Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Personalized Neural State Segmentation: Validating the Greedy State Boundary Search Algorithm for Individual-level Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data.","authors":"Robyn Erica Wilford, Huiqin Chen, Erika Wharton-Shukster, Amy S Finn, Katherine Duncan","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans segment experience into a nested series of discrete events, separated by neural state transitions that can be identified in fMRI data collected during passive movie viewing. Current neural state segmentation techniques manage the noisiness of fMRI data by modeling groups of participants at once. However, the perception of event boundaries is itself idiosyncratic. As such, we developed a denoising pipeline to separate meaningful signal from noise and validated the Greedy State Boundary Search algorithm for use in individual participants. We applied the Greedy State Boundary Search to publicly available (1) young adult and (2) developmental fMRI data sets. After extensive denoising, we confirmed that personalized young adult neural state transitions exhibited a canonical temporal cortical hierarchy and were related to normative behavioral boundaries across time in key regions such as posterior parietal cortex. Furthermore, we used machine learning to show that the strongest neural transitions from across cortex could be used to predict the timing of normative boundary judgments. Results from the developmental data set also demonstrated important boundary conditions for estimating personalized neural state transitions. Nonetheless, some brain-behavior relations were still apparent in individually modeled developmental data. Finally, we ran two individual differences analyses demonstrating the utility of our method. These validations pave the way for applying personalized fMRI modeling to the study of event segmentation; what meaningful insights could we be missing when we average away what makes each of us unique?</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144007989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the Neural Taxonomy of Mental Objects in Moment-to-Moment Cognition.","authors":"Xinchi Yu","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We mentally represent all kinds of objects across a variety of tasks and source modalities (i.e., mental objects). Recent work has proposed that mental objects are represented by content-free, reassignable pointers (or indexicals, tokens) in our moment-to-moment processing. Are all mental objects represented by the same set of pointers? If not, where should we draw the lines between different kinds of pointers? In this Perspective, we propose a novel research program aiming at unraveling the neural taxonomy of mental objects by testing how the neural markers for pointers generalize across different paradigms, task goals, source modalities, and more.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144031117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Negative Emotions Influence Arithmetic Performance: A Magnetoencephalography Study.","authors":"Camille Lallement, Thomas Hinault, Khoubeib Kanzari, Patrick Lemaire","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we used magnetoencephalography and adopted a strategy approach to determine how negative emotions influence arithmetic performance. Forty-eight participants had to find estimates of two-digit multiplication problems, while their strategies were monitored for each problem. Problems were displayed superimposed on emotionally negative or neutral pictures. Behavioral results showed that negative emotions had a deleterious influence on arithmetic performance, especially while executing the harder strategy. Magnetoencephalography data showed decreased activations under negative emotions in brain regions known to specifically underlie arithmetic neural processes, such as left parietal regions (i.e., intraparietal sulcus, superior parietal lobule, precuneus), and no effects of emotions in regions involved in domain-general mechanisms, such as prefrontal regions. Interestingly, decreased activations occurred very early after the onset of the arithmetic problems (i.e., 100-250 msec) and were not found in later time windows. These results suggest that negative emotions impair the early domain-specific processes (such as encoding arithmetic problems), possibly as a result of competing resources between emotional and arithmetic processing. These findings have important implications for further understanding of neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying effects of negative emotions in arithmetic and for further investigating how emotions influence cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor and Cognitive Sequence Tasks Exhibit Different Ramping Patterns in Parietal and Prefrontal Cortices.","authors":"Hannah Doyle, Rhys Yewbrey, Katja Kornysheva, Theresa M Desrochers","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02349","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans complete different types of sequences as a part of everyday life. These sequences can be divided into two important categories: those that are abstract, in which the steps unfold according to a rule at super-second to minute time scale, and those that are motor, defined solely by individual movements and their order that unfold at the subsecond to second timescale. For example, the sequence of making spaghetti consists of abstract tasks (preparing the sauce and cooking the noodles) and nested motor actions (stir pasta water). Previous work shows neural activity increases (ramps) in the rostrolateral prefrontal (RLPFC) during abstract sequence execution [Desrochers, T. M., Collins, A. G. E., & Badre, D. Sequential control underlies robust ramping dynamics in the rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 39, 1471-1483, 2019; Desrochers, T. M., Chatham, C. H., & Badre, D. The necessity of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex for higher-level sequential behavior. Neuron, 87, 1357-1368, 2015]. During motor sequence production, activity occurs in regions of pFC [Yewbrey, R., Mantziara, M., & Kornysheva, K. Cortical patterns shift from sequence feature separation during planning to integration during motor execution. Journal of Neuroscience, 43, 1742-1756, 2023]. However, it remains unknown if ramping is a signature of motor sequence production as well or solely an attribute of abstract sequence monitoring and execution. We tested the hypothesis that significant ramping activity occurs during motor sequence production in the RLPFC. Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not observe significant ramping activity in the RLPFC during motor sequence production, but we found significant ramping activity in bilateral inferior parietal cortex, in regions distinct from those observed during an abstract sequence task. Our results suggest different prefrontal-parietal circuitry may underlie abstract versus motor sequence execution.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural Substrates Associated with Character Amnesia in Chinese Handwriting: A Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy Study.","authors":"Zebo Xu, Yang Yang, Tai Yuan, Gangyi Feng, Zhenguang G Cai","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chinese speakers have long suffered from character amnesia in handwriting, failing to handwrite a character despite being able to recognize it. However, it remains unclear whether character amnesia arises from the failure in accessing orthographic representations in the orthographic lexicon, reduced graphemic information in the graphemic buffer, or/and weakened phonology-orthography links. To address this issue, we employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy to explore brain regions that are associated with character amnesia. In particular, we tested whether character amnesia is associated with deactivation in the fusiform gyrus (FG), the superior parietal gyrus (SPG), or the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), which have been shown to be respectively associated with the orthographic lexicon, graphemic buffer, and phonology-orthography conversion. In a handwriting-to-dictation task, 23 Cantonese-speaking adults handwrote a character according to a dictation prompt and then reported whether they correctly handwrote the character or suffered from character amnesia. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy results showed that, compared with correct handwriting, character amnesia elicited reduced activation in the bilateral FG, the SPG, and the SMG. Parametric analyses showed that character frequency and number of strokes positively correlated with activation of the FG and the SPG, respectively. Functional connectivity analyses demonstrated that, compared with correct handwriting, character amnesia was associated with decreased connectivity between the left FG and the left SMG, the right FG and the right SMG, the right FG and the right SPG, the right FG and the left SMG, and the right FG and the left SPG. Together, these results suggested that character amnesia is associated with the decayed orthographic representations (in the orthographic lexicon) and failure in phonology-orthography conversion, resulting in reduced orthographic information being retrieved (into the graphemic buffer) for handwriting execution.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Learning to Read Visual Braille Co-opts the Reading Brain.","authors":"Filippo Cerpelloni, Alice Van Audenhaege, Jacek Matuszewski, Remi Gau, Ceren Battal, Federica Falagiarda, Hans Op de Beeck, Olivier Collignon","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Learning to read assigns linguistic value to an abstract visual code. Whether regions of the reading network tune to visual properties common to most scripts or code for more abstracted units of language remains debated. Here, we investigate this question using visual Braille, a script developed for touch that does not share the typical explicit shape information of other alphabets, yet maps onto the same phonology and lexicon as other more regular scripts. First, we compared univariate responses in visual Braille readers and a naïve control group and found that individually localized visual word form area (VWFA) was selectively activated for visual Braille when compared with scrambled Braille only in expert Braille readers. Multivariate analyses showed that linguistic properties can be decoded from Latin script in both groups and from Braille script in expert readers in an extended network of brain regions including the early visual cortex (V1), the lateral occipital (LO) region, the VWFA, and the left posterior temporal (l-PosTemp) area. These results suggest that the tuning of an extended reading network to orthography relies more on the linguistic content of the script rather than their specific visual features (e.g., line junctions). Nevertheless, cross-scripts generalization was significantly lower than within-script decoding and failed to reveal common representations across Latin and Braille in experts in all regions except the l-PosTemp. These results suggest that V1, LO, and VWFA encode orthographic representations in a script-specific manner, whereas l-PosTemp encodes abstracted linguistic information.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-43"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Music Modulates Medial Temporal Lobe Connectivity with Frontostriatal Loops and Enhances Visual Sequential Learning.","authors":"Yiren Ren, Thackery Brown","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How music can benefit concurrent learning of other modalities remains debated. This study aimed to investigate whether and how musical schemas improve parallel visual sequence encoding. During fMRI, participants learned sequences of abstract shapes that were presented along with concurrent musical segments that varied in predictability through both structural regularity and prior learning. Behavioral results show that music, particularly when predictable and schematic, enhances visual sequential encoding. fMRI data indicate that parahippocampal and striatal engagement during visual sequence encoding is decreased with music, suggesting more efficient encoding when music is present. Importantly, music increased prefrontal-medial temporal lobe connectivity during visual encoding, a network highly associated with schema interactions with new learning. We also demonstrate improved encoding as a function of the syntactical schema of music, which was associated with increased functional connectivity between the striatum and the hippocampus, a critical network for sequence learning. We propose that music with certain forms of predictability may aid parallel visual temporal order learning by reducing neural encoding demands and providing schematic temporal structure that strengthens the connectivity between the medial temporal lobe and frontostriatal loops.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Debunking the Myth of Excitatory and Inhibitory Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Cognitive Neuroscience Research","authors":"Sara J. Hussain;Michael V. Freedberg","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02288","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02288","url":null,"abstract":"Repetitive TMS (rTMS) is a powerful neuroscientific tool with the potential to noninvasively identify brain–behavior relationships in humans. Early work suggested that certain rTMS protocols (e.g., continuous theta-burst stimulation, intermittent theta-burst stimulation, high-frequency rTMS, low-frequency rTMS) predictably alter the probability that cortical neurons will fire action potentials (i.e., change cortical excitability). However, despite significant methodological, conceptual, and technical advances in rTMS research over the past few decades, overgeneralization of early rTMS findings has led to a stubbornly persistent assumption that rTMS protocols by their nature induce behavioral and/or physiological inhibition or facilitation, even when they are applied to nonmotor cortical sites or under untested circumstances. In this Perspectives article, we offer a “public service announcement” that summarizes the origins of this problematic assumption, highlighting limitations of seminal studies that inspired them and results of contemporary studies that violate them. Next, we discuss problems associated with holding this assumption, including making brain–behavior inferences without confirming the locality and directionality of neurophysiological changes. Finally, we provide recommendations for researchers to eliminate this misguided assumption when designing and interpreting their own work, emphasizing results of recent studies showing that the effects of rTMS on neurophysiological metrics and their associated behaviors can be caused by mechanisms other than binary changes in excitability of the stimulated brain region or network. Collectively, we contend that no rTMS protocol is by its nature either excitatory or inhibitory, and that researchers must use caution with these terms when forming experimental hypotheses and testing brain–behavior relationships.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"37 5","pages":"1009-1022"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Vocalizations Shape the Perception of Emotional Faces—An Electroencephalography Study","authors":"Junyu Liang;Mingming Zhang;Lan Yang;Yiwen Li;Yuchen Li;Li Wang;Hongying Li;Jun Chen;Wenbo Luo","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02284","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02284","url":null,"abstract":"Vocal emotions are crucial in guiding visual attention toward emotionally significant environmental events, such as recognizing emotional faces. This study employed continuous EEG recordings to examine the impact of linguistic and nonlinguistic vocalizations on facial emotion processing. Participants completed a facial emotion discrimination task while viewing fearful, happy, and neutral faces. The behavioral and ERP results indicated that fearful nonlinguistic vocalizations accelerated the recognition of fearful faces and elicited a larger P1 amplitude, whereas happy linguistic vocalizations accelerated the recognition of happy faces and similarly induced a greater P1 amplitude. In recognition of fearful faces, a greater N170 component was observed in the right hemisphere when the emotional category of the priming vocalization was consistent with the face stimulus. In contrast, this effect occurred in the left hemisphere while recognizing happy faces. Representational similarity analysis revealed that the temporoparietal regions automatically differentiate between linguistic and nonlinguistic vocalizations early in face processing. In conclusion, these findings enhance our understanding of the interplay between vocalization types and facial emotion recognition, highlighting the importance of cross-modal processing in emotional perception.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"37 5","pages":"970-987"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed Representations for Cognitive Control in Frontal Medial Cortex","authors":"Thomas R. Colin;Iris Ikink;Clay B. Holroyd","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02285","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02285","url":null,"abstract":"In natural and artificial neural networks, modularity and distributed structure afford complementary but competing benefits. The former allows for hierarchical representations that can flexibly recombine modules to address novel problems, whereas the latter can benefit from less constrained training, potentially uncovering fruitful statistical regularities. Here, we investigate these competing demands in the context of human sequential behavior. First, we explore this setting by comparing the properties of several recurrent neural network models. We find that explicit hierarchical structure by itself fails to provide a critical performance advantage when compared with a “flat” model that does not incorporate hierarchical structure. However, hierarchy appears to facilitate cognitive control processes that support nonroutine behaviors and behaviors that are carried out under computational stress. Second, we compare these models against fMRI data using representational similarity analysis. We find that a model that incorporates so-called wiring costs in the cost function, which produces a hierarchically organized gradient of representational structure across the hidden layer of the neural network, best accounts for fMRI data collected from human participants in a previous study [Holroyd, C. B., Ribas-Fernandes, J. J. F., Shahnazian, D., Silvetti, M., & Verguts, T., Human midcingulate cortex encodes distributed representations of task progress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 115, 6398–6403, 2018]. The results reveal that the ACC encodes distributed representations of sequential task context along a rostro-caudal gradient of abstraction: Rostral ACC encodes relatively abstract and temporally extended patterns of activity compared with those encoded by caudal ACC. These results provide insight into the role of ACC in motivation and cognitive control.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"37 5","pages":"941-969"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}