Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Investigating Serum miRNA Levels in Autistic Children with and without Bipolar Disorder: A Case-Control Study.","authors":"Hüsna Kaan, Ali Karayağmurlu, Canan Küçükgergin, İlknur Bingül, Nusret Soylu","doi":"10.29399/npa.29202","DOIUrl":"10.29399/npa.29202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The presence of bipolar disorder (BD) in individuals with ASD exacerbates social and cognitive impairments, complicates diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of specific miRNAs between children with ASD with and without BD, and to explore their association with BD comorbidity in ASD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A group of 41 pediatric patients with comorbid ASD + BD and a group of 47 pediatric patients with ASD without BD were included in the study. Serum miRNA levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, focusing specifically on miRNAs such as miR-132-5p, miR-134-5p, miR-206, and miR-126-5p.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ASD + BD group exhibited significantly greater ASD severity than the ASD without BD group. Serum levels of miR-134-5p, miR-206, and miR-126-5p were all higher in the ASD + BD group than in the ASD without BD group (p=0.038, p=0.023, and p=0.026, respectively), while miR-132-5p levels were not significantly different (p=0.105). Furthermore, miR-134-5p levels were correlated with the frequency of manic episodes in the ASD + BD group (p=0.007).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study findings suggest that miRNAs may be involved in the pathophysiology of comorbid BD in children with ASD and may potentially represent candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis and intervention, thus contributing to improved clinical outcomes in this population. Further research is now needed to validate these findings and to understand the underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":51142,"journal":{"name":"Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry","volume":"63 ","pages":"502-509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148714517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Use of Interleukin-6 Blockade in Neuroimmunological Disorders.","authors":"Merve Erdal, Aylin Arı, Ahmed Serkan Emekli, Nihan Çarçak Yılmaz, Murat Kürtüncü","doi":"10.29399/npa.29355","DOIUrl":"10.29399/npa.29355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a critical role in immune regulation, host defense, and tissue repair. Within the central nervous system (CNS), IL-6 contributes to both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation, depending on the signaling pathway involved; classic signaling, trans-signaling, or trans-presentation. Dysregulation of IL-6, particularly through sustained overexpression, disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, promotes glial activation, and amplifies chronic inflammation, thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of numerous neurological disorders. This review aims to evaluate the role of IL-6 in neuroinflammatory processes and its clinical implications across a spectrum of neurological diseases. It focuses on the therapeutic potential and safety profile of IL-6 inhibitors, particularly tocilizumab and satralizumab. Key conditions discussed include neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease (MOGAD), autoimmune encephalitis (AE), neuro-Behçet's disease (NBD), myasthenia gravis (MG), epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of IL-6 receptor blockade in reducing relapse rates in NMOSD, leading to regulatory approvals. Promising off-label results have also been reported in treatment-resistant cases of MOGAD, epilepsy, and autoimmune conditions. However, IL-6 inhibition carries risks such as serious infections and paradoxical inflammatory reactions. Targeting the IL-6 pathway represents a significant advancement in neuroimmunology, offering new therapeutic opportunities for otherwise refractory conditions. Future research should focus on large-scale randomized controlled trials and the development of IL-6 inhibitors capable of crossing the BBB to enhance CNS-specific efficacy. Cost-related accessibility also remains a major challenge for broader clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":51142,"journal":{"name":"Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry","volume":"63 ","pages":"482-494"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148714447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Epigenetic Mechanisms of High-Frequency rTMS in the Treatment of Major Depression: A Brief Report of Current Evidence.","authors":"Büşra Teke, Reyhan İlhan, Muhammed Taha Esmeray, Mehmet Kemal Arıkan","doi":"10.29399/npa.29345","DOIUrl":"10.29399/npa.29345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is an FDA-approved, non-invasive neuromodulation technique with clinically supported efficacy in the management of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TRD). Although the clinical effectiveness of high-frequency rTMS applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is well established, the molecular mechanisms underlying its long-term therapeutic effects remain incompletely understood. The aim of this brief report is to examine the possible epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone modifications, microRNA) associated with the antidepressant effects of rTMS in light of current literature, and to evaluate the dose-response relationship that may affect treatment response within the framework of homeostatic plasticity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A summary of current literature from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases is presented using the keywords \"rTMS,\" \"major depression,\" \"epigenetics,\" \"histone modifications,\" \"DNA methylation,\" \"miRNA,\" and \"homeostatic plasticity.\" Clinical and preclinical studies specifically investigating the molecular effects of rTMS on synaptic plasticity were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The reviewed studies suggest that rTMS may not merely provide transient electrical stimulation but may also operate through an \"epigenetic regulatory\" mechanism capable of permanently altering neuronal gene expression. In preclinical studies, changes in histone acetylation (e.g., regulation of CDK5 and PSD-95) and specific microRNAs (e.g., miR-146a-5p) have been observed to modulate synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, it has been proposed that the dose-response relationship of rTMS is non-linear; excessive stimulation may activate \"homeostatic plasticity\" mechanisms, thereby reducing synaptic sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Current findings indicate that rTMS may exert an antidepressant effect by reorganizing synaptic plasticity through epigenetic modifications. Enhancing treatment efficacy depends on optimizing the dosage by considering homeostatic balances and integrating epigenetic biomarkers capable of predicting treatment response into clinical practice. Future personalized treatment protocols should be designed based on these molecular and neurophysiological insights.</p>","PeriodicalId":51142,"journal":{"name":"Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry","volume":"63 ","pages":"520-525"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148714511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corticospinal Excitability After Continuous and Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Applied on the Lateral Cerebellum: A Study on Healthy Individuals.","authors":"Filiz Azman İste, Vildan Yayla, Arsida Bajrami, Nejla Sözer, Aslı Demirtaş Tatlıdede, Ali Emre Öge","doi":"10.29399/npa.29412","DOIUrl":"10.29399/npa.29412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>To investigate the effects of continuous (cTBS) and intermittent (iTBS) theta burst stimulation applied over the lateral cerebellum on corticospinal excitability in healthy individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty right-handed healthy male participants underwent three TBS sessions (cTBS, iTBS, sham) in a randomized crossover design. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs), resting and active motor threshold (RMT and AMT, respectively), and cortical silent period (CSP) were assessed before and after each session using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left primary motor cortex. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered to the right cerebellar hemisphere at 80% of active motor threshold.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant reduction in MEP amplitude was observed following iTBS (p=0.028), while no significant changes occurred after cTBS or sham stimulation. No significant effects were found in RMT or CSP across any of the protocols. All sessions were well tolerated and considered safe. Mild and transient side effects, such as neck discomfort or headache, were reported in five participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Intermittent cerebellar TBS was associated with reduced MEP amplitude, suggesting decreased corticospinal excitability, whereas cTBS and sham stimulation did not produce significant effects. Cerebellar TBS was safe and well tolerated in all participants. These findings suggest that cerebellar iTBS may exert modulatory effects on motor cortical excitability and may contribute to a better understanding of cerebellar stimulation effects in healthy individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":51142,"journal":{"name":"Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry","volume":"63 ","pages":"526-532"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148714399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurofilament Light Chain as a Potential Serum-Based Biomarker for Monitoring Disease Activity in Neuro-Behçet's Disease.","authors":"Melike Tezel, Hande Karpuzoğlu, Hilal Taştekin Toz, Ahmed Serkan Emekli, Elif Dilsiz, Tuncay Gündüz, Vuslat Yılmaz, Murat Kürtüncü, Erdem Tüzün, Cem İsmail Küçükali","doi":"10.29399/npa.29407","DOIUrl":"10.29399/npa.29407","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51142,"journal":{"name":"Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry","volume":"63 ","pages":"479-481"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148714563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indirect Pathways in Perinatal Grief: The Role of Attachment Patterns and Depressive Symptoms.","authors":"Bilge Targıtay Öztürk, Misem Selin İlhan, Pınar Karpuz Eğilmez, Kadir Can Gündoğan, Hikmet Tunç Timur, Berna Binnur Akdede","doi":"10.29399/npa.29398","DOIUrl":"10.29399/npa.29398","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Perinatal loss is a highly distressing life event that may lead to severe grief reactions. Individual differences in attachment patterns may contribute to variability in perinatal grief severity. In this study, the association between attachment patterns and the severity of perinatal grief was examined, and the roles of psychological and clinical factors were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sample consisted of 140 women with a lifetime history of perinatal loss. Perinatal grief severity was assessed using the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS). Attachment-related variables were measured with the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and the Experiences in Close Relationships -Revised Scale (ECR-R). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and perceived social support using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Associations were examined using correlation analyses. Separate analyses of covariance were conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal and paternal bonding categories on perinatal grief severity while controlling for depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, perceived social support, and the time elapsed since the most recent perinatal loss. Mediation analyses were conducted using PROCESS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Perinatal grief severity was positively correlated with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Maternal and paternal bonding categories were not directly associated with grief severity after adjustment. However, depressive symptoms significantly mediated the associations between maternal neglectful parenting and perinatal grief severity, and between paternal affectionless control and perinatal grief severity. No significant mediation effects were observed via anxiety symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Attachment-related vulnerabilities appear to influence perinatal grief severity primarily through depressive symptoms rather than direct effects, highlighting the importance of assessing and addressing depression following perinatal loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":51142,"journal":{"name":"Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry","volume":"63 ","pages":"510-519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148714391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-Assisted Clinical Documentation in Psychiatry.","authors":"Cenan Hepdurgun","doi":"10.29399/npa.29445","DOIUrl":"10.29399/npa.29445","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51142,"journal":{"name":"Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry","volume":"63 ","pages":"533-534"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148714435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subtle Hippocampal Subfield Volumetric Alterations in Clinically Diagnosed MRI-Negative Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.","authors":"Ceyhun Sayman, Elif Özdemir, Sena Güneş, Shair Shah Safa, Fatih Bacak, Ayşe Karakuş, Seda Arslan, Lütfü Hanoğlu, Şeyda Çankaya, Burak Yuluğ","doi":"10.29399/npa.29416","DOIUrl":"10.29399/npa.29416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Approximately 20-30% of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) cases present with no visible abnormalities on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). When interictal electroencephalography (EEG) recordings are also persistently normal, the diagnosis and lateralization become major clinical challenges. We aimed to investigate whether automated hippocampal subfield volumetry could detect subtle structural alterations in these \"electro-clinically silent\" MRI-negative cases and to correlate these findings with seizure semiology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed 24 patients with clinically diagnosed MRI-negative/EEG-negative TLE and 26 age-matched healthy controls. Despite normal visual inspection on 1.5-T MRI, hippocampal subfield volumes were extracted using an automated segmentation pipeline (volBrain). Seizure semiology was systematically categorized to provide clinical-anatomical correlation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TLE patients exhibited a significant and selective volume reduction in the right CA4-dentate gyrus (CA4-DG) subfield compared to healthy controls (p=0.003), even after adjusting for age, sex, and total intracranial volume (p=0.002). No statistically significant differences were observed in other hippocampal subfields (CA1, CA2/3, or subiculum), indicating a highly localized pattern of structural alteration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results imply that selective CA4-DG atrophy is a defining characteristic of the MRI-negative TLE phenotype, thereby corroborating the \"dentate gate\" failure hypothesis. Quantitative volumetry provides a crucial diagnostic tool in settings with limited resources, where advanced techniques like 3-T MRI or invasive monitoring are not accessible. This objective structural marker, when integrated with comprehensive semiological analysis, improves diagnostic accuracy and facilitates early clinical intervention in difficult non-lesional TLE cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":51142,"journal":{"name":"Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry","volume":"63 ","pages":"495-501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148714490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Pathway From Intimate Partner Violence to Suicide Risk Through Traumatic Stress and Substance Use: An Analysis Using Structural Equation Model.","authors":"Şevval Ömerülfarukoğlu, Tuğçe Doğan, Tuğçe Gündüz, İmran Gökçen Yılmaz Karaman","doi":"10.29399/npa.29258","DOIUrl":"10.29399/npa.29258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A significant number of completed suicides lack clear underlying causes. This is largely attributed to potential data distortion or under-reporting influenced by religious, social, political, and other contextual factors. Additionally, many individuals who attempt suicide have been exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV), and that traumatic stress, alcohol and substance use are also among the associated variables. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to determine the variables that predict the likelihood of suicide among women exposed to IPV. Thus, this study developed a structural equation model in which traumatic stress, exposure to IPV, and levels of addiction serve as predictors of suicide risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study sample consisted of 126 women who applied to a publicly funded psychiatric clinic. Clinical Global Impression Scale, Composite Abuse Scale Revised-Short Form, Risk Screening Questionnare for alcohol and drug use (BAPIRT), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5, and Suicide Probability Scale are the data collection tools.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results show that IPV influences suicide likelihood indirectly through addiction severity and traumatic stress. Further, several indirect pathways were found to be statistically significant: IPV significantly predicted addiction severity; IPV significantly predicted trauma-related stress; addiction severity significantly predicted suicide probability; trauma-related stress significantly predicted suicide probability (p <0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study highlights the links between IPV, traumatic stress, substance use, and suicide risk. These findings emphasize the need for a multidimensional approach in clinical assessments. Routine screening for IPV in psychiatric evaluations is essential. Future research should examine these pathways in diverse populations to inform prevention and intervention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":51142,"journal":{"name":"Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry","volume":"63 ","pages":"417-425"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148438844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicopathologic and FISH-Based Evaluation of CDKN2A/B and EGFR in IDH Mutant Astrocytomas.","authors":"Ahmet Yasir Yıldırım, Sırma Çetin, İlyas Dolaş, Bilge Bilgiç, Gökçen Ünverengil","doi":"10.29399/npa.29351","DOIUrl":"10.29399/npa.29351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Isocitrate dehydrogenase(IDH)-mutant astrocytomas represent a biologically distinct but clinically heterogeneous lineage. In the World Health Organization Central Nervous System 5 (WHO, CNS) classification, CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion is a grade 4-defining alteration, while Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification is primarily associated with IDH-wildtype glioblastomas. This study evaluates the frequency and prognostic significance of these alterations in strictly defined IDH-mutant astrocytomas.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed 39 supratentorial IDH-mutant astrocytomas diagnosed between 2016 and 2020. CDKN2A/B deletion and EGFR amplification were assessed via routine fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) based testing and correlated with histologic parameters and clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CDKN2A/B deletion was identified in 61.5% of cases; however, high-level homozygous deletion (≥30% of nuclei) was present in only two cases. Epidermal growth factor receptor amplification was absent in all evaluable tumors. Neither WHO grade nor mitotic activity demonstrated a significant correlation with overall or disease-free survival. Notably, patients with high-level CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion remained alive without high-grade transformation at last follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight the limited prognostic value of morphology within this molecular lineage and underscore the necessity of integrating molecular biomarkers into diagnostic frameworks. Larger multicenter cohorts with extended follow-up are essential to clarify the long-term prognostic significance of specific CDKN2A/B alterations.</p>","PeriodicalId":51142,"journal":{"name":"Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry","volume":"63 ","pages":"431-435"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148438850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}