance about threats to organizations and governments globally. Drawing on historical and ethnographic methods, we show how cyber threat intelligence analysts navigate distinctive types of uncertainty as they transform digital traces into marketable products and services. We make two related contributions and arguments. First, building on STS research on uncertainty and ignorance, we articulate two kinds of uncertainty and their potential to interact. Coordinative uncertainty emerges from socially and technologically distributed processes of producing, interpreting, and reporting data that emerges when analysts create standards to make data travel. However, standards can be exploited by intelligent adversaries behaving in deliberately unpredictable ways. We argue that efforts to reduce coordinative uncertainty through standardization can thus ironically increase opportunities for adversarial uncertainty, creating a potential tradeoff. Second, we aim to show how STS can deepen and integrate studies of international security and political economy, by providing an example of how the geopolitical structuring of private industry shapes the science and technology that industry produces. In particular, we argue that the political economy of the cyber threat intelligence industry tends to produce relatively little knowledge about cyber operations that are conducted by governments in the U.S. and its allies, and more about cyber operations conducted by adversaries of U.S. and allied governments. We conclude with a reflection on the broader significance of these findings for the ways that coordinative and adversarial uncertainties refract through the political economies of technoscience.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"3063127241299132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Making expert advice public in a time of emergency: Independent SAGE and the contestation of science during the Covid pandemic in the UK. 在紧急情况下公开专家建议：独立的SAGE和英国Covid大流行期间的科学争论。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241309071

Noortje Marres, Matías Valderrama Barragán

{"title":"Making expert advice public in a time of emergency: Independent SAGE and the contestation of science during the Covid pandemic in the UK.","authors":"Noortje Marres, Matías Valderrama Barragán","doi":"10.1177/03063127241309071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127241309071","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a situational analysis of the expert advice offered by Independent SAGE, a group of scientists that formed in May 2020 in the UK to provide advice on the Covid response. Based on interviews with the group's members and partners, we argue that through its interventions Indie SAGE demonstrated an important alternative approach to linking science and politics in a time of emergency. They showed that the only way to ensure that policy and decision-making on Covid-19 was grounded in knowledge was by making expert advice public. Indie SAGE's decision to 'go public' was a response to the political situation in the UK, one in which scientific advice, in particular public health expertise, was being ignored, sidelined and contested as such. We identify four rationales for making expert advice public: openness, calling out, translation, and responsive engagement. We describe associated modes of intervention that Indie SAGE adopted in relation to different critical situations of Covid-19. Distinctive about their advice, we argue, is its prioritization of situational adequacy. Much of it was explicitly oriented towards addressing practical and existential challenges experienced by particular social groups, professions and everyday publics. We argue that this way of making science public in an 'ontological' register acquires critical importance in a political situation like the UK Covid response, which was marked not just by disagreements about science but growing contestation of science as such. In this respect, our study holds a wider lesson for the understanding of the role of evidence in public politics. To advocate for evidence-based governance, as Indie SAGE did, is not necessarily to endorse a post-political vision of government. When science is contested in a time of emergency, making evidence public becomes a key means for responding to the demands of situations. It is not only pragmatic but a critical accomplishment.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"3063127241309071"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can democracy save children's lives? Addressing the constitutional problem of expertise. 民主能拯救儿童的生命吗？解决专业知识的宪法问题。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241310461

Brice Laurent

引用次数: 0

Right data, wrong data: Statistical sampling and the making of modern agriculture in India. 正确的数据，错误的数据：统计抽样和印度现代农业的形成。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241307947

Madhumita Saha

{"title":"Right data, wrong data: Statistical sampling and the making of modern agriculture in India.","authors":"Madhumita Saha","doi":"10.1177/03063127241307947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127241307947","url":null,"abstract":"The size of India's food deficit became a pressing question for the Indian state in the early years of independence. As different organizations, government bodies, and individuals debated over the ways, means, and expertise needed to tide over the food crisis, policymakers realized that the primary requirement was to have a numerical understanding of the problem. Data became crucial to accurately assess production trends and compare them with requirements. This article looks into the use of statistical methods, particularly, random sampling and production estimation through a crop-cutting technique. Exploring the statistical survey work done by P.C. Mahalanobis in Bengal from the late years of colonial rule to the surveys conducted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research under the supervision of P.V. Sukhatme and V.G. Panse, the article analyzes how different factors, such as varying revenue systems of different regions and administrative structures, power struggles amongst statisticians, and leverage gained by Indian statisticians from support they received from better known British counterparts, all played a role in determining the nature of statistical tools adopted in India to measure its food production. Inaccurate data continued to be a challenge for the Indian state until well into the late 1950s, and that can now be explained in terms of this discord between Mahalanobis-led Kolkata-ISI and the ICAR of Sukhatme's time. India continued to follow different methods of statistical survey of foodcrops, thus, the scientific/political establishment always struggled with the apprehension that they did not have the 'right' data to come up with the correct assessment of the scene.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"3063127241307947"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Postcolonial technoscience revisited. 重新审视后殖民技术科学。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241303778

Cameron Hu

引用次数: 0

A precision immuno-oncology turn? Hybridizing cancer genomics and immunotherapy through neoantigens-based adoptive cell therapies 精准免疫肿瘤学转向？杂交癌症基因组学和免疫疗法通过新抗原为基础的过继细胞疗法

IF 3 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241303720

Luca Chiapperino, Nils Graber, Francesco Panese

{"title":"A precision immuno-oncology turn? Hybridizing cancer genomics and immunotherapy through neoantigens-based adoptive cell therapies","authors":"Luca Chiapperino, Nils Graber, Francesco Panese","doi":"10.1177/03063127241303720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127241303720","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the development of T cell-based therapies in Switzerland. These therapies, which elicit the immunological potential of each patient to respond to tumor development, constitute a major promise for so-called ‘precision oncology’. We document how immunological concepts, technologies, and practices are articulated given the centrality of genomics in ‘precision oncology’. We consider ‘precision immunotherapies’ to probe whether and how change ensues in these established sociotechnical regimes of biomedicine. The case of genomics and immunology in oncology offers a unique insight into the conditions of possibility for change in such regimes. How does the present new wave of cancer immunotherapies challenge, integrate, and complement the centrality of genomics in ‘precision oncology’? What are the specific processes that make possible the convergence, competition, or co-existence of distinct conceptions, infrastructures, and programs of innovative cancer medicine? Drawing from observations and interviews with researchers and clinicians, we qualify these sociotechnical processes as hybridizations. Bringing together different sociotechnical regimes of biomedical research is conditional to the articulation of core concepts, technologies, and translational practices of genomics and immunology. Pivotal to this objective are neoantigens, cell surface proteins originating from the somatic genetic mutations of tumors and which activate a patient’s immune response. While neoantigens are an unstable entity in experimentation, they offer a conceptual and material substrate to renegotiate the dominance of cancer genomics, and initiate the production of a new, hybrid regime of ‘immunogenomic precision’ in oncology.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":"252 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unboxing the imaginary: Typology of future imagination techniques in high-tech development. 打开想象的盒子：高科技发展中未来想象技术的类型学。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-11 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241300625

Limor Samimian-Darash, Amit Sheniak, Nir Rotem

{"title":"Unboxing the imaginary: Typology of future imagination techniques in high-tech development.","authors":"Limor Samimian-Darash, Amit Sheniak, Nir Rotem","doi":"10.1177/03063127241300625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127241300625","url":null,"abstract":"When the future is connected to the term 'imagination', it is generally presented through the concept of the 'imaginary'-that is, an image of the future that is related to a grand social image. In this article, we discuss the concept of sociotechnical imaginaries and argue that although this concept provides a needed perspective that allows scholars to unpack imaginaries associated with technological futures, it often features very broad concepts, hindering investigation of the ongoing dynamics of the actual acts of imagining and imagination. In contrast, we are interested in examining the processes and practices of imagination of socio-technical futures. Attempting to extend and deepen the development of this prevalent approach in STS, we make three incremental claims. First, future imaginaries should be addressed as a product of a process of imagination, not just in their final stable states. Second, exploring the process of future imagination reveals the effect of different temporalities-patterns of future imagination that expand the common singular far-future imaginary. Third, using a temporality-based analysis, we can identify different future planning techniques and practices in terms of their levels of formality and institutionalization.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"3063127241300625"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hearts and minds: The technopolitical role of affect in sociotechnical imaginaries. 心与心：情感在社会技术想象中的技术政治作用。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241257489

Stephen Hughes

{"title":"Hearts and minds: The technopolitical role of affect in sociotechnical imaginaries.","authors":"Stephen Hughes","doi":"10.1177/03063127241257489","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127241257489","url":null,"abstract":"Sociotechnical imaginaries (SIs) have emerged as a popular and generative concept within Science and Technology Studies (STS). This article draws out the affective component of SIs, combining a review of relevant literatures with an empirical case study of an anti-fracking imaginary in Ireland to suggest how we might theorize an affective technopolitics of SIs. The literature review identifies three key aspects of SIs that would benefit from a more coherent conceptualization of affect: the utopian, productive, and collectivizing dimensions of imaginaries. Emotions such as desire and fear appear prominently in the SI literature, but in ways that require development. Using empirical examples from my research, I outline what this developed understanding of emotions in imaginaries might look like. I examine the role that emotions played in the development and settlement of an anti-fracking imaginary in Ireland, highlighting how the intensive, multimodal, and dynamic nature of affect underpinned the productive, collective, and utopian dimensions of the SI. I conclude with some remarks about how this developed theory of emotion positions STS researchers to address issues of humanity, representation, and the building of better worlds.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"907-930"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11590381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141263266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Population curation: The construction of mutual obligation between individual and state in Danish precision medicine. 人口策展：丹麦精准医疗中个人与国家之间相互义务的构建。

IF 2.9 2区社会学

Social Studies of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241255971

Iben M Gjødsbøl, Jeanette Bresson Ladegaard Knox, Lea Skovgaard, Mette N Svendsen

{"title":"Population curation: The construction of mutual obligation between individual and state in Danish precision medicine.","authors":"Iben M Gjødsbøl, Jeanette Bresson Ladegaard Knox, Lea Skovgaard, Mette N Svendsen","doi":"10.1177/03063127241255971","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127241255971","url":null,"abstract":"How do precision medicine initiatives (re)organize relations between individuals and populations? In this article, we investigate how the curation of national genomic populations enacts communities and, in so doing, constructs mutual obligation between individuals and the state. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in the Danish National Genome Center (DNGC), we show how members of advisory bodies negotiated the inclusion criteria for two different genomic populations: a patient genome population and an envisioned 'Danish' reference genome population. The patient genome population was curated through a politics of inclusion, of as many genomes as possible, whereas the reference genome was to be curated through a politics of exclusion, to include only the genomes of 'ethnic' Danes. These two data populations configure differently the community of 'Danish patients' who might benefit from precision medicine, and thereby prescribe different moral continuities between person, state, and territory. We argue that the DNGC's patient genome population reinforces reciprocal relations of obligations and responsibility between the Danish welfare state and all individuals, while the proposed Danish reference genome population privileges the state's commitment to individuals with biographical-territorial belonging to the nation-state. Drawing on scholarship on social and health citizenship, as well as data solidarity in the Nordics, the discussion shows how population curation in national precision medicine initiatives might both construct and stratify political obligation. Whereas STS scholarship has previously deconstructed the concept of 'population', in the context of the troubling and violent effects of the management of human populations, we point to the importance of population curation as a vehicle for making the individual legible as part of a community to which the state is responsible and for which it is committed to care.","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"883-906"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11590390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141181426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0