Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing最新文献

{"title":"Time-delayed dynamic behavior of paroxysmal impulse vibrations in inter-shaft bearings with two or multiple defects","authors":"Tian Gao ,&nbsp;Si-Min Yuan ,&nbsp;Zhi-Qi Sun ,&nbsp;Qiang Ma ,&nbsp;Shu-Qian Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the complex installation environment and challenging lubrication conditions, inter-shaft bearings are susceptible to localized faults, which can induce two basic vibration types: paroxysmal impulse vibrations and continuous impulse vibrations. This paper investigates the time-delayed dynamic behavior of paroxysmal impulse vibration in inter-shaft bearings under multiple localized fault conditions. A dynamic model for inter-shaft bearings with multiple localized faults is developed using a lumped-parameter method. The vibration response of an inter-shaft bearing-dual rotor system is obtained through numerical integration. The results reveal that multiple localized defects can trigger distinct types of impulse vibrations within a paroxysmal impulse vibration response, and there is a regular time-delayed dynamic behavior between these distinct types of impulse vibrations. The time-delayed dynamic characteristics of paroxysmal impulse vibration are analyzed on a large time scale, while the underlying mechanical mechanisms are elucidated on a small time scale. A precise prediction method is developed to forecast this phenomenon. The derived prediction formula can accurately estimate the time interval of paroxysmal impulse vibrations caused by a single defect, as well as the specific delay times between distinct types of impulse vibrations resulting from multiple defects. Vibration experiments on inter-shaft bearings validate the time-delayed dynamic phenomenon of paroxysmal impulse vibration induced by multiple faults. Additionally, the experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed prediction method in accurately forecasting the time-delayed dynamic behavior. This research provides valuable insights into the vibration mechanisms of inter-shaft bearings with multiple localized faults, laying a theoretical foundation for the health monitoring of inter-shaft bearings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51124,"journal":{"name":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 113422"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overlapping resonance compensation: A composite fault detection methodology","authors":"Haiyang Pan ,&nbsp;Zhangping Wu ,&nbsp;Jian Cheng ,&nbsp;Jinde Zheng ,&nbsp;Shuchao Deng ,&nbsp;Jinyu Tong ,&nbsp;Long Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequency bands corresponding to various state characteristics of composite faults typically exhibit superposition, mixing, and nonlinear characteristics. Conventional frequency band segmentation methods frequently disrupt resonant frequency bands, thereby hindering accurate extraction and separation of composite fault features. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a novel neighborhood extension Ramanujan decomposition (NERD) method guided by the neighborhood extension factor (NEF). Firstly, it implements frequency band cross-segmentation through NEF, representing a soft-segmentation approach that permits overlapping boundaries between adjacent frequency bands. This method can capture local features more accurately while maintaining the integrity of the frequency band and achieve compensation for overlapping resonant frequency bands. Secondly, the NEF employs the signal’s energy distribution as a reference framework, quantifying the membership degree of overlapping regions through both macroscopic rate of change and microscopic stability metrics. This dual perspective approach facilitates better transmission of coupled composite fault information across frequency band boundaries while minimizing the loss of effective signal components. Furthermore, the method defines the generalized Ramanujan periodic aggregation index (GRPA), which visualizes fault information within filtered components, thereby enabling precise extraction of composite fault features. Comprehensive validation using both simulated bearing fault signals and experimental datasets confirms the efficacy and superiority of the NERD method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51124,"journal":{"name":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 113430"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetric clamping and backsliding suppression in linear piezoelectric motors via harmonic synthesis with multichannel signals","authors":"Liangguo He,&nbsp;Fengyu Liu,&nbsp;An Qian,&nbsp;Zheng Huang,&nbsp;Haitao Tian,&nbsp;Zhikai Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes an asymmetric clamping dual-vibrator inertial impact linear piezoelectric motor on the basis of harmonic synthesis. The motor has multiple working modes to meet the requirements of high-speed precise positioning and stable control. Approximate mechanical square wave synthesis is realized by adjusting the resonant frequency ratio of the vibrator to 1:3. Approximate mechanical square wave driving can result in better driving ability and higher output speed compared with single harmonic and square wave electrical signal driving; the driving force is increased by 14 % and 25 %, and the speed is increased by 27 % and 44 %, respectively. By feeding the reverse excitation signal to the double vibrators, the motor produces two stepping motions in one cycle to avoid backward motion. The feasibility of the driving principle is proven by dynamics simulation. Meanwhile, an experimental platform is set up to test the performance of the motor prototype, and the performance of its multiple modes are compared. Experimental results show that when the synthetic square wave base frequency voltage is 120 V_p-p and the frequency is 324 Hz, the maximum speed of the motor can reach 33.965 mm/s in the first-order reverse mode. The maximum load is 250 g in the first-order codirectional mode, and high-precision reverse motion can be realized in the second-order reverse mode, with a maximum speed of 3.36 mm/s and a displacement resolution of 1.72 μm. When the synthetic square wave base frequency voltage is 80 V_p-p and the frequency is 50 Hz, the motor prototype can work in a quasi-static state and achieve the highest displacement resolution of 0.8 μm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51124,"journal":{"name":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 113416"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-scale wavelet decomposition and feature fusion for rotating machinery fault diagnosis under multi-level class imbalance","authors":"Zhen Guo ,&nbsp;Wenliao Du ,&nbsp;Chuan Li ,&nbsp;Yannan Yu ,&nbsp;Tao Hu ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiping Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the core equipment of industrial systems, rotating machinery, the health status monitoring of which is of vital importance to ensuring production safety and efficiency. However, in actual working conditions, fault samples are scarce and unevenly distributed, resulting in a significant decline in the ability of traditional diagnostic models to identify a few types of faults. To address this issue, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis model based on multi-scale wavelet decomposition and a feature fusion network (MWDFN). Firstly, the low-frequency approximate coefficients of the signal are extracted through the three-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to obtain the statistical characteristics. Based on this, the wavelet packet transform (WPT) conducts a secondary decomposition on the statistically significant high-frequency coefficients, generating multi-scale energy-entropy joint features. Secondly, low-dimensional fusion feature vectors are constructed through feature stitching and standardized processing. Finally, a hierarchical adaptive sampling strategy is adopted, combined with the class weights of the random forest (RF) classifier, to adjust and optimize the classification boundaries. The experimental results show that the average accuracy rate on the four datasets reached 88.84 %. The source code of MWDFN is available at <span><span>http://github.com/MR-ach/MWDFN</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51124,"journal":{"name":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 113427"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear dynamics analysis and design of bistable nonlinear energy sinks of magnet-enhanced spring-tie rods","authors":"Peng Chen ,&nbsp;Ji-Hou Yang ,&nbsp;Ying-Jing Qian ,&nbsp;Xiang-Ying Guo ,&nbsp;Xiao-Dong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although bistable NES (BNES) outperforms traditional monostable NES in terms of energy threshold, it exhibits larger oscillation amplitudes. Excessive oscillation not only affects stability but also interferes with the linear oscillator (LO). To effectively limit its own oscillations while enhancing vibration suppression for the LO and improving its dynamic characteristics, this study proposes a magnet-enhanced spring-tie rods BNES (MBNES). First, the magnetic force exerted by the permanent magnet and the nonlinear restoring force of the spring-tie rods are calculated, and the dynamical equation for the coupled MBNES-LO system is established. Using complex-variable averaging and multiscale analysis, the system’s slow invariant manifold (SIM) is derived. Building on this, the system’s dynamic behavior and vibration suppression performance are further examined using various techniques, including time displacement responses, phase diagrams, SIM, wavelet transforms, amplitude-frequency response curves, and energy dissipation rates. These analyses aim to evaluate whether the proposed model enhances the performance of traditional BNES while investigating the effects of parameters such as external excitation amplitude, stiffness, damping, and others. Lastly, a physical prototype is constructed, and experimental validation is performed to assess its effectiveness. The results show that the nonlinear magnetic force effectively reduces the vibration of BNES, improves the suppression of the maximum LO amplitude, and lowers the energy threshold, facilitating the occurrence of strongly modulated response (SMR). In conclusion, the MBNES introduced in this study presents a dependable and efficient vibration reduction strategy, providing valuable insights for the design of NES in engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51124,"journal":{"name":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 113429"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced delayed resonator for complete single- and multiple-frequency vibration suppression: A hybrid feedforward-feedback control approach","authors":"Yifan Liu ,&nbsp;Bo Yan ,&nbsp;Jianwang Shao ,&nbsp;Li Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Delayed resonator (DR) is an active vibration absorber capable of achieving complete vibration suppression at a specific frequency by distinctively incorporating appropriate time delays into the control loop. Existing works drive the DR mainly following the absorber-based feedback control laws. Alternatively, we here propose a hybrid control law that integrates both feedforward and feedback control, in which the feedforward control is based on excitation and the feedback one is based on the states of the primary structure instead of the absorber. A resulting key benefit is that system stability analysis can be significantly simplified thanks to the decoupling between the control parameters to be tuned and the characteristic equation. In addition to this, enhanced control performance over classical DRs is achieved in both cases of single- and multiple-frequency vibration suppression. Results show that the hybrid control law can extend the operable frequency band, expedite setting the transient process, and extend the antiresonance valley to suppress residual vibrations in steady states. Particularly, the alleviated stability issues in the multiple-frequency case allow the hybrid control law to fully leverage the strength of the delayed control in raising system order so that a single-mass absorber can yield multiple zero antiresonance points at multiple given frequencies. This work establishes a basic design and analysis framework for applying feedforward control to the DR and combining it with feedback control strategies to maximize control performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51124,"journal":{"name":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 113317"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled-mode subharmonic resonance of a piecewise-linear gear transmission system with 1:2 internal resonance","authors":"Y.L. Li ,&nbsp;J.L. Huang ,&nbsp;F.L. Liao ,&nbsp;W.D. Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coupled-mode subharmonic resonance of a piecewise-linear gear transmission system with 1:2 internal resonance is investigated. When the system is excited at a frequency close to the sum of its first and third natural frequencies, both modes are simultaneously activated, giving rise to a period-3 coupled-mode response. An efficient and robust incremental harmonic balance (ER-IHB) method with significantly improved computational efficiency and convergence is developed for computing periodic responses of the piecewise-linear gear transmission system, and its two-time-scale variant, termed the two-time-scale efficient and robust incremental harmonic balance (TER-IHB) method, is formulated for quasi-periodic (QP) responses. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and two-dimensional FFT are employed to efficiently evaluate the residual vectors and Jacobian matrices for periodic and QP solutions, respectively, and the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is utilized to enhance the convergence. Additionally, a path-following continuation technique is integrated to calculate response curves. The amplitude–frequency response curves of the gear transmission system are traced using the proposed ER-IHB and TER-IHB methods. The proposed methods are approximately two and four orders of magnitude more efficient than the conventional IHB method for periodic and QP solutions, respectively, and their accuracy is verified against the fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK) method. Floquet and extended Floquet theories are employed to assess the stability of periodic and QP solutions, respectively. Multiple saddle–node and secondary Hopf bifurcations are identified, leading to transitions among periodic (period-1, -3, -15, and -63), QP, and chaotic responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51124,"journal":{"name":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 113383"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospun PVDF/CNT nanofiber membranes with synergistic optimization of tribological and piezoelectric properties for artificial joint implant coatings","authors":"Jiaxin Zheng,&nbsp;Jiang Sen,&nbsp;Zhaozhe Meng,&nbsp;Guangneng Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a piezoelectric polymer with outstanding flexibility, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility. α-phase PVDF exhibits excellent tribological properties, while β-phase PVDF is known for its superior piezoelectric performance. To achieve a synergistic optimization of both properties, PVDF must be effectively modified. In this study, electrospinning was employed to fabricate PVDF nanofiber membranes, with carbon nanotubes (CNT) incorporation serving as a structural regulator to balance the α-phase and β-phase content. As a result, the coefficient of friction (COF) was reduced by 14.4 % compared to pure PVDF, and the negative surface potential was mitigated, leading to a more uniform and stable distribution. The dual enhancement significantly improved both tribological and piezoelectric performance. CNT leads to an increase in the stability of the friction acoustic signal, reflecting the lubrication synergy effect of the composite system. The presence of CNTs greatly improved the wettability of the membrane, achieving a stable simulated body fluid (SBF) contact angle of just 29.07°. The modified PVDF/CNT membrane also demonstrated enhanced Ca²⁺ adsorption capability, maintaining excellent retention even after frictional wear, facilitating the formation of a stable bio-lubrication layer. The combined enhancements in lubrication, durability, and biocompatibility highlight the great potential of PVDF/CNT nanofiber membranes as advanced biomaterial coatings for next-generation artificial joint implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51124,"journal":{"name":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 113418"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the potential of rolling bearing strain signals for spall size estimation: Modeling and experiments","authors":"E. Maljaars ,&nbsp;J. Ravesloot ,&nbsp;A.C.F. Janssen ,&nbsp;H.A. Mol ,&nbsp;C.G. Murguia ,&nbsp;R.H.B. Fey","doi":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper evaluates a strain measurement technique using raw signals for estimating the spall size in rolling bearings, enhancing condition-based predictive maintenance. Traditional methods, reliant on acceleration for defect severity assessment, struggle with unpredictable factors like transfer paths and varying operational conditions. Alternative approaches using shaft-housing displacement, housing strain, and load cells have shown potential in identifying spall length. However, these methods do not provide the rolling element contact forces during spall over-rolling, which potentially contain more detailed information about spall geometry, propagation rate, and potential quality loss and consequential damage.</div><div>The study introduces a thorough analysis of bearing strain signals extracted at the bearing outer ring surface in the presence of spalls. A dynamic model with experimental validation is used to analyze the impact of various parameters on strain signal features and rolling element contact forces. The results indicate that bearing strain signals offer distinct and consistent defect severity features, largely unaffected by speed and load, addressing the primary challenges of acceleration-based methods. A single strain raw measurement signal reveals the spall size and the reduction in contact forces.</div><div>This method can be an important enabler for physics-based prognostics, leveraging actual defect geometry and contact force data to predict spall progression. Consequently, bearing strain-based monitoring facilitates effective, true condition-based predictive maintenance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51124,"journal":{"name":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 113384"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A quantitative super-sensitivity photogrammetry method for full-field dynamic strain measurements","authors":"Guojian Cui ,&nbsp;Shanwu Li ,&nbsp;Yongchao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymssp.2025.113379","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Full-field, high-precision strain measurements are critical for accurately characterizing structural dynamic behavior and local damage states. While traditional strain measurement techniques (e.g., strain gauges) typically provide only discrete point measurements, incoherent optical methods especially photogrammetry with digital image correlation and optical flows, provide a practical alternative to enable full-field strain estimation; however, their sensitivity remains insufficient for precise strain measurement applications. In this work, we quantitatively study the key influencing factors on the sensitivity limit of strain measurements and develop a &lt;em&gt;super-sensitivity&lt;/em&gt; photogrammetry method for precise full-field dynamic strain measurement. Specifically, first, the developed method builds upon the recent advances in super-sensitivity optical flows that statistically exceeds the sensitivity limit for full-field displacement measurements. Then, it incorporates a Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing (LOESS) algorithm to further suppress minor residual errors remaining in the obtained localized displacement field, coupled with higher pixel spatial resolution, to eventually achieve high-precision full-field strain measurements. Furthermore, a quantitative mathematical model of the &lt;em&gt;achievable&lt;/em&gt; strain measurement sensitivity is theoretically derived based on uncertainty propagation theory, as &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;δ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;ɛ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msqrt&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msqrt&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;⋅&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;⋅&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msqrt&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msqrt&gt;&lt;mi&gt;⋅&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. This model elucidates the parametric dependence of strain measurement sensitivity on five key factors: imaging noise level (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), number of effective spatial pixels (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msqrt&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msqrt&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), camera bit depth (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), pixel gauge length (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), and effect of displacement smoothing algorithm (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). The effectiveness of the proposed method for full-field, high-precision strain measurement, and the derived quantitative theoretical model are validated through both numerical simulations and laboratory experiments on fundamental beam-type structures; notably, the developed method is found to be able to achieve a level of precision at &lt;em&gt;microstrain&lt;/em&gt;, comparable to contact discrete strain gauge measurements. Moreover, observations on the parametric analysis of number of effective spatial pixels (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msqrt&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow","PeriodicalId":51124,"journal":{"name":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing","volume":"240 ","pages":"Article 113379"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}