Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine最新文献

{"title":"The role of Fraction Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) in asthma management: an Italian consensus statement on clinical and economic aspects.","authors":"Matteo Bonini, Rosa Annibale, Simona Barbaglia, Marco Bo, Federica Capano, Mariagrazia Celeste, Pasquale Di Girolamo Faraone, Sabrina Ferri, Carlotta Galeone, Mario Picozza, Umberto Restelli, Sofia Silvola, Fabio Luigi Massimo Ricciardolo","doi":"10.5826/mrm.2025.1006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5826/mrm.2025.1006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic respiratory diseases cause significant global morbidity and mortality, with asthma being a major contributor. Globally, 461,000 asthma-related deaths and a prevalence of 262 million subjects were estimated in 2019. The objective of this paper is to summarize experts' opinions in the field of asthma to produce evidence on the clinical and economic impact of FeNO test in asthma management, as well as on its standard operational procedures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The analysis conducted is based on a literature review of the FeNO test's role in asthma, focusing on its clinical and economic impact, strengths and limitations. Insights were gathered through interviews with ten Key Opinion Leaders in asthma management from various Italian regions. Their thoughts were summarized into key-messages and discussed in a joint meeting. A final document consolidating these discussions was outlined and approved by the experts involved.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The FeNO test is crucial in the clinical management of asthma, aiding in phenotypic classification and guiding therapeutic decisions, particularly in severe cases. The value of FeNO assessment is supported by extensive literature evidence and recommended by international guidelines. Moreover, published economic analyses highlight the sustainability of the initial investment in FeNO technology thanks to a reduction of short-term medical costs for National Health Services by decreasing hospital admissions, specialist visits, and exacerbations related to asthma management. The test should be conducted at the first visit at the asthma centre and then regularly during follow-ups to monitor therapy adherence, adjust treatments, and predict response to drugs. FeNO testing facilitates early detection of bronchial inflammation, shortening the time for patients to access appropriate therapy. Despite its ease of use, interpreting the results requires specialist oversight due to potential confounding factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FeNO testing significantly improves asthma management by aiding in phenotyping, therapeutic strategy formulation, and monitoring. It enhances disease control, accelerates patient care, and offers economic benefits by reducing hospital admissions and treatment needs. However, practical and economic barriers can limit its adoption. Standardized test execution and result interpretation by specialists are essential for accurate patient management. The inclusion of FeNO assessment among exempt services for asthma patients would at last promote its equitable access.</p>","PeriodicalId":51135,"journal":{"name":"Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine","volume":"20 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multidisciplinary Delphi consensus on budesonide aqueous nasal spray in managing upper respiratory diseases.","authors":"Giorgio Ciprandi, Ignazio La Mantia, Attilio Varricchio, Study Group On Topical Nasal Therapy","doi":"10.5826/mrm.2025.1015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5826/mrm.2025.1015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allergic rhinitis (AR), non-allergic rhinitis (NAR), and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) share a type 2 inflammation. Thus, intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) are recommended for managing these diseases. In this regard, budesonide aqueous nasal spray (BANS) has been an effective and safe INCS available for decades. As a recent Delphi consensus and a survey explored the use of topical nasal therapy in practice, a panel of experts promoted a multidisciplinary Delphi consensus on BANS in daily practice. Forty-six Italian expert otorhinolaryngologists, allergologists, and pediatricians participated in the initiative. Twenty-one statements were voted on. There was a large agreement with all statements. Thus, this document proposed a valuable BANS use in managing patients with AR, NAR, or CRSwNP considering the relevant activity on dampening type 2 inflammation. Moreover, the safety profile was considered good, also concerning the bioavailability issue. However, based on the severity of the disease, BANS use should be prescribed as cycles or for prolonged periods.  In conclusion, the present multidisciplinary Delphi consensus supported BANS use in upper airway type 2 diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":51135,"journal":{"name":"Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine","volume":"20 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating narrative and bibliometric approaches to examine factors and impacts of tuberculosis treatment non-compliance.","authors":"Agus Santosa, Neti Juniarti, Tuti Pahria, Raini Diah Susanti","doi":"10.5826/mrm.2025.1016","DOIUrl":"10.5826/mrm.2025.1016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) treatment non-compliance remains a significant global public health issue, undermining disease control efforts and leading to adverse clinical and epidemiological outcomes. While considerable research has explored this issue, gaps remain in understanding the multifactorial influences on non-compliance, particularly its key factors and impacts, as well as the interconnections that exacerbate these challenges. This study integrates narrative and bibliometric approaches to critically synthesize and visualize factors contributing to TB treatment non-compliance and its impacts. By addressing research gaps, this study aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the multifactorial challenges and proposing evidence-informed strategies to address clinical and epidemiological issues.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of Scopus, EBSCO (Medline), ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases identified empirical studies published up to December 2024. Thematic synthesis categorized factors into overarching themes, while bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software visualized factors and their interconnections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review identified key factors such as poor tuberculosis knowledge, stigma, side effects, and economic constraints, interacting with demographic, psychological, and systemic barriers. Network visualization highlighted the interconnections among these factors, illustrating how they compound to exacerbate non-compliance. Clinical and epidemiological impacts include MDR/XDR-TB, prolonged treatment, and community transmission.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TB treatment non-compliance arises from a complex interplay of individual, socio-economic, and healthcare-related factors. This review emphasizes the importance of integrated narrative and bibliometric approaches to develop context-specific strategies for improving adherence, reducing the global TB burden, and guiding future research and policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":51135,"journal":{"name":"Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine","volume":"20 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11875689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is worth measuring in patients with COPD?","authors":"Claudio Tantucci","doi":"10.5826/mrm.2025.1010","DOIUrl":"10.5826/mrm.2025.1010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A personalized approach to management of a COPD patient is currently required due to heterogeneity of this disorder. A functional evaluation of each COPD patient is a fundamental part of the process to achieve this objec- tive and should require a rational step-by-step procedure starting from the etiology of COPD, determination of the predominant underlying disease, assessment of risk severity, therapeutic role of ICS and finally monitoring of disease activity and its impact on the patient's life under the chosen treatment. Aim of this review is to indicate a series of easy sequential measurements that are worth to have for obtaining all this information crucial to taking care of a patient with a new diagnosis of COPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":51135,"journal":{"name":"Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine","volume":"20 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11875688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haemoptysis as a presentation of an infected aortic aneurysm rupture.","authors":"Elisa Landin-Rey, Maria Elena Toubes-Navarro, Miguel Dominguez-Robla, Maria Rey-Bascuas, Luis Valdes-Cuadrado","doi":"10.5826/mrm.2025.1004","DOIUrl":"10.5826/mrm.2025.1004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Infective thoracic aortic aneurysms are uncommon, especially presenting with haemoptysis.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We report the case of an 81-year-old male who presented with fever and pleuritic chest pain and was initially misdiagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. A CT scan later  revealed a saccular, ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm. Despite antibiotic therapy, the patient developed haemoptysis, necessitating thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Post-procedure, the patient showed significant clinical improvement and was discharged in stable condition 45 days later.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Infected thoracic aortic aneurysms presenting as haemoptysis are exceptionally rare but life-threatening. Early clinical suspicion (manifested by haemoptysis, fever and thoracic pain) is essential, particularly in patients with risk factors such as immunosuppression or previous infections. This case emphasizes the importance of prompt diagnosis and intervention, along with the use of appropriate imaging techniques to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this rare yet severe condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":51135,"journal":{"name":"Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine","volume":"20 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11798534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pidotimod in pediatrics: new evidence and future perspectives.","authors":"Giorgio Ciprandi, Gian Luigi Marseglia","doi":"10.5826/mrm.2024.986","DOIUrl":"10.5826/mrm.2024.986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pidotimod is a synthetic dipeptide that exerts immunomodulatory activity, modifying innate and adaptive immunity. Pidotimod firstly acts on Toll-like receptors, then on antigen-presenting cells and other immunocompetent cells. Pidotimod also affects immunoglobulin production and their switching. Evidence shows that pidotimod effectively and safely prevents respiratory infections, mainly in children with recurrent and frequent infectious episodes. In addition, pidotimod may be helpful as an add-on strategy in managing children with infections. Finally, there is evidence that pidotimod, thanks to its immunomodulatory activity and preventing respiratory infections (the main trigger for asthma exacerbation), may be beneficial in managing subjects with asthma and allergic diseases. The present review presents and discusses the most recent studies conducted in children with asthma, allergic rhinitis, recurrent respiratory infections and acute infections. Lastly, pidotimod is safe and well-tolerated in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":51135,"journal":{"name":"Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine","volume":"19 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11661399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of an educational intervention on different types of errors -occurring during inhaler therapy use in COPD patients during a -Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program.","authors":"Chiara Binda, Cristina Marcella Bianchi, Matteo Vigna, Claudia Crimi, Sara Mossolani, Violeta Bucoveanu, Barbara Fusar Poli, Cinzia Lastoria, Piero Ceriana, Annalisa Carlucci","doi":"10.5826/mrm.2024.1000","DOIUrl":"10.5826/mrm.2024.1000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inhaled drug therapy is an essential treatment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients as it reduces symptoms, exacerbation rate and mortality risk. Errors in inhaler use can affect drug delivery to the lungs and minimize treatment benefits. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a nurse-lead educational intervention on inhaler use in a group of patients with COPD during a Respiratory Rehabilitation Program.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>COPD patients attending a Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit for a pulmonary rehabilitation program participated in the educational training program. The nurse-lead educational intervention included a specific checklist used to evaluate each patient's inhalation technique. Errors were scored and classified as device- dependent, device-independent and critical one. Patients completed a pre and post-intervention survey to compare pre and post nurse-lead educational intervention results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One-hundred twenty-three COPD patients attending a Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit participated in the training program. A high frequency of total errors has been found at baseline (72.1%) whose critical errors represented 35%, irrespective of the severity of airway obstruction, the length of disease history and the educational level. The structured educational intervention resulted in changes on patients' attitudes and skills on inhaler use with a significant reduction in the frequency of all types of errors (P-value < 0.01), particularly total and critical errors (35% and 12.9%, respectively), but not completely eliminated them.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patient training in the use of the inhaler and regular review of the patient's competence in using the devices by health care professionals remains a crucial aspect of effective inhalation therapy regardless of the disease trajectory. These interventions are feasible and may impact the ability to engage patients in the chronic care journey.</p>","PeriodicalId":51135,"journal":{"name":"Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine","volume":"19 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11661401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with early pulmonary tuberculosis and COVID-19: a case report.","authors":"Alexandre Albuquerque Bertucci, Cláudia Elizabeth Volpe-Chaves, Diogo Melo Mendo, Úrsulla Vilella Andrade, Mara Luci Goncalves Galiz Lacerda, James Venturini, Bruna Abdul Ahad Saad, Caroline Tieppo Flores de Oliveira, Sandra Maria do Valle Leone de Oliveira, Anamaria Mello Miranda Paniago","doi":"10.5826/mrm.2024.989","DOIUrl":"10.5826/mrm.2024.989","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) often develops in residual lesions of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Every year, 112,000 to 160,000 people worldwide will develop post-PTB CPA. The simultaneous occurrence of CPA with the first episode of PTB is rare. During the COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19- associated invasive aspergillosis (CAPA) occurred in patients receiving high doses of corticosteroids and  mechanical ventilation. However, CPA and COVID-19 are rarely reported simultaneously. This case study presents a patient with CPA in the first episode of PTB during hospitalization for COVID-19. The favorable evolution is highlighted, including the resolution of the cavitation and fungal ball with appropriate and early treatment.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 48-year-old female patient from the Central West of Brazil was admitted with a history of cough, yellow sputum, fever, and significant weight loss for two months. The respiratory symptoms worsened one week before admission. She tested positive for COVID-19 by RT-PCR. She had a history of hypertension and diabetes. Clinical examination revealed tachypnea, slurred speech, and hypoxia. She presented with hyperglycemia, obesity, hypertension, and an episode of hemoptysis. Chest CT revealed cavitation in the right upper lobe with a 45 mm aspergilloma, multifocal morning opacities, and nodular opacities. Laboratory tests confirmed the PTB with positive sputum for acid-fast bacilli and positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The sputum culture also showed Aspergillus spp. She received early treatment for bacterial pneumonia with ceftriaxone, dexamethasone, enoxaparin, an anti-TB regimen, and itraconazole. There was a progressive clinical improvement and the patient was discharged after 15 days. She completed six months of anti-TB therapy and 13 months of itraconazole treatment for CPA, with complete resolution of the cavitation and aspergilloma.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusion: </strong>This case study presents a unique case of CPA that manifested as simple aspergilloma and was diagnosed concurrently with the initial episode of PTB in a COVID-19 patient with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Remarkably, the fungal ball and cavitation regressed spontaneously. The favorable clinical and radiological results highlight the importance of comprehensive treatment approaches for concurrent respiratory infections and emphasize the need to investigate CPA and PTB during COVID-19 hospitalization.</p>","PeriodicalId":51135,"journal":{"name":"Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine","volume":"19 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11661397/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-societal Survey on the topical nasal treatments in Italy.","authors":"Attilio Varricchio, Livio Presutti, Ignazio La Mantia, Antonio Varricchio, Giorgio Ciprandi","doi":"10.5826/mrm.2024.993","DOIUrl":"10.5826/mrm.2024.993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Topical nasal therapy represents a widespread opportunity to treat upper airway diseases. As a result, specialists in different areas (mainly ENT, pediatrics, and allergology) and general practitioners prescribe intranasal compounds. However, a myriad of products and devices are available, as well as respiratory disorders. Consequently, this matter is debatable, and no guideline organically addresses this issue. Considering these premises, a restricted panel of qualified experts promoted an initial multidisciplinary survey involving only Fellows of some Scientific Societies belonging to ENT, pediatrics, and allergology areas. The survey included a series of queries concerning practical aspects of topical nasal therapy (treated disease, devices, and agents). A web platform served to participate in this survey. Each participant anonymously completed the questionnaire. Four hundred and forty-five doctors participated in the survey. There was a homogeneous distribution in Italy. Most participants were pediatricians (37%), followed by allergologists (31%) and ENT specialists (24%). Almost all doctors (95%) used topical nasal therapy. The most common diseases topically treated were allergic rhinitis (79%), chronic rhinosinusitis (73%), and non-allergic rhinitis. The most popular devices were pre-dosed spray both for nasal irrigation (67%) and nebulization (66%). Corticosteroids (67%), isotonic saline (63%), hyaluronic acid, hypertonic saline, and antihistamines (39%) were the most common agents used for intranasal therapy. Combined antihistamine/corticosteroids were also commonly used (38%). The most frequent schedule was the cyclic treatment. Most doctors (89%) claim they adequately spend time educating patients on this matter. In conclusion, topical nasal therapy is commonly used to manage upper respiratory diseases. However, the disagreement about some issues requires greater knowledge of the topics and the need to develop new studies, including pragmatic ones.</p>","PeriodicalId":51135,"journal":{"name":"Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine","volume":"19 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11661396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiological indoor air quality and associated factors in private clinics of Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia.","authors":"Liku Muche Temesgen, Tamagnu Sintie Alamirew, Salie Mulat Endalew, Bealemlay Abebe Melake, Wegene Deriba Regassa, Sina Temesgen Tolera, Molla Getie Mehari","doi":"10.5826/mrm.2024.969","DOIUrl":"10.5826/mrm.2024.969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Indoor air pollution, including airborne microorganisms, can cause allergies, respiratory diseases, and immune-toxic diseases. Sneezing generates millions of airborne microbial infections, and ventilation sources alter microbial communities. Few studies exist in developing countries, including Ethiopia, and Harar Town. The aim is to assess microbial indoor air quality and associated factors among private clinics, Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 260 private clinic rooms in Harar town, using a systematic random sampling method and passive air sampling. Data was collected using the settle plate method and an observation checklist. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression, with a P-value of <0.05 considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The minimum and maximum bacterial loads were 3933 CFU/m3 and 92 CFU/m3 respectively. Based on the pollution degree of the European Commission, the Mean bacterial load (904 CFU/m3) was at higher bacterial load. The highest, lowest, and mean fungal loads were 1967 CFU/m3, 9 CFU/m3 and 401 CFU/m3 respectively. Temperature of <25 °C (AOR = 1.58, p = 0.04, and 95% CI = 1.05, 1.91), >28 °C (AOR = 1.23, P = 0.03, and 95% CI = 1.51, 2.02) were significantly associated with bacterial indoor air quality. Relative humidity of treatment rooms (AOR = 1.87, p = 0.02, and 95% CI = 1.21, 3.09) had an association with bacterial loads. The clinic treatment rooms with a recorded temperature <25 °C (AOR = 6.32, p = 0.01, and 95% CI = 6.10, 8.25) had associated with fungal loads. But the rooms having a temperature of >28 °C (AOR = 0.41, p = 0.04, and 95% CI = 0.31, 0.78) were 59% less likely to comply with the fungal standards compared to rooms having a temperature of 25-28 °C. The clinic rooms with a relative humidity of <30% (AOR = 7.75, p = 0.02, 95% CI = 7.21, 8.39) were 7.75 times more likely to comply with those with a relative humidity of > 60% in the treatment rooms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Private clinics in Harar had a moderate fungal load and a higher indoor air bacterial concentration when compared to different indoor air standards. Temperature, humidity, inadequate ventilation and the presence of unsanitary attached toilets are some variables associated with microbial loads.</p>","PeriodicalId":51135,"journal":{"name":"Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine","volume":"19 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11661398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}