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Ivan Sokolov and his post-mortem studies of the “Hairy Woman” Julia Pastrana and her son 伊凡·索科洛夫和他对“毛女人”茱莉亚·帕斯特拉纳及其儿子的尸检研究
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100780
Suslov Andrey Vladimirovich , Nikolenko Vladimir Nikolaevich , Chairkin Ivan Nikolaevich , Chairkina Natalya Viktorovna , Shepetovskaya Maria Davidovna , Kozhemiako Anastasia Sergeevna
{"title":"Ivan Sokolov and his post-mortem studies of the “Hairy Woman” Julia Pastrana and her son","authors":"Suslov Andrey Vladimirovich ,&nbsp;Nikolenko Vladimir Nikolaevich ,&nbsp;Chairkin Ivan Nikolaevich ,&nbsp;Chairkina Natalya Viktorovna ,&nbsp;Shepetovskaya Maria Davidovna ,&nbsp;Kozhemiako Anastasia Sergeevna","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this article we document the role of Ivan Matveevich Sokolov, anatomy professor at Moscow University, in the mummification of Julia Pastrana, born in Mexico (afterwards an American citizen by marriage), and her son. Sokolov had investigated and described the corpse of this famous “hairy woman” as an example of a congenital anomaly of the genus <em>Homo</em>. Due to the art of Sokolov’s embalming, the mummies of Julia and her son were presented to the scientific world, which made it possible to study similar cases of deformity in the human population. However, the historical role of Sokolov was not limited to his study of a congenital disease. His thorough postmortem examination and description of Pastrana’s and her son’s bodies allowed Sokolov to make an indirect contribution to evolutionary thought. Sokolov’s confirmation that Pastrana belonged to the genus <em>Homo</em> refuted all speculation about her hybrid origins and status as a missing link in the evolution of apes into humans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 3","pages":"Article 100780"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39289070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The playful unliving: Creativity and contingency in scientific practice 顽皮的无生命:科学实践中的创造力和偶然性
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100782
Juan Felipe Guevara-Aristizábal
{"title":"The playful unliving: Creativity and contingency in scientific practice","authors":"Juan Felipe Guevara-Aristizábal","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Standing apart from Martin Heidegger’s 1929–1930 metaphysical lessons is his description of a photograph taken by Josef Maria Eder, for Sigmund Exner, using the lens of a glow worm’s eye. Since the technical details of the production of such a photography are not readily available, I will reconstruct the experimental setting. Paying attention to the technical details opens up a venue for historical and philosophical reflection based on the creative potential of scientific practices. Through a critical approach, a rather generic experimental meshwork could be turned into a natural-artifactual, living-nonliving hybrid setting in which the concepts of dense technological environment, philosophical toy, and experimental system meet and intertwine thanks to the playfulness that goes through them, a quality rooted in scientific practices. Within this hybrid and playful configuration, the unliving emerges as a paradoxical voice for the living.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 3","pages":"Article 100782"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100782","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39344984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A Victorian hope for aerial navigation: Argyll as a theorist of flight and the first president of the Aëronautical Society of Great Britain 维多利亚时代对空中航行的希望:阿盖尔作为飞行理论家和Aëronautical大不列颠协会的第一任主席
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100753
Nathan Bossoh
{"title":"A Victorian hope for aerial navigation: Argyll as a theorist of flight and the first president of the Aëronautical Society of Great Britain","authors":"Nathan Bossoh","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 1866 the Aëronautical Society of Great Britain was founded with George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll (1823–1900) as first president, and patron. The purpose of the society was to further the study of aerial navigation as well as to make aeronautics a respectable science, and today the society--now the Royal Aeronautical Society--serves as a professional body dedicated to aerospace research. There were two fundamental areas of scientific knowledge key to the society in its initial decades: 1) a detailed understanding of the principles of bird flight, and 2) the practical application of that knowledge in the construction of flying machines. Argyll firmly belonged to the former being a well-seasoned ornithologist and theorist of flight, and, with the publication of his best-selling book The Reign of Law (1867), was one of the first to popularise the theoretical principles of bird flight. In this paper, I examine the relationship between bird and mechanical flight through Argyll's ornithological studies, with a focus on the various factors early in Argyll's life that led to his eventual position as president of the Aëronautical Society. By analysing the influence of his family relations, home environment and religious convictions, I show how Argyll’s scientific undertakings existed as part of a wider network of theistic Victorian aristocrats who contributed to the creation and professionalization of scientific disciplines in a way that contrasted markedly with the methods of many of the scientific naturalists.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 1","pages":"Article 100753"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100753","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25369562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recommended for “frequent perusal” and “improving the science of medicine”: Benjamin Rush’s American editions and the circulation of medical knowledge in the early Republic 推荐“经常阅读”和“改善医学科学”:本杰明·拉什的美国版本和共和早期医学知识的流通
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100765
Sarah Elizabeth Naramore
{"title":"Recommended for “frequent perusal” and “improving the science of medicine”: Benjamin Rush’s American editions and the circulation of medical knowledge in the early Republic","authors":"Sarah Elizabeth Naramore","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Between 1809 and 1813 leading American physician Benjamin Rush (1745–1813) devoted a significant portion of his time to the production of “American Editions” of four British and colonial medical texts by Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689), Sir John Pringle (1707–1782), William Hillary (1697–1763), and George Cleghorn (1716–1789). This occurred during a period where Rush might have written a textbook detailing his preferred medical system for students outright. Instead, he opted for a different form of knowledge production and proliferation that focused on creating fictive conversations and encouraging critical reading rather than rote memorization. He dedicated these heavily annotated documents to the medical students of the United States of America and set them up as a pedagogical tool. Analysis of these texts helps uncover the reading practices of Rush and the manner in which he expected Americans to mediate their usage of foreign texts and theories after the American Revolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 1","pages":"Article 100765"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25528104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Uncertainty and the inconvenient facts of diagnosis 诊断的不确定性和不方便的事实
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100764
Annemarie Jutel
{"title":"Uncertainty and the inconvenient facts of diagnosis","authors":"Annemarie Jutel","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One common contemporary usage of the term “diagnostic uncertainty” is to refer to cases for which a diagnosis is not, or cannot, be applied to the presenting case. This is a paradoxical usage, as the absence of diagnosis is often as close to a certainty as can be a human judgement. What makes this sociologically interesting is that it represents an “epistemic defence,” or a means of accounting for a failure of medicine’s explanatory system. This system is based on diagnosis, or the classification of individual complaints into recognizable diagnostic categories. Diagnosis is pivotal to medicine’s epistemic setting, for it purports to explain illness via diagnosis, and yet is not always able to do so. This essay reviews this paradoxical use, and juxtaposes it to historical explanations for non-diagnosable illnesses. It demonstrates how representing non-diagnosis as uncertainty protects the epistemic setting by positioning the failure to locate a diagnosis in the individual, rather than in the medical paradigm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 1","pages":"Article 100764"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100764","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25557367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Lost and found: The Nooth apparatus 失物招领处:努斯仪器
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100763
Thomas J.J. McCloughlin
{"title":"Lost and found: The Nooth apparatus","authors":"Thomas J.J. McCloughlin","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>John Mervin Nooth, military surgeon, correspondent of Joseph Priestly and Benjamin Franklin, and noted inventor and scientist has been lost and found several times, through his eponymous invention: the Nooth apparatus. A large glass apparatus superficially resembling a Kipp’s gas generator was used originally for carbonating water during the “fizzy water” craze in the eighteenth century, only to be outdone by one Mr. Schweppes. The apparatus would later form part of the first anaesthetic equipment used in surgery, some twenty years after Nooth apparatus ceased to be made. The now part-Nooth apparatus / anaesthetiser would then, too, be forgotten again with the advent of the use of nitrous oxide. The Nooth apparatus in the Dublin City University Science Archive was found in a glassware dump in 2000 by the author, and subsequently cleaned, and restored in 2017. It is currently on display, but it is also used, with slight modification, as a gas generator for the undergraduate teaching of trainee teachers with the lesson: “never throw anything away.”</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 1","pages":"Article 100763"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25532088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Truth in numbers? Emancipation, race, and federal census statistics in the debates over Black mental health in the United States, 1840–1900 数字中的真理?1840-1900年美国黑人心理健康辩论中的解放、种族和联邦人口普查统计
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100766
Élodie Grossi
{"title":"Truth in numbers? Emancipation, race, and federal census statistics in the debates over Black mental health in the United States, 1840–1900","authors":"Élodie Grossi","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To the keen observer of American political and medical history, a disturbing set of debates surrounded the sanity of free Black residents of the United States of America after the publication of the controversial 1840 census returns on race and insanity. This article analyzes how the census became a battlefield where physicians and other commentators fought over—and thus shaped—various political meanings of Black insanity before and after the American Civil War, up until the 1890s, as the South underwent a massive political and social transformation, from slavery to emancipation. It also highlights the arguments raised by authors such as James McCune Smith and Ramón de la Sagra who attempted to disprove the returns shortly after their publication, and whose arguments contributed to efforts to combat scientific racism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 1","pages":"Article 100766"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100766","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25556071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Approaching science through its destruction 从科学的毁灭中走近科学
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100746
Anna Gielas
{"title":"Approaching science through its destruction","authors":"Anna Gielas","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100746","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 1","pages":"Article 100746"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100746","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43197377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Capitalist theory and socialist practice: The organization of Chinese mathematics in the early 1950s 资本主义理论与社会主义实践:50年代初中国数学的组织
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100767
John Hanzhang Ye
{"title":"Capitalist theory and socialist practice: The organization of Chinese mathematics in the early 1950s","authors":"John Hanzhang Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article explores how the Chinese state organized scientific research in the 1950s, through a case study of mathematics. By examining the organizing process of the Chinese Mathematical Society and the establishment of the Institute of Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the article explains how a number of state agents were selected to lead national level research institutes as a means for guiding scientists in serving the needs of the state. In addition, under state corporatism, all scientists were attached to discipline-specific academic societies, forming a large hierarchy consisting of societies at different levels. When the political leaders needed to transform the agendas of the scientists, these organizations served as channels for communicating to constituent members what to do. Given this kind of organizational structure in the early days of the People’s Republic of China, it was hard to differentiate between scientists and the organizational apparatus, especially for the scientists holding top-level leadership positions. Nevertheless, this study shows that individual researchers often resisted official mandates and found ways to pursue independent research interests by employing the state's rhetoric.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 1","pages":"Article 100767"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100767","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38880313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
With strings attached: Gift-giving to the International Atomic Energy Agency and US foreign policy 附带条件:向国际原子能机构和美国外交政策赠送礼物
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100754
Maria Rentetzi
{"title":"With strings attached: Gift-giving to the International Atomic Energy Agency and US foreign policy","authors":"Maria Rentetzi","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 1958 the United States of America offered two mobile radioisotope laboratories to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as gifts. For the USA, supplying the IAEA with gifts was not only the cost of “doing business” in the new nuclear international setting of the Cold War, but also indispensable in maintaining authority and keeping the upper hand within the IAEA and in the international regulation of nuclear energy. The transformation of a technoscientific artefact into a diplomatic gift with political strings attached for both giver and receiver, positions the lab qua gift as a critical key that simultaneously unlocks the overlapping histories of international affairs, Cold War diplomacy, and postwar nuclear science. Embracing <em>political</em> epistemology as my primary methodological framework and introducing the gift as a major analytic category, I emphasize the role of material objects in modeling scientific research and training in a way that is dictated by diplomatic negotiations, state power, and international legal arrangements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"45 1","pages":"Article 100754"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100754","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25450339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
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