Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience最新文献

How the Percept of Face Familiarity Unfolds Over Time. 对面孔熟悉度的感知如何随着时间的推移而展开。

IF 3 3区医学

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Pub Date : 2026-08-27 DOI: 10.1162/JOCN.a.2690

Mengdan Sun, Menglei Yao, Xiaoqing Gao

{"title":"How the Percept of Face Familiarity Unfolds Over Time.","authors":"Mengdan Sun, Menglei Yao, Xiaoqing Gao","doi":"10.1162/JOCN.a.2690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/JOCN.a.2690","url":null,"abstract":"A single glance at a face can evoke a sense of familiarity, yet how this percept unfolds over time remains unclear. We adopted a frequency-tagging EEG paradigm to investigate neural responses to face familiarity across different SOAs. Streams of unfamiliar faces were presented at base frequencies of 8, 12, 16, and 20 Hz (SOAs: 125, 83, 62.5, and 50 msec), with personally familiar faces inserted periodically at 2 Hz. Significant oddball responses were observed at all four SOAs over occipito-temporal regions, indicating reliable discrimination between familiar and unfamiliar faces even at the shortest SOA of 50 msec. Time domain analysis revealed a significant N170 component in all four conditions, with amplitudes increasing progressively as SOA lengthened. In contrast, a reliable P300 component emerged only at SOAs of 83 msec and longer. These findings suggest two temporally distinct stages of familiar face processing: an early stage indexed by the N170 that scales with available processing time and likely reflects familiarity-sensitive perceptual processing and a later stage indexed by P300 that requires a longer processing window and likely reflects higher-order evaluative processing.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148867791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Subjective Visibility Enhances Early Posterior EEG Decoding of Stimulus Location across Report and No-report Tasks. 主观可视性增强报告和非报告任务刺激位置的早期后验脑电解码。

IF 3 3区医学

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Pub Date : 2026-08-27 DOI: 10.1162/JOCN.a.2691

Sabine Gnodde, Vlada Aslanov, Abigail Hogan, Jolien C Francken, Umberto Olcese, Timo Stein

{"title":"Subjective Visibility Enhances Early Posterior EEG Decoding of Stimulus Location across Report and No-report Tasks.","authors":"Sabine Gnodde, Vlada Aslanov, Abigail Hogan, Jolien C Francken, Umberto Olcese, Timo Stein","doi":"10.1162/JOCN.a.2691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/JOCN.a.2691","url":null,"abstract":"A central question in consciousness research is whether perceptual awareness is primarily reflected in early posterior sensory activity or in later frontal processes associated with access and report. Empirical tests of these alternatives are challenging because most paradigms rely on explicit perceptual reports, introducing motor and decisional confounds. Here, we used an electroencephalography design combining two independent tasks to decode stimulus location across report and no-report conditions and to examine how these task-general stimulus-location signals vary with subjective visibility. Participants viewed lateralized gratings in a backward-masking task and rated their subjective visibility, whereas in a separate no-report task, they viewed unmasked gratings without reporting. Classifiers were trained on stimulus location in the no-report task and tested on masked trials sorted by subjective visibility in the masking task. This cross-decoding approach identifies stimulus-location signals that generalize across tasks and vary with subjective visibility, making them less likely to reflect reporting or decision-related processes. Decoding revealed stronger stimulus-location signals for subjectively visible than invisible stimuli in an early time window from 130 to 170 msec, most prominently over posterior occipital, temporal, and parietal electrode groups. These results indicate that subjective visibility enhances early posterior EEG decoding of stimulus location across report contexts.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148867766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Task Relevance Modulates Early Threat and Prediction Signals in Face Processing: An Event-Related Potential Study. 任务关联调节面部加工中的早期威胁和预测信号：一项事件相关电位研究。

IF 3 3区医学

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Pub Date : 2026-08-27 DOI: 10.1162/JOCN.a.2692

Philip T Chalk, Derek H Arnold, Alan J Pegna

{"title":"Task Relevance Modulates Early Threat and Prediction Signals in Face Processing: An Event-Related Potential Study.","authors":"Philip T Chalk, Derek H Arnold, Alan J Pegna","doi":"10.1162/JOCN.a.2692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/JOCN.a.2692","url":null,"abstract":"Threat and prediction signals are proposed to influence perceptual processing automatically. Here, we examine how the pre-allocation of spatial attention and the task relevance of the stimulus modulate early neural responses to likely and unlikely facial expressions. Thirty participants viewed pairs of bilaterally presented stimuli consisting of either faces (one emotional, one neutral) or Gabor patches (one tilted, one vertical). Electroencephalography was recorded, and early ERPs associated with visual processing (P1 and N170) were analyzed. Participants were explicitly informed of the probabilities with which each facial expression would appear, and then engaged in one of three tasks: judging the emotion of facial expressions, the orientation of Gabor patches, or the location of missing pixels at a central fixation cross. We observed that event probabilities modulated P1 amplitudes and that facial threat modulated N170 amplitudes. Critically, these modulations were reliable only when facial expressions were task relevant. They were absent when faces were task irrelevant, including when spatial attention remained pre-allocated to the face locations. Together, these findings suggest that early neural responses to threat and prediction signals depend on task-relevant engagement with the stimulus rather than on the pre-allocation of spatial attention alone, constraining accounts that characterize these effects as automatic.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148867821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Attention and Explicit Knowledge Drive Predictive Sharpening in Early Visual Cortex. 注意和外显知识驱动早期视觉皮层的预测锐化。

IF 3 3区医学

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Pub Date : 2026-08-17 DOI: 10.1162/JOCN.a.2689

Marc Sabio-Albert, David Richter, Lluis Fuentemilla Garriga, Alexis Pérez-Bellido

{"title":"Attention and Explicit Knowledge Drive Predictive Sharpening in Early Visual Cortex.","authors":"Marc Sabio-Albert, David Richter, Lluis Fuentemilla Garriga, Alexis Pérez-Bellido","doi":"10.1162/JOCN.a.2689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/JOCN.a.2689","url":null,"abstract":"Perception is increasingly understood as an inferential process in which sensory input is interpreted in light of prior knowledge. Although predictive effects are widely documented in sensory cortices and interact with higher cognitive functions such as attention, predictive processes are generally assumed to unfold implicitly. Consequently, research often overlooks the possibility that participants may possess explicit knowledge of task structures, which they might use to guide their predictive processing. In this study, we investigated how the attentional relevance of predicted stimuli and explicit knowledge of predictive associations interact to shape the sensory encoding of visual stimuli. Using a multisensory fMRI paradigm with concurrent but independent visual and auditory probabilistic associations (75% validity), we manipulated endogenous attention across sensory modalities. Consistent with prior work, expected, relative to unexpected, visual stimuli elicited an overall reduction in BOLD activity. Critically, however, representational sharpening-an enhanced encoding fidelity of neural representations for expected inputs-occurred exclusively when visual inputs were attended and concurrently presented auditory inputs were expected. Furthermore, the magnitude of this visual representational sharpening correlated positively with participants' retained explicit knowledge of the predictive associations. These findings highlight the key roles of attention and explicit knowledge in promoting predictive sharpening and underscore the need to study predictive processing in multisensory contexts.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhanced Episodic Memory Encoding Following Modulation of the Amygdala via Transcranial Low-intensity Focused Ultrasound. 经颅低强度聚焦超声对杏仁核调制后情景记忆编码的增强。

IF 3 3区医学

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Pub Date : 2026-08-04 DOI: 10.1162/JOCN.a.2687

Manoj K Doss, Sydney R Lambert, Jason Samaha, Sai Prashanth Raja Sundaram, Charles B Nemeroff, Gregory A Fonzo, Joseph E Dunsmoor

{"title":"Enhanced Episodic Memory Encoding Following Modulation of the Amygdala via Transcranial Low-intensity Focused Ultrasound.","authors":"Manoj K Doss, Sydney R Lambert, Jason Samaha, Sai Prashanth Raja Sundaram, Charles B Nemeroff, Gregory A Fonzo, Joseph E Dunsmoor","doi":"10.1162/JOCN.a.2687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/JOCN.a.2687","url":null,"abstract":"The amygdala is considered crucial to the formation of emotional episodic memories, yet causal evidence in humans is limited due to challenges in noninvasive neuromodulation of deep brain structures. In a double-blind, sham-controlled, repeated-measures study, we tested whether transcranial low-intensity focused ultrasound (tFUS) targeting the left amygdala before encoding emotional and neutral pictures impacted memory for these pictures 24 hr later (n = 23). Using a putative inhibitory tFUS protocol previously shown to attenuate amygdala BOLD-dependent signal, we hypothesized that preencoding amygdala inhibition would impair emotional memory. Contrary to this hypothesis, active (vs. sham) sonication enhanced-or tended to enhance-memory for both neutral and emotional memory across two memory tests. As a secondary measure of amygdala modulation, participants completed a dynamic emotional facial recognition task (n = 20). Active tFUS selectively enhanced recognition of subtle fearful expressions. Computational modeling further supported tFUS-mediated memory and emotion recognition enhancements. Assuming that this tFUS protocol did indeed inhibit amygdala function, these findings suggest that rather than solely amplifying emotional salience, the amygdala may act as a filter that suppresses weaker, ambiguous signals. Inhibiting the amygdala may thus attenuate this gating function, thereby unmasking subtle affective cues and enhancing their processing into memory. Nevertheless, the purported inhibitory nature of this tFUS protocol requires further investigation. Should these findings replicate, they highlight the potential for tFUS as a translational tool to modulate affective processes for disorders such as depression and posttraumatic disorder characterized by impairments in emotional processing and memory.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148801417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Memory Traces Reflect How They Were Last Accessed. 内存跟踪反映它们最后一次被访问的方式。

IF 3 3区医学

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Pub Date : 2026-08-04 DOI: 10.1162/JOCN.a.2682

Xiaoxi Qi, Marc N Coutanche

{"title":"Memory Traces Reflect How They Were Last Accessed.","authors":"Xiaoxi Qi, Marc N Coutanche","doi":"10.1162/JOCN.a.2682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/JOCN.a.2682","url":null,"abstract":"Episodic memories are known to change with each act of retrieval. We hypothesize that accessing semantic knowledge in different ways during episodic retrieval-from unique perceptual features to taxonomic and thematic context-shapes how those memories are subsequently represented during recognition. In this fMRI study, human participants learned novel word-image pairs and underwent re-exposure that required accessing semantic knowledge at one of three different levels: item, category, or theme. Participants then completed a recognition task. Although behavioral memory performance was matched across conditions, neural activity during recognition varied based on prior semantic access history. Recognition patterns could be classified according to prior semantic access in early visual cortex, ventral temporal cortex and the hippocampus for remembered concepts. A whole-brain searchlight analysis revealed bilateral clusters along the ventral visual stream where semantic access history was decodable. To further characterize how prior semantic access history shaped neural representations during recognition, we tested whether memories accessed at the same semantic level were expressed more similarly or distinctly in the brain. Category-level access increased similarity among items in early visual cortex, whereas item-level access led to more differentiated representations in the visual word form area. Together, these findings show that how we access semantic knowledge during episodic retrieval leaves measurable traces in subsequent neural representations, revealing how semantic-episodic interactions shape memory representations.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intracranial Evidence for the Cerebellum's Role in Semantic Processing. 小脑在语义加工中的作用的颅内证据。

IF 3 3区医学

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Pub Date : 2026-08-04 DOI: 10.1162/JOCN.a.2681

Darlene P Floden, Raghavan Gopalakrishnan, Anshul Srivastava, Olivia Hogue, Julia Biars, Madeleine Schroedel, Kenneth B Baker, Andre G Machado

{"title":"Intracranial Evidence for the Cerebellum's Role in Semantic Processing.","authors":"Darlene P Floden, Raghavan Gopalakrishnan, Anshul Srivastava, Olivia Hogue, Julia Biars, Madeleine Schroedel, Kenneth B Baker, Andre G Machado","doi":"10.1162/JOCN.a.2681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/JOCN.a.2681","url":null,"abstract":"Language impairments in patients with cerebellar damage or dysfunction strongly implicate the cerebellum in language processing but the nature, timing, and specificity of its contributions are unclear. A clinical trial of cerebellar stimulation for motor recovery after middle cerebral artery stroke provided a rare opportunity to record invasive, intracranial local field potential activity from the cerebellar dentate nucleus of eight patients during language processing. Patients performed semantic priming tasks that either discouraged or encouraged semantic predictions. We found evidence for communication between the dentate nucleus and frontal scalp EEG sites in the alpha band when semantic predictions were violated. This did not occur when semantic predictions were fulfilled or when prediction violations were nonlinguistic in nature. This language-specific activity occurred in the N400window where semantic processing of a visually presented word takes place. These data point to a linguistic feedback function that could help to account for the language deficits observed in diseases and disorders involving the cerebellum.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Theta and High-alpha Phase-locking Dynamics Unveil Face Perception in Ambiguous Stimuli. Theta和高α锁相动态揭示了模糊刺激下的面部知觉。

IF 3 3区医学

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Pub Date : 2026-08-04 DOI: 10.1162/JOCN.a.2683

Nan Liu, Ralph Weidner, Qi Chen, Gereon R Fink, Silvia Daun

{"title":"Theta and High-alpha Phase-locking Dynamics Unveil Face Perception in Ambiguous Stimuli.","authors":"Nan Liu, Ralph Weidner, Qi Chen, Gereon R Fink, Silvia Daun","doi":"10.1162/JOCN.a.2683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/JOCN.a.2683","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies emphasize phase synchronization as a fundamental mechanism for integrating local features into coherent percepts. We employed a novel paradigm and dynamic graph analysis based on EEG to track neural dynamics associated with perceiving a face (or not) while keeping the stimuli identical. Thirty participants underwent a pretest to establish perceptual thresholds for detecting faces within images overlaid with visual noise. These thresholds were then applied in an EEG experiment with the same task, focusing on images with 50% and 75% detection probabilities. In the high-alpha band, we observed increased coupling (100-275 msec after stimulus onset) between the left and right occipitotemporal electrodes when an ambiguous stimulus was perceived as a face, indicating conscious face perception. The failure to perceive a face resulted in enhanced theta band phase synchronization between bilateral occipitotemporal electrodes and increased high-alpha-band coupling between the left frontal and right occipitotemporal electrodes, which showed face-selective responses. These synchronizations are likely to reflect the continuous gathering of individual bits of facial information rather than signaling the presence or absence of a face percept. Additionally, we identified frontal-occipitotemporal theta-band couplings related to the stimulus's informational content, irrespective of whether the inherent face was perceived. Our findings reveal distinct temporal dynamics in phase synchronization at specific frequencies, indicating a specialized system for face perception during integrated information processing across the frontal and visual cortex, resolving ambiguities.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neural Basis of Serial Scanning across Position Codes in Verbal Working Memory. 语言工作记忆中位置码序列扫描的神经基础。

IF 3 3区医学

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Pub Date : 2026-08-04 DOI: 10.1162/JOCN.a.2686

Simone Maucci, Nina Dolfen, Steve Majerus, Wim Fias

{"title":"Neural Basis of Serial Scanning across Position Codes in Verbal Working Memory.","authors":"Simone Maucci, Nina Dolfen, Steve Majerus, Wim Fias","doi":"10.1162/JOCN.a.2686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/JOCN.a.2686","url":null,"abstract":"Serial order processing is a core component of verbal working memory (WM), yet its neural mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we examined how order information is instantiated in the brain during an order comparison task that temporally dissociated item/serial position retrieval from comparison processes. To this end, we acquired fMRI data while participants accessed a WM item and its serial position and subsequently performed order judgments. Univariate analyses revealed engagement of a frontoparietal WM network during WM item/serial position access. Decoding analyses within a set of functional and a priori ROIs showed that a subset of these regions, including left middle frontal gyrus and superior frontal gyrus, bilateral posterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS), left SMA, and left supramarginal gyrus, exhibited position-sensitive coding independent of item identity, consistent with recent proposals of distributed positional representations. Behavioral performance showed a reverse distance effect during order judgment, with slower responses for Distance 2 than Distance 1. Univariate fMRI analyses revealed a neural reverse distance effect in the left posterior IPS and right posterior hippocampus. Notably, the left posterior IPS showed both positional coding during WM access and distance-sensitive activity during order judgments, supporting positional coding models and suggesting that the brain serially scans positional representations in verbal WM.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148801385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Distinct Patterns of Syntactic Errors Doubly Dissociate in Chronic Poststroke Aphasia. 慢性脑卒中后失语症中句法错误双重分离的独特模式。

IF 3 3区医学

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Pub Date : 2026-08-04 DOI: 10.1162/JOCN.a.2684

Jeremy Yeaton, Danielle Fahey, Michelle Gomez, Brielle C Stark, Julius Fridriksson, Dirk B den Ouden, Gregory Hickok, William Matchin

{"title":"Distinct Patterns of Syntactic Errors Doubly Dissociate in Chronic Poststroke Aphasia.","authors":"Jeremy Yeaton, Danielle Fahey, Michelle Gomez, Brielle C Stark, Julius Fridriksson, Dirk B den Ouden, Gregory Hickok, William Matchin","doi":"10.1162/JOCN.a.2684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/JOCN.a.2684","url":null,"abstract":"The lesion correlates of syntactic deficits in aphasia remain poorly understood. Previous studies have suggested that distinct error types in expressive syntax may be associated with damage to different brain regions, but the specific lesion correlates of these errors have not been fully delineated. To address this gap, we analyzed spontaneous speech samples from individuals with chronic aphasia, categorizing errors into hierarchical (paragrammatic-like) and linearization (agrammatic-like) errors. Lesion-symptom mapping was conducted to identify brain regions associated with these error types. Lesion clusters in the medial superior temporal sulcus and inferior parietal lobe were associated with hierarchical errors, whereas frontal lesions, including those in the inferior and middle frontal lobe, were associated with linearization errors. These results provide support for a two-stage model of syntactic encoding, with distinct neural correlates for hierarchical and linearization processes. Our findings suggest that distinct brain regions contribute to different stages of syntactic encoding. Hierarchical processing seems to be supported by posterior temporal-parietal regions, whereas linearization seems to be supported by frontal regions. These results suggest that the diagnosis and treatment of aphasia could take into account the existence of distinct syntactic production deficits resulting from different patterns of brain damage.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0