Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Monocular Retinal Lesions on Blob Size in Adult Human V1","authors":"Marco Marcondes;Mariana F. Farias;Luis F. Pary;Mario Fiorani;Bruss Lima;Ana Karla J. Amorim;Ricardo Gattass","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02133","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02133","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the attributes of cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx)-rich blobs and ocular dominance columns (OD) in human V1 associated with monocular retinal lesions. Interblob distance, blob cross-sectional area, OD width, and OD arrangement pattern were analyzed in CytOx-reacted tangential sections of flat-mounted V1 preparations. Monocular deprivation induces differential expression of CytOx in the corresponding ODs in V1. We were thereby able to identify the V1 regions associated with the lesioned area in the retina, assign which OD was associated with each eye, and assign the corresponding blob in Layer III as deprived or nondeprived of visual input. We found that nondeprived blobs are more conspicuously stained than blobs outside the lesioned area. Notably, we found a selective expansion of blobs associated with the nonlesioned eye, whereas blobs associated with the deprived eye showed no significant change in size. Blob size in the latter condition was similar to the one observed in normal participants. These effects were present throughout the representation of the lesion in V1, suggesting that the underlying plasticity mechanisms do not depend on eccentricity. Retinal lesion caused no change in interblob distance, which was comparable to the normal brain (i.e., participants with no retinal lesion). This indicates that blob center is a stable hallmark of cortical organization. Finally, the width of ODs associated with the nonlesioned eye tended to be larger compared with ODs of the lesioned eye. However, this effect did not reach statistical significance. The stability of ODs thereby contrasts with blob plasticity, suggesting that the retinal lesion-triggered imbalance in the thalamocortical projection to Layer IVc has a limited impact on OD CytOx reactivity. On the other hand, we argue that ocular imbalance supports intracortical lateral competition that increases CytOx reactivity in the periblob region associated with the nonlesioned eye, accounting for the blob expansion we observe.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2652-2666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140029521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moving and Static Faces, Bodies, Objects, and Scenes Are Differentially Represented across the Three Visual Pathways","authors":"Emel Küçük;Matthew Foxwell;Daniel Kaiser;David Pitcher","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02139","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02139","url":null,"abstract":"Models of human cortex propose the existence of neuroanatomical pathways specialized for different behavioral functions. These pathways include a ventral pathway for object recognition, a dorsal pathway for performing visually guided physical actions, and a recently proposed third pathway for social perception. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that different categories of moving stimuli are differentially processed across the dorsal and third pathways according to their behavioral implications. Human participants (n = 30) were scanned with fMRI while viewing moving and static stimuli from four categories (faces, bodies, scenes, and objects). A whole-brain group analysis showed that moving bodies and moving objects increased neural responses in the bilateral posterior parietal cortex, parts of the dorsal pathway. By contrast, moving faces and moving bodies increased neural responses, the superior temporal sulcus, part of the third pathway. This pattern of results was also supported by a separate ROI analysis showing that moving stimuli produced more robust neural responses for all visual object categories, particularly in lateral and dorsal brain areas. Our results suggest that dynamic naturalistic stimuli from different categories are routed in specific visual pathways that process dissociable behavioral functions.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2639-2651"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Role of Sensorimotor Experience in Facial Expression Perception","authors":"Shruti Japee","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02148","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02148","url":null,"abstract":"Humans recognize the facial expressions of others rapidly and effortlessly. Although much is known about how we perceive expressions, the role of facial experience in shaping this remarkable ability remains unclear. Is our perception of expressions linked to how we ourselves make facial expressions? Are we better at recognizing other's facial expressions if we are experts at making the same expressions ourselves? And if we could not make facial expressions at all, would it impact our ability to recognize others' facial expressions? The current article aims to examine these questions by explicating the link between facial experience and facial expression recognition. It includes a comprehensive appraisal of the related literature and examines three main theories that posit a connection between making and recognizing facial expressions. First, recent studies in individuals with Moebius syndrome support the role of facial ability (i.e., the ability to move one's face to make facial expressions) in facial expression recognition. Second, motor simulation theory suggests that humans recognize others' facial expressions by covertly mimicking the observed expression (without overt motor action) and that this facial mimicry helps us identify and feel the associated emotion. Finally, the facial feedback hypothesis provides a framework for enhanced emotional experience via proprioceptive feedback from facial muscles when mimicking a viewed facial expression. Evidence for and against these theories is presented as well as some considerations and outstanding questions for future research studies investigating the role of facial experience in facial expression perception.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2780-2792"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10776801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Laboratory of Brain and Cognition: A Brief History","authors":"Alex Martin","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02106","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2565-2567"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139522353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Is a Visual Stream?","authors":"J. Brendan Ritchie;Sebastian Montesinos;Maleah J. Carter","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02191","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02191","url":null,"abstract":"The dual stream model of the human and non-human primate visual systems remains Leslie Ungerleider's (1946–2020) most indelible contribution to visual neuroscience. In this model, a dorsal “where” stream specialized for visuospatial representation extends through occipitoparietal cortex, whereas a ventral “what” stream specialized for representing object qualities extends through occipitotemporal cortex. Over time, this model underwent a number of revisions and expansions. In one of her last scientific contributions, Leslie proposed a third visual stream specialized for representing dynamic signals related to social perception. This alteration invites the question: What is a visual stream, and how are different visual streams individuated? In this article, we first consider and reject a simple answer to this question based on a common idealizing visualization of the model, which conflicts with the complexities of the visual system that the model was intended to capture. Next, we propose a taxonomic answer that takes inspiration from the philosophy of science and Leslie's body of work, which distinguishes between neural mechanisms, pathways, and streams. In this taxonomy, visual streams are superordinate to pathways and mechanisms and provide individuation conditions for determining whether collections of cortical connections delineate different visual streams. Given this characterization, we suggest that the proposed third visual stream does not yet meet these conditions, although the tripartite model still suggests important revisions to how we think about the organization of the human and non-human primate visual systems.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2627-2638"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141184718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Possible Neural Basis for Attentional Capture of Faces Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Causal Pharmacological Inactivation in Macaques","authors":"Ning Liu;Galia Avidan;Janita N. Turchi;Fadila Hadj-Bouziane;Marlene Behrmann","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02211","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02211","url":null,"abstract":"In primates, the presence of a face in a visual scene captures attention and rapidly directs the observer's gaze to the face, even when the face is not relevant to the task at hand. Here, we explored a neural circuit that might potentially play a causal role in this powerful behavior. In our previous research, two monkeys received microinfusions of muscimol, a γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA)-receptor agonist, or saline (as a control condition) in separate sessions into individual or pairs of four inferotemporal face patches (middle and anterior lateral and fundal), as identified by an initial localizer experiment. Then, using fMRI, we measured the impact of each inactivation condition on responses in the other face patches relative to the control condition. In this study, we used the same method and measured the impact of each inactivation condition on responses in the FEF and the lateral intraparietal area, two regions associated with attentional processing, while face and nonface object stimuli were viewed. Our results revealed potential relationships between inferotemporal face patches and these two attention-related regions: The inactivation of the middle lateral and anterior fundal face patches had a pronounced impact on FEF, whereas the inactivation of the middle and anterior lateral face patches had a noticeable influence on LIP. Together, these initial exploratory findings document a circuit that potentially underlies the attentional capture of faces. Confirmation of the role of this circuit remains to be accomplished in the context of a paradigm that explicitly tests the attentional capture of faces.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2761-2779"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141472346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical Connectivity Constrains Dynamic Functional Connectivity among Neural Systems: Implications for Cognition and Behavior","authors":"Susan M. Courtney;Thomas Hinault","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02205","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02205","url":null,"abstract":"Leslie Ungerleider had a tremendous impact across many different areas of cognitive neuroscience. Her ideas and her approach, as well as her findings, will continue to impact the field for generations to come. One of the most impactful aspects of her approach was her focus on the ways that anatomical connections constrain functional communications among brain regions. Furthermore, she emphasized that changes in these functional communications, whether from lesions to the anatomical connections or temporary modulations of the efficacy of information transmission resulting from selective attention, have consequences for cognition and behavior. By necessity, this short review cannot cover the vast amount of research that contributed to or benefited from Leslie's work. Rather, we focus on one line of research that grew directly from some of Leslie's early work and her mentoring on these important concepts. This research and the many other lines of research that arose from these same origins has helped develop our understanding of the visual system, and cognitive systems more generally, as collections of highly organized, specialized, dynamic, and interacting subsystems.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2712-2724"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141472348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Cortical Streams from a Computational Perspective","authors":"Zhixian Han;Anne B. Sereno","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02121","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02121","url":null,"abstract":"The two visual cortical streams hypothesis, which suggests object properties (what) are processed separately from spatial properties (where), has a longstanding history, and much evidence has accumulated to support its conjectures. Nevertheless, in the last few decades, conflicting evidence has mounted that demands some explanation and modification. For example, existence of (1) shape activities (fMRI) or shape selectivities (physiology) in dorsal stream, similar to ventral stream; likewise, spatial activations (fMRI) or spatial selectivities (physiology) in ventral stream, similar to dorsal stream; (2) multiple segregated subpathways within a stream. In addition, the idea of segregation of various aspects of multiple objects in a scene raises questions about how these properties of multiple objects are then properly re-associated or bound back together to accurately perceive, remember, or make decisions. We will briefly review the history of the two-stream hypothesis, discuss competing accounts that challenge current thinking, and propose ideas on why the brain has segregated pathways. We will present ideas based on our own data using artificial neural networks (1) to reveal encoding differences for what and where that arise in a two-pathway neural network, (2) to show how these encoding differences can clarify previous conflicting findings, and (3) to elucidate the computational advantages of segregated pathways. Furthermore, we will discuss whether neural networks need to have multiple subpathways for different visual attributes. We will also discuss the binding problem (how to correctly associate the different attributes of each object together when there are multiple objects each with multiple attributes in a scene) and possible solutions to the binding problem. Finally, we will briefly discuss problems and limitations with existing models and potential fruitful future directions.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2618-2626"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10776797","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139693469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development of Socially Directed Attention: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Infant Monkeys","authors":"Zsofia Kovacs-Balint;Mar M. Sanchez;Arick Wang;Eric Feczko;Eric Earl;Martin Styner;Damien Fair;Jocelyne Bachevalier","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02187","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02187","url":null,"abstract":"Socially guided visual attention, such as gaze following and joint attention, represents the building block of higher-level social cognition in primates, although their neurodevelopmental processes are still poorly understood. Atypical development of these social skills has served as early marker of autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome. In this study, we trace the developmental trajectories of four neural networks underlying visual and attentional social engagement in the translational rhesus monkey model. Resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data and gaze following skills were collected in infant rhesus macaques from birth through 6 months of age. Developmental trajectories from subjects with both resting-state fMRI and eye-tracking data were used to explore brain–behavior relationships. Our findings indicate robust increases in functional connectivity (FC) between primary visual areas (primary visual cortex [V1] – extrastriate area 3 [V3] and V3 – middle temporal area [MT], MT and anterior superior temporal sulcus area [AST], as well as between anterior temporal area [TE]) and amygdala (AMY) as infants mature. Significant FC decreases were found in more rostral areas of the pathways, such as between temporal area occipital part – TE in the ventral object pathway, V3 – lateral intraparietal (LIP) of the dorsal visual attention pathway and V3 – temporo-parietal area of the ventral attention pathway. No changes in FC were found between cortical areas LIP-FEF and temporo-parietal area – Area 12 of the dorsal and ventral attention pathways or between Anterior Superior Temporal sulcus area (AST)-AMY and AMY-insula. Developmental trajectory of gaze following revealed a period of dynamic changes with gradual increases from 1 to 2 months, followed by slight decreases from 3 to 6 months. Exploratory association findings across the 6-month period showed that infants with higher gaze following had lower FC between primary visual areas V1–V3, but higher FC in the dorsal attention areas V3-LIP, both in the right hemisphere. Together, the first 6 months of life in rhesus macaques represent a critical period for the emergence of gaze following skills associated with maturational changes in FC of socially guided attention pathways.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2742-2760"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Cells to Circuits, from Vision to Cognition, from Monkeys to Humans: Leslie Ungerleider's Pioneering Neuroscience","authors":"Chris Baker;Sabine Kastner","doi":"10.1162/jocn_e_02253","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_e_02253","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2558-2561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}