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Recommended for “frequent perusal” and “improving the science of medicine”: Benjamin Rush’s American editions and the circulation of medical knowledge in the early Republic 推荐“经常阅读”和“改善医学科学”:本杰明·拉什的美国版本和共和早期医学知识的流通
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100765
Sarah Elizabeth Naramore
{"title":"Recommended for “frequent perusal” and “improving the science of medicine”: Benjamin Rush’s American editions and the circulation of medical knowledge in the early Republic","authors":"Sarah Elizabeth Naramore","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Between 1809 and 1813 leading American physician Benjamin Rush (1745–1813) devoted a significant portion of his time to the production of “American Editions” of four British and colonial medical texts by Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689), Sir John Pringle (1707–1782), William Hillary (1697–1763), and George Cleghorn (1716–1789). This occurred during a period where Rush might have written a textbook detailing his preferred medical system for students outright. Instead, he opted for a different form of knowledge production and proliferation that focused on creating fictive conversations and encouraging critical reading rather than rote memorization. He dedicated these heavily annotated documents to the medical students of the United States of America and set them up as a pedagogical tool. Analysis of these texts helps uncover the reading practices of Rush and the manner in which he expected Americans to mediate their usage of foreign texts and theories after the American Revolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25528104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Lost and found: The Nooth apparatus 失物招领处:努斯仪器
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100763
Thomas J.J. McCloughlin
{"title":"Lost and found: The Nooth apparatus","authors":"Thomas J.J. McCloughlin","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>John Mervin Nooth, military surgeon, correspondent of Joseph Priestly and Benjamin Franklin, and noted inventor and scientist has been lost and found several times, through his eponymous invention: the Nooth apparatus. A large glass apparatus superficially resembling a Kipp’s gas generator was used originally for carbonating water during the “fizzy water” craze in the eighteenth century, only to be outdone by one Mr. Schweppes. The apparatus would later form part of the first anaesthetic equipment used in surgery, some twenty years after Nooth apparatus ceased to be made. The now part-Nooth apparatus / anaesthetiser would then, too, be forgotten again with the advent of the use of nitrous oxide. The Nooth apparatus in the Dublin City University Science Archive was found in a glassware dump in 2000 by the author, and subsequently cleaned, and restored in 2017. It is currently on display, but it is also used, with slight modification, as a gas generator for the undergraduate teaching of trainee teachers with the lesson: “never throw anything away.”</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25532088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Truth in numbers? Emancipation, race, and federal census statistics in the debates over Black mental health in the United States, 1840–1900 数字中的真理?1840-1900年美国黑人心理健康辩论中的解放、种族和联邦人口普查统计
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100766
Élodie Grossi
{"title":"Truth in numbers? Emancipation, race, and federal census statistics in the debates over Black mental health in the United States, 1840–1900","authors":"Élodie Grossi","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To the keen observer of American political and medical history, a disturbing set of debates surrounded the sanity of free Black residents of the United States of America after the publication of the controversial 1840 census returns on race and insanity. This article analyzes how the census became a battlefield where physicians and other commentators fought over—and thus shaped—various political meanings of Black insanity before and after the American Civil War, up until the 1890s, as the South underwent a massive political and social transformation, from slavery to emancipation. It also highlights the arguments raised by authors such as James McCune Smith and Ramón de la Sagra who attempted to disprove the returns shortly after their publication, and whose arguments contributed to efforts to combat scientific racism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100766","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25556071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Approaching science through its destruction 从科学的毁灭中走近科学
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100746
Anna Gielas
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引用次数: 0
Capitalist theory and socialist practice: The organization of Chinese mathematics in the early 1950s 资本主义理论与社会主义实践:50年代初中国数学的组织
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100767
John Hanzhang Ye
{"title":"Capitalist theory and socialist practice: The organization of Chinese mathematics in the early 1950s","authors":"John Hanzhang Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article explores how the Chinese state organized scientific research in the 1950s, through a case study of mathematics. By examining the organizing process of the Chinese Mathematical Society and the establishment of the Institute of Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the article explains how a number of state agents were selected to lead national level research institutes as a means for guiding scientists in serving the needs of the state. In addition, under state corporatism, all scientists were attached to discipline-specific academic societies, forming a large hierarchy consisting of societies at different levels. When the political leaders needed to transform the agendas of the scientists, these organizations served as channels for communicating to constituent members what to do. Given this kind of organizational structure in the early days of the People’s Republic of China, it was hard to differentiate between scientists and the organizational apparatus, especially for the scientists holding top-level leadership positions. Nevertheless, this study shows that individual researchers often resisted official mandates and found ways to pursue independent research interests by employing the state's rhetoric.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100767","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38880313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
With strings attached: Gift-giving to the International Atomic Energy Agency and US foreign policy 附带条件:向国际原子能机构和美国外交政策赠送礼物
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100754
Maria Rentetzi
{"title":"With strings attached: Gift-giving to the International Atomic Energy Agency and US foreign policy","authors":"Maria Rentetzi","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 1958 the United States of America offered two mobile radioisotope laboratories to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as gifts. For the USA, supplying the IAEA with gifts was not only the cost of “doing business” in the new nuclear international setting of the Cold War, but also indispensable in maintaining authority and keeping the upper hand within the IAEA and in the international regulation of nuclear energy. The transformation of a technoscientific artefact into a diplomatic gift with political strings attached for both giver and receiver, positions the lab qua gift as a critical key that simultaneously unlocks the overlapping histories of international affairs, Cold War diplomacy, and postwar nuclear science. Embracing <em>political</em> epistemology as my primary methodological framework and introducing the gift as a major analytic category, I emphasize the role of material objects in modeling scientific research and training in a way that is dictated by diplomatic negotiations, state power, and international legal arrangements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100754","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25450339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
The real woman behind Ammonite 亚扪人背后真正的女人
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100747
Thomas W. Goodhue
{"title":"The real woman behind Ammonite","authors":"Thomas W. Goodhue","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100747","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71824732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Real Woman behind Ammonite. The Fossil Woman: A Life of Mary Anning, Tom Sharpe, Dovecote Press, (2020). 240 pp., £20, plus 32 colour plates, ISBN 978-0-9955462-9-5. 亚扪人背后真正的女人。化石女人:玛丽·安宁的一生，汤姆·夏普，鸽巢出版社，(2020)。240页，20英镑，外加32个彩色版，ISBN 978-0-9955462-9-5。
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100747
T. Goodhue
{"title":"The Real Woman behind Ammonite. The Fossil Woman: A Life of Mary Anning, Tom Sharpe, Dovecote Press, (2020). 240 pp., £20, plus 32 colour plates, ISBN 978-0-9955462-9-5.","authors":"T. Goodhue","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100747","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54449840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
German Empire historical scientific displays and the formation of the history of science discipline 德意志帝国的历史科学表现和历史科学学科的形成
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100733
Van Kalbach
{"title":"German Empire historical scientific displays and the formation of the history of science discipline","authors":"Van Kalbach","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The history of science as a discipline took place in the period of the German Empire, but the historiography of its development insufficiently recognizes both its proto-institutionalization during this period and the critical role played by Germans in effecting its initial development. In this article, while alluding to the several areas in which Germans took the lead in establishing the discipline, the focus is on one representative area: the mounting of temporary and permanent exhibitions relating to the history of science during the Empire period. Reasons why Germans were motivators in these efforts include the importance of past and present excellence in science, eminence in and fascination with historical research to the new nation’s construction after German unification in 1871, and of the assertion of the nineteenth century German bourgeoisie in its role in advancing the culture of the nation. The larger argument, that subjects of the German Empire achieved critical institution-building in history of science, is supported by the incidence of displays organized by Germans, and buttressed by the fact that a number of these organizers also participated in the field’s enlarged late nineteenth and early twentieth century scholarship that was most marked among Germans of any national group.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25314331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Cast iron street furniture: A historical review” [Endeavour 44 (3) (2020) 100721] “铸铁街道家具:历史回顾”的勘误表[奋进44 (3)(2020)100721]
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100745
C. Soffritti , L. Calzolari , M. Chicca , R. Bassi Neri , A. Neri , L. Bazzocchi , G.L. Garagnani
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Cast iron street furniture: A historical review” [Endeavour 44 (3) (2020) 100721]","authors":"C. Soffritti ,&nbsp;L. Calzolari ,&nbsp;M. Chicca ,&nbsp;R. Bassi Neri ,&nbsp;A. Neri ,&nbsp;L. Bazzocchi ,&nbsp;G.L. Garagnani","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100745","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38774717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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