Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"How Can Graph Theory Inform the Dual-stream Model of Speech Processing? A Resting-state Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Stroke and Aphasia Symptomology","authors":"Haoze Zhu;Megan C. Fitzhugh;Lynsey M. Keator;Lisa Johnson;Chris Rorden;Leonardo Bonilha;Julius Fridriksson;Corianne Rogalsky","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02278","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02278","url":null,"abstract":"The dual-stream model of speech processing describes a cortical network involved in speech processing. However, it is not yet known if the dual-stream model represents actual intrinsic functional brain networks. Furthermore, it is unclear how disruptions after a stroke to the functional connectivity of the dual-stream model's regions are related to speech production and comprehension impairments seen in aphasia. To address these questions, in the present study, we examined two independent resting-state fMRI data sets: (1) 28 neurotypical matched controls and (2) 28 chronic left-hemisphere stroke survivors collected at another site. We successfully identified an intrinsic functional network among the dual-stream model's regions in the control group using functional connectivity. We then used both standard functional connectivity analyses and graph theory approaches to determine how this connectivity may predict performance on clinical aphasia assessments. Our findings provide evidence that the dual-stream model of speech processing is an intrinsic network as measured via resting-state MRI and that functional connectivity of the hub nodes of the dual-stream network defined by graph theory methods, but not overall average network connectivity, is weaker in the stroke group than in the control participants. In addition, the functional connectivity of the hub nodes predicted linguistic impairments on clinical assessments. In particular, the relative strength of connectivity of the right hemisphere's homologues of the left dorsal stream hubs to the left dorsal hubs, versus to the right ventral stream hubs, is a particularly strong predictor of poststroke aphasia severity and symptomology.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"37 3","pages":"737-766"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142631920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural Correlates of Different Randomization Tasks","authors":"Maja Guseva;Carsten Bogler;Carsten Allefeld;Ece Büşra Ziya;John-Dylan Haynes","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02280","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02280","url":null,"abstract":"In some cases, when we are making decisions, the available choices can appear to be equivalent. When this happens, our choices appear not to be constrained by external factors and, instead, we can believe to be selecting “randomly.” Furthermore, randomness is sometimes even explicitly required by task conditions such as in random sequence generation tasks. This is a challenging task that involves the coordination of multiple cognitive processes, which can include the inhibition of habitual choice patterns and monitoring of the running choice sequence. It has been shown that random choices are strongly influenced by the way they are instructed. This raises the question whether the brain mechanisms underlying random selection also differ between different task instructions. To assess this, we measured brain activity while participants were engaging in three different variations of a sequence generation task: On the basis of previous work, participants were instructed to either (1) “generate a random sequence of choices,” (2) “simulate a fair coin toss,” or (3) “choose freely.” Our results reveal a consistent frontoparietal activation pattern that is shared across all tasks. Specifically, increased activity was observed in bilateral inferior and right middle frontal gyrus, left pre-SMA, bilateral inferior parietal lobules, and portions of anterior insular cortex in both hemispheres. Activity in the mental coin toss condition was higher in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left (pre-) SMA, a portion of right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral superior parietal lobules, and bilateral anterior insula. In addition, our multivariate analysis revealed a distinct region in the right frontal pole to be predictive of the outcome of choices, but only when randomness was explicitly instructed. These results emphasize that different randomization tasks involve both shared and unique neural mechanisms. Thus, even seemingly similar randomization behavior can be produced by different neural pathways.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"37 3","pages":"621-640"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tool Representations in Human Visual Cortex","authors":"Davide Cortinovis;Marius V. Peelen;Stefania Bracci","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02281","DOIUrl":"10.1162/jocn_a_02281","url":null,"abstract":"Tools such as pens, forks, and scissors play an important role in many daily-life activities, an importance underscored by the presence in visual cortex of a set of tool-selective brain regions. This review synthesizes decades of neuroimaging research that investigated the representational spaces in the visual ventral stream for objects, such as tools, that are specifically characterized by action-related properties. Overall, results reveal a dissociation between representational spaces in ventral and lateral occipito-temporal cortex (OTC). While lateral OTC encodes both visual (shape) and action-related properties of objects, distinguishing between objects acting as end-effectors (e.g., tools, hands) versus similar noneffector manipulable objects (e.g., a glass), ventral OTC primarily represents objects' visual features such as their surface properties (e.g., material and texture). These areas act in concert with regions outside of OTC to support object interaction and tool use. The parallel investigation of the dimensions underlying object representations in artificial neural networks reveals both the possibilities and the difficulties in capturing the action-related dimensions that distinguish tools from other objects. Although artificial neural networks offer promise as models of visual cortex computations, challenges persist in replicating the action-related dimensions that go beyond mere visual features. Taken together, we propose that regions in OTC support the representation of tools based on a behaviorally relevant action code and suggest future paths to generate a computational model of this object space.","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"37 3","pages":"515-531"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual Differences in Visual versus Semantic Neural Reactivation: Evidence from Severely Deficient Autobiographical Memory.","authors":"Michael B Bone, Brian Levine, Bradley R Buchsbaum","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual memory is intrinsically linked to the reinstatement of low-level visual features, such as edges and luminosity, within early visual cortex. However, individuals with severely deficient autobiographical memory (SDAM) cannot vividly recollect autobiographical experiences yet display normal everyday functioning. We hypothesized that such individuals would depend on semantic features instead of low-level visual features during a challenging visual recognition task due to impaired communication of low-level visual information between the posterior hippocampus and early visual cortex. Two methods were used to measure the content of memory derived from fMRI data collected at encoding and retrieval: one directly measuring feature-specific neural reactivation within the hippocampus and other cortical regions, and another modeling top-down inference to assess the influence of semantic-based recall on reactivation within early visual cortex. In accord with prior findings, recognition accuracy in non-SDAM individuals was linked to low-level visual reactivation within early visual cortex and posterior hippocampus. As predicted, this association was diminished in SDAM individuals, whose recognition accuracy was instead linked to semantic-based reactivation. In addition, non-SDAM individuals exhibited communication of low-level visual information between early visual cortex and hippocampus, whereas SDAM individuals showed communication of semantic information. Given that SDAM participants' performance on the visual memory task was equivalent to non-SDAM subjects, our findings suggest that SDAM individuals successfully compensate for impaired low-level visual memory through semantic recall and highlight the essential role of feature-specific reactivation measures in identifying distinct neural pathways to memory performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slower Postencoding Stimulus Reaction Time Predicts Poorer Subsequent Source Memory and Increased Midline Cortical Activity.","authors":"Gabriela Vélez Largo, Abdelhalim Elshiekh, Sricharana Rajagopal, Stamatoula Pasvanis, M Natasha Rajah","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals vary widely in their ability to encode and retrieve past personal experiences in rich contextual detail (episodic memory). However, it remains unclear how within-subject variations in attention, measured on a trial-by-trial basis at encoding, and between-subject variation in attention and executive function abilities affect encoding-related brain activity and subsequent episodic retrieval. In the present study, 38 healthy young adults (mean age = 26.5 ± 4.4, 21 females) completed a task fMRI study in which they were instructed to encode colored photographs of everyday objects and their left/right spatial location. In addition, participants were asked to respond as quickly as possible to a central fixation cross that expanded in size at a variable duration after each encoding trial. RTs to the fixation cross preceding and following the object were hypothesized to reflect attentional variations pre- and postencoding stimulus, respectively. A mixed-effects logistic regression was performed to predict source memory success from pre- and poststimulus RT. Slower poststimulus RT, but not prestimulus RT, predicted poorer subsequent source memory within-subject. In addition, between-subject variation in task-switching ability, self-reported cognitive failures, and self-reported attentional abilities affected the association between poststimulus RT and subsequent memory. In addition, trial-by-trial task fMRI analysis indicated that increased encoding activity within default mode network regions was associated with slower poststimulus RT and with subsequent source retrieval failures. These results shed light onto the cognitive and neural factors that contribute to within-subject and between-subject variations in source memory ability.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Audiovisual Synchrony in Left-hemisphere Brain-lesioned Individuals with Aphasia.","authors":"Haleh Farahbod, Corianne Rogalsky, Lynsey M Keator, Julia Cai, Sara B Pillay, Arianna N LaCroix, Julius Fridriksson, Jeffrey R Binder, Jonathan H Venezia, Kourosh Saberi, Gregory Hickok","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the ability of 40 left-hemisphere brain-lesioned individuals with various diagnoses of aphasia to temporally synchronize the audio of a spoken word to its congruent video using a maximum-likelihood adaptive psychophysical procedure. We found a statistically significant effect of aphasia type, not explained by lesion volume, on measures of audiovisual (AV) synchrony. Brain-lesioned individuals with no symptoms of aphasia, and those with conduction aphasia performed on the synchrony task more similarly to age-matched neurotypical controls, whereas those with anomic aphasia performed the poorest. In addition, we examined the correlation between this ability and AV integration (fusion) and observed a significant correlation between measures of AV synchrony and fusion. An ROI analysis of stroke lesion maps showed that damage to the left posterior temporal regions adversely affected AV processing, although whole-brain univariate lesion-symptom mapping analyses did not yield any significant results. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the functional relationship between different AV processes in multimodal integration and their underlying cortical networks in the human brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pro-environmental and Prosocial Decisions Share Neural Correlates.","authors":"Zarah Le Houcq Corbi, Didem Taşkıran, Alexander Soutschek","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous evidence suggests a link between pro-environmental decisions and prosociality, but it remains unknown whether pro-environmental and prosocial decisions rely also on common neural mechanisms. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the neural correlates of pro-environmental decisions overlap with brain regions involved in prosociality, including the TPJ. To test this hypothesis, we used fMRI on 35 healthy participants performing pro-environmental and prosocial decision tasks as well as a control task for future-oriented decisions. As expected, pro-environmental and prosocial decision-making showed overlapping neural activation in regions belonging to the mentalizing network, including the TPJ. In addition, the TPJ moderated the attitude-behavior gap: Increasing TPJ activation was associated with lower attitude-behavior gaps. Taken together, our findings provide insight into the neurocognitive processes of pro-environmental decision-making by suggesting that pro-environmental decisions share neural correlates with prosocial decisions and by elucidating the role of the TPJ in the attitude-behavior gap.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invalid Trials Are Not Required to Observe Neural Correlates of Object-based Attention in Retinotopic Visual Cortex.","authors":"Taissa K Lytchenko, Marvin Maechler, Nathan Heller, Sharif Saleki, Peter Tse, Gideon P Caplovitz","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A central debated question in the study of object-based attention (OBA) is whether attention to the object-mediated deployment of attention is obligatory and automatic [Chen, Z., & Cave, K. R. Reinstating object-based attention under positional certainty: The importance of subjective parsing. Perception & Psychophysics, 68, 992-1003, 2006] or whether the pattern of results is driven by other non-obligatory factors, such as prioritization of invalid target locations [Shomstein, S., & Yantis, S. Object-based attention: Sensory modulation or priority setting? Perception & Psychophysics, 64, 41-51, 2002]. However, virtually all behavioral measures attributed to OBA are based on examining performance on invalid-cue trials, the inclusion of which confounds the assessment of the automaticity hypothesis. Our approach to resolve this issue is to determine whether effects of OBA can be observed in a 100% valid cueing paradigm. In this article, we investigate the obligatory nature of OBA by leveraging the spatial specificity of fMRI and the retinotopic organization of early visual cortex. We aimed to identify potential neural correlates of OBA in the complete absence of invalid trials. Participants perform a version of the classic two-rectangle OBA paradigm while simultaneously measuring changes in BOLD signals arising from retinotopically organized cortical areas V1, V2, and V3. In the first half of the experiment, we used the classic two-rectangle OBA paradigm except that the cue was 100% valid. In the second half, we reduced cue validity to more closely match standard OBA paradigms (runs containing invalid trials). We analyzed BOLD signals arising from our ROIs in V1, V2, and V3 according to their topographic correspondences with the ends of the rectangles in the visual field and compared these. We then compared responses in each ROI according to where the cue had occurred (cued, uncued-same-object, uncued-other-object location). We replicated this procedure in Experiment 2, but changed the layout of the two rectangles from a vertical to a horizontal configuration. Critical result: We observed statistically significant effects of OBA in V3 (Experiment 1) and V1-2 (Experiment 2) in both the 100% valid runs and in runs containing invalid trials. Moreover, the effects of OBA were no smaller in the 100% runs compared with runs containing invalid trials. Conclusion: We see BOLD modulation at the uncued locations consistent with neural correlates of OBA.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internal State Estimation via Physiological Data and Their Modulation by Environmental Context during Social Activity.","authors":"Ayumu Yamashita, Hiroki Maeda, Jouh Yeong Chew, Kaoru Amano","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding individuals' internal cognitive states during group interactions is crucial for enhancing group dynamics and communication. This study investigated internal states by analyzing physiological data-EEG, electrocardiography, and pupil size-collected from high school students during group discussions. Using a data-driven clustering method, we identified four distinct internal states, each corresponding to the different power distributions in the four frequency bands of EEG activity. These states were associated with specific behaviors such as gazing at faces, speaking, and specific body language, as well as physiological metrics such as heart rate variability and pupil size. We also examined the influence of environmental factors on internal states, including the presence of a facilitator and the group size. The presence of a facilitator significantly increased the probability of participants remaining in the high alpha-power state, possibly reflecting a relaxed or moderately aroused state. This study provides insights into the physiological underpinnings of group interactions, which can be leveraged to improve educational settings and other group-based activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salient, Unexpected Omissions of Sounds Can Involuntarily Distract Attention.","authors":"Valeria Baragona, Erich Schröger, Andreas Widmann","doi":"10.1162/jocn_a_02307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_02307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salient unexpected and task-irrelevant sounds can act as distractors by capturing attention away from a task. Consequently, a performance impairment (e.g., prolonged RTs) is typically observed along with a pupil dilation response (PDR) and the P3a ERP component. Previous results showed prolonged RTs in response to task-relevant visual stimuli also following unexpected sound omissions. However, it was unclear whether this was due to the absence of the sound's warning effect or to distraction caused by the violation of a sensory prediction. In our paradigm, participants initiated a trial through a button press that elicited either a regular sound (80%), a deviant sound (10%), or no sound (10%). Thereafter, a digit was presented visually, and the participant had to classify it as even or odd. To dissociate warning and distraction effects, we additionally included a control condition in which a button press never generated a sound, and therefore no sound was expected. Results show that, compared with expected events, unexpected deviants and omissions lead to prolonged RTs (distraction effect), enlarged PDR, and a P3a-like ERP effect. Moreover, sound events, compared with no sound events, yielded faster RTs (warning effect), larger PDR, and increased P3a. Overall, we observed a co-occurrence of warning and distraction effects. This suggests that not only unexpected sounds but also unexpected sound omissions can act as salient distractors. This finding supports theories claiming that involuntary attention is based on prediction violation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}