EndeavourPub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2022.100801
Jafar Taheri
{"title":"Celestial and mythical origins of the citadel of Bukhara","authors":"Jafar Taheri","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2022.100801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2022.100801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Narshakhī's <em>The History of Bukhara</em>, an account from the tenth century AD that has been narrated as a mythical and strange story about the formation of the citadel of Bukhara, has received scanty scholarly attention. This study addresses some of the unknown semantic and symbolic origins of Iranian citadels and fortresses through an analysis of documented legends and other classical sources. This analysis shows that the citadel (<em>qal'a</em>) was built based on the conceptual archetype of the Utopia of Kangdiz (Siāvošgerd) and the geometric shape of Banāt Naʿsh (Big Dipper), which has played a symbolic role in protecting and guarding in Persian cosmology. This celestial analogy can explain the causes and origins of the irregular shape of some other Iranian citadels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 4","pages":"Article 100801"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44774698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
EndeavourPub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100778
EndeavourPub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100800
Theresa Marie Duckwitz, Dominik Groß
{"title":"Searching for motives: Suicides of doctors and dentists in the Third Reich and the postwar period, 1933–1949","authors":"Theresa Marie Duckwitz, Dominik Groß","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The criminal practices of National Socialism not only led to millions of murders, but also to increased suicide rates. The present study examines a specific aspect of this phenomenon: the suicides and corresponding motives of 275 German doctors and dentists in the period from 1933 to 1949. The analysis is based on a wide variety of primary and secondary sources. Most suicides were due to National Socialist repression, with peaks in 1938 and 1942. One fifth of the cases were among National Socialist perpetrators, with a peak of those suicides occurring in 1945. The motives for suicide ranged from despair to a lack of career prospects to a final act of self-determination and political opposition; many of the doctors experienced or expected a social downfall before attempting suicide.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 4","pages":"Article 100800"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39964661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
EndeavourPub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100781
EndeavourPub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100798
Eva Miller
{"title":"The dinosaur from 600 BCE! Interpreting the dragon of Babylon, from archaeological excavation into fringe science","authors":"Eva Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 1918, German archaeologist Robert Koldewey, excavator of Babylon, Iraq, observed that the depiction of the fantastical “dragon of Babylon” on the sixth century BCE Ishtar Gate must reference a real animal whose closest relatives would be dinosaurs like the iguanodon. Though ignored within archaeology, Koldewey’s comments were taken up in German-American popular science writer Willy Ley’s “romantic zoology” (1941), then by Bernard Heuvelmans (1955), founding figure in the fringe field of cryptozoology. Their interpretations would ultimately inspire expeditions by the International Society of Cryptozoologists in Central Africa to find the Mokele-Mbembe, a “living dinosaur,” and migrate into Young Earth Creationist and ancient aliens theories. An analysis of Koldewey’s marginal academic observation serves as a means of considering the process of knowledge formation and canonization and the unpredictable life of scholarly ideas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 4","pages":"Article 100798"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39593708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EndeavourPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100779
Anita Guerrini
{"title":"Animals, vaccines, and COVID-19","authors":"Anita Guerrini","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Animals, especially mammals, have played a critical role in the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 virus originated in animals, and the virus can jump back and forth between humans and animals. Moreover, animals have been central to the development of the various vaccines against the virus now employed around the world, continuing a long history. The interrelationships between animals and humans in both disease transmission and its prevention call for an interdisciplinary approach to medicine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 3","pages":"Article 100779"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10707707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
EndeavourPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100762
EndeavourPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100776
Signe Mellemgaard
{"title":"“Even in the most insignificant publication, there must be plan and order”: On natural history as a theme and genre in Danish-Norwegian parish topographies of the late eighte enth century","authors":"Signe Mellemgaard","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Like the rest of Scandinavia, Denmark and Norway have a strong tradition of comprehensive topographical descriptions, often written by local clergymen. Physical-economic descriptions of small areas, most often parishes, emerging in the middle of the eighteenth century soon formed a model that remained strikingly uniform until around 1820, when the topographies changed once again. In the Dual Monarchy of Denmark and Norway, the years between 1760 and 1820 revealed a prolific topographic genre in which natural history and natural resources played important parts. Natural history was essential, being regarded as the condition for the composite peasant economy and offering the opportunity to reveal unknown sources of livelihood or intensify the use of those sources. Natural history was not only an aspect of the locality that should be dealt with in the description of the locality, but it became an entire scheme or method for the whole description, in which knowledge took up the form of inventories as did natural history itself. The topographical descriptions give hints as to the sort of observing, collecting, identifying, sorting, and ordering practices that lay behind the text. The concise and neutral form of these topographies did not give much room for the emotionality otherwise considered in the period as both a precondition for and an effect of dealings with natural history, and only rarely, in small gaps, did the sensual and aesthetic preferences of the authors come through, occasionally revealing their doubts but also their love of nature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 3","pages":"Article 100776"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100776","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39012614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
EndeavourPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100755
Octavian E. Robinson
{"title":"","authors":"Octavian E. Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100755","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 3","pages":"Article 100755"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100755","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71789140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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