Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Specifying Precision in Visual-orthographic Prediction Error Representations for a Better Understanding of Efficient Reading.","authors":"Wanlu Fu, Benjamin Gagl","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Efficient visual word recognition presumably relies on orthographic prediction error (oPE) representations. On the basis of a transparent neurocognitive computational model rooted in the principles of the predictive coding framework, we postulated that readers optimize their percept by removing redundant visual signals, allowing them to focus on the informative aspects of the sensory input (i.e., the oPE). Here, we explore alternative oPE implementations, testing whether increased precision by assuming all-or-nothing signaling and more realistic word lexicons results in adequate representations underlying efficient word recognition. We used behavioral and electrophysiological data (i.e., EEG) for model evaluation. More precise oPE representations (i.e., implementing a binary signaling and a frequency-sorted lexicon with the 500 most common five-letter words) explained variance in behavioral responses and electrophysiological data 300 msec after stimulus onset best. The original less-precise oPE representation still best explains early brain activation. This pattern suggests a dynamic adaption of represented visual-orthographic information, where initial graded prediction errors convert into binary representations, allowing accurate retrieval of word meaning. These results offer a neuro-cognitive plausible account of efficient word recognition, emphasizing visual-orthographic information in the form of prediction error representations central to the transition from perceptual processing to the access of word meaning.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Brain Networks Underlying Autobiographical Event Simulation: An Update.","authors":"Ava Momeni, Donna Rose Addis, Eva Feredoes, Florentine Klepel, Maiya M Rasheed, Abhijit M Chinchani, Nikitas C Kousssis, Todd S Woodward","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>fMRI studies typically explore changes in the BOLD signal underlying discrete cognitive processes that occur over milliseconds to a few seconds. However, autobiographical cognition is a protracted process and requires fMRI tasks with longer trials to capture the temporal dynamics of the underlying brain networks. In the current study, we provided an updated analysis of the fMRI data obtained from a published autobiographical event simulation study, with a slow event-related design (34-sec trials), that involved participants recalling past, imagining past, and imagining future autobiographical events, as well as completing a semantic association control task. Our updated analysis using Constrained Principal Component Analysis for fMRI retrieved two networks reported in the original study: (1) the default mode network, which activated during the autobiographical event simulation conditions but deactivated during the control condition, and (2) the multiple demand network, which activated early in all conditions during the construction of the required representations (i.e., autobiographical events or semantic associates). Two novel networks also emerged: (1) the Response Network, which activated during the scale-rating phase, and (2) the Maintaining Internal Attention Network, which, while active in all conditions during the elaboration of details associated with the simulated events, was more strongly engaged during the imagination and semantic association control conditions. Our findings suggest that the default mode network does not support autobiographical simulation alone, but it co-activates with the multiple demand network and Maintaining Internal Attention Network, with the timing of activations depending on evolving task demands during the simulation process.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-64"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143071227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilingualism Is Associated with Significant Structural and Connectivity Alterations in the Thalamus in Adulthood.","authors":"Behcet Ayyildiz, Dila Sayman, Sevilay Ayyildiz, Ece Ozdemir Oktem, Ruhat Arslan, Tuncay Colak, Belgin Bamac, Burak Yulug","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Language is a sophisticated cognitive skill that relies on the coordinated activity of cerebral cortex. Acquiring a second language creates intricate modifications in brain connectivity. Although considerable studies have evaluated the impact of second language acquisition on brain networks in adulthood, the results regarding the ultimate form of adaptive plasticity remain inconsistent within the adult population. Furthermore, due to the assumption that subcortical regions are not significantly involved in language-related tasks, the thalamus has rarely been analyzed in relation to other language-relevant cortical regions. Given these limitations, we aimed to evaluate the functional connectivity and volume modifications of thalamic subfields using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities following the acquisition of a second language. Structural MRI and fMRI data from 51 participants were collected from the OpenNeuro database. The participants were divided into three groups: monolingual (ML), early bilingual (EB), and late bilingual (LB). The EB group consisted of individuals proficient in both English and Spanish, with exposure to these languages before the age of 10 years. The LB group consisted of individuals proficient in both English and Spanish, but with exposure to these languages after the age of 14 years. The ML group included participants proficient only in English. Our results revealed that the ML group exhibited increased functional connectivity in all thalamic subfields (anterior, intralaminar-medial, lateral, ventral, and pulvinar) compared with the EB and LB groups. In addition, a significantly decreased volume of the left suprageniculate nucleus was found in the bilingual groups compared with the ML group. This study provides valuable evidence suggesting that acquiring a second language may be protective against dementia, due to its high plasticity potential, which acts synergistically with cognitive functions to slow the degenerative process.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural Correlates of the Musicianship Advantage to the Cocktail Party Effect.","authors":"Avery E Ostrand, Vinith Johnson, Adam Gazzaley, Theodore P Zanto","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prior research has indicated musicians show an auditory processing advantage in phonemic processing of language. The aim of the current study was to elucidate when in the auditory cortical processing stream this advantage emerges in a cocktail-party-like environment. Participants (n = 34) were aged 18-35 years and deemed to be either a musician (10+-year experience) or nonmusician (no formal training). EEG data were collected while participants were engaged in a phoneme discrimination task. During the task, participants were asked to discern auditory \"ba\" and \"pa\" phonemes in two conditions: one with competing speech (target with distractor [TD]) and one without competing speech (target only). Behavioral results showed that musicians discriminated phonemes better under the TD condition than nonmusicians, whereas no performance differences were observed during the target only condition. Analysis of the EEG ERP showed musicianship-based differences at both early (N1) and late (P3) processing stages during the TD condition. Specifically, musicians exhibited decreased neural activity during the N1 and increased neural activity during the P3. Source localization of the P3 showed that musicians increased activity in the right superior/middle temporal gyrus. Results from this study indicate that musicians have a phonemic processing advantage specifically when presented in the context of distraction, which arises from a shift in neural activity from early (N1) to late (P3) stages of cortical phonemic processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Delta Band Neural Tracking of Degraded Fundamental Frequency Speech in Noisy Environments.","authors":"Yu-Jyun Guo, I-Hui Hsieh","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pitch variation of the fundamental frequency (F0) is critical to speech understanding, especially in noisy environments. Degrading the F0 contour reduces behaviorally measured speech intelligibility, posing greater challenges for tonal languages like Mandarin Chinese where the F0 pattern determines semantic meaning. However, neural tracking of Mandarin speech with degraded F0 information in noisy environments remains unclear. This study investigated neural envelope tracking of continuous Mandarin speech with three F0-flattening levels (original, flat-tone, and flat-all) under various SNRs (0, -9, and -12 dB). F0 contours were flattened at the word level for flat-tone and at the sentence level for flat-all Mandarin speech. Electroencephalography responses were indexed by the temporal response function in the delta (<4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) frequency bands. Results show that delta-band envelope tracking is modulated by the degree of F0 flattening in a nonmonotonic manner. Notably, flat-tone Mandarin speech elicited the strongest envelope tracking compared with both original and flat-all speech, despite reduced F0 information. In contrast, the theta band, which primarily encodes speech SNR level, was not affected by F0 changes. In addition, listeners with better pitch-related music skills exhibited more efficient neural envelope speech tracking, despite being musically naive. These findings indicate that neural envelope tracking in the delta (but not theta) band is highly specific to F0 pitch variation and highlight the role of intrinsic musical skills for speech-in-noise benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural Associations between Inhibitory Control and Counterintuitive Reasoning in Science and Maths in Primary School Children.","authors":"Lucy R J Palmer, Dilini K Sumanapala, Denis Mareschal, Iroise Dumontheil","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging evidence suggests that inhibitory control (IC) plays a pivotal role in science and maths counterintuitive reasoning by suppressing incorrect intuitive concepts, allowing correct counterintuitive concepts to come to mind. Neuroimaging studies have shown greater activation in the ventrolateral and dorsolateral pFCs when adults and adolescents reason about counterintuitive concepts, which has been interpreted as reflecting IC recruitment. However, the extent to which neural systems underlying IC support science and maths reasoning remains unexplored in children. This developmental stage is of particular importance, as many crucial counterintuitive concepts are learned in formal education in middle childhood. To address this gap, fMRI data were collected while fifty-six 7- to 10-year-olds completed counterintuitive science and math problems, plus IC tasks of interference control (Animal Size Stroop) and response inhibition (go/no-go). Univariate analysis showed large regional overlap in activation between counterintuitive reasoning and interference control, with more limited activation observed in the response inhibition task. Multivariate similarity analysis, which explores fine-scale patterns of activation across voxels, revealed neural activation similarities between (i) science and maths counterintuitive reasoning and interference control tasks in frontal, parietal, and temporal regions, and (ii) maths reasoning and response inhibition tasks in the precuneus/superior parietal lobule. Extending previous research in adults and adolescents, this evidence is consistent with the proposal that IC, specifically interference control, supports children's science and maths counterintuitive reasoning, although further research will be needed to demonstrate the similarities observed do not reflect more general multidemand processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mechanisms and Neural Signature of Time-averaged Numerosity Perception","authors":"Irene Togoli;Olivier Collignon;Domenica Bueti;Michele Fornaciai","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02263","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02263","url":null,"abstract":"The animal brain is endowed with an innate sense of number allowing to intuitively perceive the approximate quantity of items in a scene, or “numerosity.” This ability is not limited to items distributed in space, but also to events unfolding in time and to the average numerosity of dynamic scenes. How the brain computes and represents the average numerosity over time, however, remains unclear. Here, we investigate the mechanisms and EEG signature of the perception of average numerosity over time. To do so, we used stimuli composed of a variable number (3–12) of briefly presented dot arrays (50 msec each) and asked participants to judge the average numerosity of the sequence. We first show that the weight of different portions of the stimuli in determining the judgment depends on how many arrays are included in the sequence itself: the longer the sequence, the lower the weight of the latest arrays. Second, we show systematic adaptation effects across stimuli in consecutive trials. Importantly, the EEG results highlight two processing stages whereby the amplitude of occipital ERPs reflects the adaptation effect (∼300 msec after stimulus onset) and the accuracy and precision of average numerosity judgments (∼450–700 msec). These two stages are consistent with processes involved with the representation of perceived average numerosity and with perceptual decision-making, respectively. Overall, our findings provide new evidence showing how the visual system computes the average numerosity of dynamic visual stimuli, and support the existence of a dedicated, relatively low-level perceptual mechanism mediating this process.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"37 2","pages":"498-514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10851788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142480183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Neurophysiological Costs of Learning in a Noisy Classroom: An Ecological Virtual Reality Study","authors":"Orel Levy;Adi Korisky;Yair Zvilichovsky;Elana Zion Golumbic","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02249","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02249","url":null,"abstract":"Many real-life situations can be extremely noisy, which makes it difficult to understand what people say. Here, we introduce a novel audiovisual virtual reality experimental platform to study the behavioral and neurophysiological consequences of background noise on processing continuous speech in highly realistic environments. We focus on a context where the ability to understand speech is particularly important: the classroom. Participants (n = 32) experienced sitting in a virtual reality classroom and were told to pay attention to a virtual teacher giving a lecture. Trials were either quiet or contained background construction noise, emitted from outside the classroom window. Two realistic types of noise were used: continuous drilling and intermittent air hammers. Alongside behavioral outcomes, we measured several neurophysiological metrics, including neural activity (EEG), eye-gaze and skin conductance (galvanic skin response). Our results confirm the detrimental effect of background noise. Construction noise, and particularly intermittent noise, was associated with reduced behavioral performance, reduced neural tracking of the teacher's speech and an increase in skin conductance, although it did not have a significant effect on alpha-band oscillations or eye-gaze patterns. These results demonstrate the neurophysiological costs of learning in noisy environments and emphasize the role of temporal dynamics in speech-in-noise perception. The finding that intermittent noise was more disruptive than continuous noise supports a “habituation” rather than “glimpsing” hypothesis of speech-in-noise processing. These results also underscore the importance of increasing the ecologically relevance of neuroscientific research and considering acoustic, temporal, and semantic features of realistic stimuli as well as the cognitive demands of real-life environments.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"37 2","pages":"300-316"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Suppression Mechanisms of Passive Memory in Visual Working Memory: The Evidence from Electroencephalography","authors":"Ziyuan Li;Wenjin Guo;Na Zhao;Qiang Liu","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02265","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02265","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies of visual working memory (VWM) underscore a structured hierarchy of storage states. Memories that are not immediately relevant to the task at hand but are essential for later use are transferred to a passive state, which operates independently of actively maintaining and manipulating current memories. Note that stimulating passive memory forcefully can reactivate it into an active state, resulting in a competition with active memory. Thus, to remain stable representations for both states within VWM, passive memory might involve sustained suppression during activity-silent maintenance to prevent reactivation from disrupting the current active storage. To investigate this, we analyzed lateralized EEG signals while human participants (both women and men) were engaged in a sequential presentation memory task across two experiments. The results revealed positive contralateral delayed activity components and lateralized alpha enhancement for passive memory, neural indicative of suppression on passive storage. In addition, the suppression effect was independent of the memory load in both the active and the passive states. These findings support the notion of sustained suppression during activity-silent maintenance of passive memory, facilitating the stable maintenance of distinct storage states and advancing our understanding of the dynamic coding framework in VWM.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"37 2","pages":"334-344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142480185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Manipulation of the Bilateral Posterior Parietal Cortex Strengthens Associative Memory in Healthy Participants: A Continuous Theta-burst Stimulation","authors":"Lulu Cheng;Xinzhao Li;Zeqi Hao;Jing Li;Mengqi Zhao;Linlin Zhan;Mengting Li;Haiyan Gu;Xize Jia","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02273","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02273","url":null,"abstract":"To test whether targeting left and right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) with continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) in healthy adults would strengthen associative memory (AM) performance. This study consisted of two experiments (a behavioral experiment and a formal experiment during each of the two experimental sessions). In Experiment 1, 18 adults (one male, ages = 22.83 ± 3.92 years) were included in the behavioral phase and 18 adults (seven male, ages = 40.11 ± 12.27 years) in the stimulation phase. There were 120 neutral facial images paired with 120 two-character nouns and then divided into six test versions (10 male faces and 10 female faces paired with 20 different nouns were considered as one version). In the behavioral experiment, participants were tested by six-version tests to assess memory materials, and in the formal experiment, participants' face–word AM performance was measured by certified tests based on a cued recall paradigm. Furthermore, 30 adults (seven male, ages = 20.97 ± 1.85 years) and 15 adults (five male, ages = 22.27 ± 1.29 years) participated in Experiment 2, respectively. Stimuli and procedure were the same as in Experiment 1, but the AM test was based on a forced-choice paradigm. Experiment 1 did not yield anticipated outcomes; Experiment 2 showed that cTBS of left and right PPC strengthened the AM performance compared with the control condition. In conclusion, cTBS to left and right PPC improved AM in healthy adults, which provided further experimental evidence for strengthening AM by cTBS.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"37 2","pages":"286-299"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142562999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}