Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"The Development of Socially Directed Attention: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Infant Monkeys","authors":"Zsofia Kovacs-Balint;Mar M. Sanchez;Arick Wang;Eric Feczko;Eric Earl;Martin Styner;Damien Fair;Jocelyne Bachevalier","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02187","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02187","url":null,"abstract":"Socially guided visual attention, such as gaze following and joint attention, represents the building block of higher-level social cognition in primates, although their neurodevelopmental processes are still poorly understood. Atypical development of these social skills has served as early marker of autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome. In this study, we trace the developmental trajectories of four neural networks underlying visual and attentional social engagement in the translational rhesus monkey model. Resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data and gaze following skills were collected in infant rhesus macaques from birth through 6 months of age. Developmental trajectories from subjects with both resting-state fMRI and eye-tracking data were used to explore brain–behavior relationships. Our findings indicate robust increases in functional connectivity (FC) between primary visual areas (primary visual cortex [V1] – extrastriate area 3 [V3] and V3 – middle temporal area [MT], MT and anterior superior temporal sulcus area [AST], as well as between anterior temporal area [TE]) and amygdala (AMY) as infants mature. Significant FC decreases were found in more rostral areas of the pathways, such as between temporal area occipital part – TE in the ventral object pathway, V3 – lateral intraparietal (LIP) of the dorsal visual attention pathway and V3 – temporo-parietal area of the ventral attention pathway. No changes in FC were found between cortical areas LIP-FEF and temporo-parietal area – Area 12 of the dorsal and ventral attention pathways or between Anterior Superior Temporal sulcus area (AST)-AMY and AMY-insula. Developmental trajectory of gaze following revealed a period of dynamic changes with gradual increases from 1 to 2 months, followed by slight decreases from 3 to 6 months. Exploratory association findings across the 6-month period showed that infants with higher gaze following had lower FC between primary visual areas V1–V3, but higher FC in the dorsal attention areas V3-LIP, both in the right hemisphere. Together, the first 6 months of life in rhesus macaques represent a critical period for the emergence of gaze following skills associated with maturational changes in FC of socially guided attention pathways.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2742-2760"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Cells to Circuits, from Vision to Cognition, from Monkeys to Humans: Leslie Ungerleider's Pioneering Neuroscience","authors":"Chris Baker;Sabine Kastner","doi":"10.1162/jocn_e_02253","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_e_02253","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2558-2561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Spiraling Cognitive–Emotional Brain: Combinatorial, Reciprocal, and Reentrant Macro-organization","authors":"Luiz Pessoa","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02146","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02146","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a framework for understanding the macro-scale organization of anatomical pathways in the mammalian brain. The architecture supports flexible behavioral decisions across a spectrum of spatiotemporal scales. The proposal emphasizes the combinatorial, reciprocal, and reentrant connectivity—called CRR neuroarchitecture—between cortical, BG, thalamic, amygdala, hypothalamic, and brainstem circuits. Thalamic nuclei, especially midline/intralaminar nuclei, are proposed to act as hubs routing the flow of signals between noncortical areas and pFC. The hypothalamus also participates in multiregion circuits via its connections with cortex and thalamus. At slower timescales, long-range behaviors integrate signals across levels of the neuroaxis. At fast timescales, parallel engagement of pathways allows urgent behaviors while retaining flexibility. Overall, the proposed architecture enables context-dependent, adaptive behaviors spanning proximate to distant spatiotemporal scales. The framework promotes an integrative perspective and a distributed, heterarchical view of brain function.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2697-2711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paradoxical Long-term Memory Augmentation following Temporal Pairing between “Limited” and “Extensive” Motor Sequence Training Experiences","authors":"Yaniv Oren;Maria Korman;Avi Karni","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02186","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02186","url":null,"abstract":"Consecutive training on two movement sequences often leads to retroactive interference—obstructing memory for the initially trained sequence but not for the second. However, in the context of hippocampal-system dependent memories, a poor learning experience, memory for which would soon decay, can be enhanced if temporally paired with a “strong” memory triggering experience. The synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis explains this paradoxical enhancement by suggesting that only strong experiences generate cellular resources necessary for synaptic remodeling. However, synapses engaged in a “weak” learning experience can capture and utilize plasticity-related resources generated for a subsequent strong learning experience. Here, we tested whether such a “paradoxical” outcome would result in the context of motor (procedural) memory, if two movement sequences are unequally trained, consecutively. We show, in young adults (n = 100), that limited practice on a novel sequence of finger-to-thumb opposition movements led to different long-term outcomes, depending on whether and when (5 min, 5 hr) it was followed by extensive training on a different sequence. Five-minute pairing only resulted in overnight gains for the limited-trained sequence that were well-retained a week later; the overnight gains for the extensively trained sequence were compromised. Thus, consecutive training on different motor tasks can result in mnemonic interactions other than interference. We propose that the newly discovered mnemonic interaction provides the first-tier behavioral evidence in support of the possible applicability of notions stemming from the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis in relation to human motor memory generation, specifically in relation to the practice-dependent consolidation of novel explicitly instructed movement sequences.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2807-2821"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10776805","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reward Reinforcement Creates Enduring Facilitation of Goal-directed Behavior","authors":"Ian C. Ballard;Michael Waskom;Kerry C. Nix;Mark D’Esposito","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02150","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02150","url":null,"abstract":"Stimulus–response habits benefit behavior by automatizing the selection of rewarding actions. However, this automaticity can come at the cost of reduced flexibility to adapt behavior when circumstances change. The goal-directed system is thought to counteract the habit system by providing the flexibility to pursue context-appropriate behaviors. The dichotomy between habitual action selection and flexible goal-directed behavior has recently been challenged by findings showing that rewards bias both action and goal selection. Here, we test whether reward reinforcement can give rise to habitual goal selection much as it gives rise to habitual action selection. We designed a rewarded, context-based perceptual discrimination task in which performance on one rule was reinforced. Using drift-diffusion models and psychometric analyses, we found that reward facilitates the initiation and execution of rules. Strikingly, we found that these biases persisted in a test phase in which rewards were no longer available. Although this facilitation is consistent with the habitual goal selection hypothesis, we did not find evidence that reward reinforcement reduced cognitive flexibility to implement alternative rules. Together, the findings suggest that reward creates a lasting impact on the selection and execution of goals but may not lead to the inflexibility characteristic of habits. Our findings demonstrate the role of the reward learning system in influencing how the goal-directed system selects and implements goals.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2847-2862"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140569482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Motivation and Decision-making","authors":"Debbie M. Yee","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02258","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02258","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation is often thought to enhance adaptive decision-making by biasing actions toward rewards and away from punishment. Emerging evidence, however, points to a more nuanced view whereby motivation can both enhance and impair different aspects of decision-making. Model-based approaches have gained prominence over the past decade for developing more precise mechanistic explanations for how incentives impact goal-directed behavior. In this Special Focus, we highlight three studies that demonstrate how computational frameworks help decompose decision processes into constituent cognitive components, as well as formalize when and how motivational factors (e.g., monetary rewards) influence specific cognitive processes, decision-making strategies, and self-report measures. Finally, I conclude with a provocative suggestion based on recent advances in the field: that organisms do not merely seek to maximize the expected value of extrinsic incentives. Instead, they may be optimizing decision-making to achieve a desired internal state (e.g., homeostasis, effort, affect). Future investigation into such internal processes will be a fruitful endeavor for unlocking the cognitive, computational, and neural mechanisms of motivated decision-making.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2822-2830"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142395031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Laboratory of Brain and Cognition: A Lab Is Born","authors":"James V. Haxby","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02197","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02197","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2562-2564"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141184638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Motion to Emotion: Visual Pathways and Potential Interconnections","authors":"Aina Puce","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02141","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02141","url":null,"abstract":"The two visual pathway description of Ungerleider and Mishkin changed the course of late 20th century systems and cognitive neuroscience. Here, I try to reexamine our laboratory's work through the lens of the Pitcher and Ungerleider new third visual pathway. I also briefly review the literature related to brain responses to static and dynamic visual displays, visual stimulation involving multiple individuals, and compare existing models of social information processing for the face and body. In this context, I examine how the posterior STS might generate unique social information relative to other brain regions that also respond to social stimuli. I discuss some of the existing challenges we face with assessing how information flow progresses between structures in the proposed functional pathways and how some stimulus types and experimental designs may have complicated our data interpretation and model generation. I also note a series of outstanding questions for the field. Finally, I examine the idea of a potential expansion of the third visual pathway, to include aspects of previously proposed “lateral” visual pathways. Doing this would yield a more general entity for processing motion/action (i.e., “[inter]action”) that deals with interactions between people, as well as people and objects. In this framework, a brief discussion of potential hemispheric biases for function, and different forms of neuropsychological impairments created by focal lesions in the posterior brain is highlighted to help situate various brain regions into an expanded [inter]action pathway.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2594-2617"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two “What” Networks in the Human Brain","authors":"Maryam Vaziri-Pashkam","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02234","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02234","url":null,"abstract":"Ungerleider and Mishkin, in their influential work that relied on detailed anatomical and ablation studies, suggested that visual information is processed along two distinct pathways: the dorsal “where” pathway, primarily responsible for spatial vision, and the ventral “what” pathway, dedicated to object vision. This strict division of labor has faced challenges in light of compelling evidence revealing robust shape and object selectivity within the putative “where” pathway. This article reviews evidence that supports the presence of shape selectivity in the dorsal pathway. A comparative examination of dorsal and ventral object representations in terms of invariance, task dependency, and representational content reveals similarities and differences between the two pathways. Both exhibit some level of tolerance to image transformations and are influenced by tasks, but responses in the dorsal pathway show weaker tolerance and stronger task modulations than those in the ventral pathway. Furthermore, an examination of their representational content highlights a divergence between the responses in the two pathways, suggesting that they are sensitive to distinct features of objects. Collectively, these findings suggest that two networks exist in the human brain for processing object shapes, one in the dorsal and another in the ventral visual cortex. These studies lay the foundation for future research aimed at revealing the precise roles the two “what” networks play in our ability to understand and interact with objects.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2584-2593"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141898916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Announcing the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Discussion Forum","authors":"Bradley R. Postle","doi":"10.1162/jocn_e_02259","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_e_02259","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"36 12","pages":"2557-2557"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142523625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}