Endeavour最新文献

{"title":"From grandmothers to granddaughters: Generational agricultural knowledge among rural women in British Mandate Palestine","authors":"Rawda Morkus-Makhoul","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Palestinian peasant families had to adapt and survive under political and economic conditions dictated by European occupation and Zionist settler colonialism. Women had a major role in contributing to the efforts for survival and acquiring their status in the rural economy and the wider national struggle against British policies. Rural Arab families constituted the vast majority of the Palestinian population before the Nakba, or those displaced from their villages during the war on Palestine in 1948, and the formation of the State of Israel. The agricultural knowledge Palestinian women had and passed from one generation to the other was an important element for the survival of the peasant families under the different periods in which colonial countries and Zionist settlement shook the base of their economic existence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142396261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Government controls, non-government reactions: Private radio manufacturing and the development of amateur radio in China (1912–1949)","authors":"Hang Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongguang Zhang ,&nbsp;Fuling Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As in most countries, the Republic of China’s development of amateur radio benefited from the appeal of the amateur radio medium as well as characteristics of its technology, and it was also impacted by external factors such as war. Against a background of tradition, newly formed, but extremely strong, popular scientific beliefs fueled conflicts between state power and folk forces which played a key role in China’s amateur radio development. In this study we will explore the tensions between the Chinese government’s concerns for national security and distrust of folk radio research, and the rising, public demand for amateur radio. We consider how negotiations between state power and folk forces happen, and what further factors influence the construction and development of radio technology. Our analysis adopts the constructivist approach of Social Shaping of Technology (SST) theory, which focuses on the role of social factors in processes of co-construction and negotiation in technological development. We identify the folk forces, represented by the interaction between private enterprises and amateurs, as well as state power, as two of the main social factors that influenced the development of radio technology in China. From 1912 to 1937, the Chinese government was suspicious of amateur radio activities, and as a result, they instituted policies unfavorable to its development. In contrast, the Yamei Radio Co. Ltd. led the private radio manufacturing enterprises in promoting the development of amateur radio and the popularization of related technologies. In tandem, radio amateurs assisted in the promotion and technological innovation of Yamei products. From 1937 to 1949, with the government’s semi-supportive and semi-skeptical attitude, amateur radio associations did make some progress. Benefiting from the early work performed by private enterprises, these associations grew into a new folk force to challenge government control, and they continued to promote the popularization and development of radio technology. Our study illuminates complex relationship among government control, non-governmental reaction, and technological development in a specific context. When there is a conflict, folk forces have the ability to mobilize against policy-driven obstacles, thus to counterbalance government control. This study not only provides a new case for SST research, but it also adds to our understanding of China’s radio technology, amateur radio, and radio manufacturing industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Educating gender: The economic and spiritual battles over land and Mapuche children in Araucanía, Chile, 1897–1922","authors":"Romina Akemi Green Rioja","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article examines the role of gender as an embodied site of political control and resistance within Mapuche-Capuchin relations in the early period of Bavarian Capuchin mission-building in Chile (1897–1922). The study frames agricultural science education as a civilizing method employed in the Capuchin mission schools, targeting Mapuche children. The aim was to educate Mapuche children in Christian and Western gender roles, moral behavior, and rural economic occupations. Amid the overarching conflict over land rights and privatization between Mapuche communities and the Chilean government, the state’s support for the Capuchin order’s evangelizing mission was perceived as a long-term strategy to appropriate Indigenous lands and assimilate the Mapuche into the rural and urban workforce. The article illustrates how the conflict over embodied gender roles disrupted Mapuche socioeconomic relations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Lady Guardians’ of the Royal Society of Horticulture of Portugal, 1898–1906","authors":"Ana Duarte Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the second half of the nineteenth century gardening flourished in Portugal’s public sphere, having considerably expanded beyond the private realms of palaces and villas. Envisioned as a sophisticated branch of knowledge, horticulture became a hub for citizen science, commercial activities, public education, and civic events. This was a context that fostered and advanced women’s involvement and status as gardeners, horticulturists, and educators, a development influenced by popular Portuguese perceptions of women as protectors. The Royal Society of Horticulture of Portugal (founded in Lisbon as “National” in 1898, decreed “Royal” in 1900), instantiated this enmeshment of perception with status by designating women members as ‘Lady Guardians’ while promoting their participation, especially as competitors and jurists in the society’s flower exhibitions. The women of the society offer a window into the more general identities and professional statuses of women horticulturalists as ‘guardians’ in a generalized sense: they included landowners, writers, gardeners, and family business owners, with many assuming greater responsibility in widowhood. At a time when women’s participation in science was highly constricted, horticulture as a field, and the Royal Society of Horticulture as its premier institution, constituted a remarkable opportunity for women to be publicly engaged and recognized for their expertise as amateur botanists alongside their male counterparts. This article’s analysis demonstrates that women horticulturalists in Portugal were a quite heterogenous group, consisting of women from the highest ranks of the nobility, participating alongside women from further social ranks, inclusive of the aristocracy, bourgeoisie, and urban middle classes. Their participation in the society not only afforded them opportunities locally and civically, but also internationally, as will be illustrated by a few careers that reflect how education, travels, and professional engagement demonstrated the broad reach of Portuguese women’s horticultural activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142358230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Care and scholarship in times of war","authors":"Donald L. Opitz (Editor-in-Chief)","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100955","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142396260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"Megan Briers","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100936","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141297835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"Gregor E. Bös,&nbsp;María Jimena Clavel Vázquez,&nbsp;Michael Cohen,&nbsp;Matteo Colombo","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100938","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160932724000279/pdfft?md5=92f9726c97158459202c2b34ff2b915e&pid=1-s2.0-S0160932724000279-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Horticulture as a profession for middle-class German and Austrian women, 1890–1940","authors":"Marsha L. Richmond","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Women seeking to work in horticulture in the early twentieth century were the beneficiaries of developments put in motion by the late nineteenth-century women’s rights movement. From the 1860s, feminists and social reformers in Europe and America promoted the opening of higher education to women. After success on this front, by 1900, women’s advocates pushed for expanding work opportunities suitable for middle-class women, including in horticulture. This article contributes to the historiography of women and gender in horticulture and agriculture by tracing the opening of horticultural and agricultural schools and employment opportunities for women in Germany and Austria. The analysis shows that while the new schools were modeled on earlier examples in Britain, the programs’ curricula were based on that of the German and Austrian agricultural colleges. This European expansion of science-based horticultural education provided middle-class women with occupational prospects that proved more fruitful than university degrees until the rise of anti-Semitism in the years leading up to World War II.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evaluation of the xenobotic cognitive project: Towards Stage 1 of xenobotic cognition","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Xenobot, the world’s first biological robot, puts numerous philosophical riddles before us. One among them pertains to the cognitive status of these entities. Are these biological robots cognitive? To evaluate the cognitive status of xenobots and to resolve the puzzle of a single mind emerging from smaller sub-units, in this article, I juxtapose the cognitive capacities of xenobots with that of two other minimal models of cognition, i.e., basal cognition and nonliving active matter cognition. Further, the article underlines the essential cognitive capabilities that xenobots need to achieve to enter what I call stage 1 of xenobotic cognition. Stage 1 is characterized by numerous cognitive mechanisms, which are integral for the survival and cognition of basal organisms. Finally, I suggest that developing xenobots that can reach Stage 1 can help us achieve sophistication in the areas of evolution of the human mind, robotics, biology and medicine, and artificial intelligence (AI).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140864170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Endeavouring innovation","authors":"Donald L. Opitz (Editor-in-Chief, Endeavour)","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100944","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}