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Educating gender: The economic and spiritual battles over land and Mapuche children in Araucanía, Chile, 1897–1922 性别教育：1897-1922 年智利阿劳卡尼亚争夺土地和马普切儿童的经济和精神斗争
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100952
{"title":"Educating gender: The economic and spiritual battles over land and Mapuche children in Araucanía, Chile, 1897–1922","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article examines the role of gender as an embodied site of political control and resistance within Mapuche-Capuchin relations in the early period of Bavarian Capuchin mission-building in Chile (1897–1922). The study frames agricultural science education as a civilizing method employed in the Capuchin mission schools, targeting Mapuche children. The aim was to educate Mapuche children in Christian and Western gender roles, moral behavior, and rural economic occupations. Amid the overarching conflict over land rights and privatization between Mapuche communities and the Chilean government, the state’s support for the Capuchin order’s evangelizing mission was perceived as a long-term strategy to appropriate Indigenous lands and assimilate the Mapuche into the rural and urban workforce. The article illustrates how the conflict over embodied gender roles disrupted Mapuche socioeconomic relations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
从深度学习到理性机器》书评：哲学史对人工智能未来的启示》（What the History of Philosophy Can Teach Us about the Future of Artificial Intelligence），卡梅隆-巴克纳（Cameron J. Buckner）著。牛津大学出版社，2024年，440页，ISBN：9780197653302，22.99英镑。精装本。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100938
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引用次数: 0
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100936
Megan Briers
{"title":"","authors":"Megan Briers","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100936","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141297835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Horticulture as a profession for middle-class German and Austrian women, 1890–1940 园艺作为德国和奥地利中产阶级妇女的职业，1890-1940 年
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100939
{"title":"Horticulture as a profession for middle-class German and Austrian women, 1890–1940","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Women seeking to work in horticulture in the early twentieth century were the beneficiaries of developments put in motion by the late nineteenth-century women’s rights movement. From the 1860s, feminists and social reformers in Europe and America promoted the opening of higher education to women. After success on this front, by 1900, women’s advocates pushed for expanding work opportunities suitable for middle-class women, including in horticulture. This article contributes to the historiography of women and gender in horticulture and agriculture by tracing the opening of horticultural and agricultural schools and employment opportunities for women in Germany and Austria. The analysis shows that while the new schools were modeled on earlier examples in Britain, the programs’ curricula were based on that of the German and Austrian agricultural colleges. This European expansion of science-based horticultural education provided middle-class women with occupational prospects that proved more fruitful than university degrees until the rise of anti-Semitism in the years leading up to World War II.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An evaluation of the xenobotic cognitive project: Towards Stage 1 of xenobotic cognition 异种机器人认知项目评估：迈向异种生物认知的第一阶段。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100927
{"title":"An evaluation of the xenobotic cognitive project: Towards Stage 1 of xenobotic cognition","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Xenobot, the world’s first biological robot, puts numerous philosophical riddles before us. One among them pertains to the cognitive status of these entities. Are these biological robots cognitive? To evaluate the cognitive status of xenobots and to resolve the puzzle of a single mind emerging from smaller sub-units, in this article, I juxtapose the cognitive capacities of xenobots with that of two other minimal models of cognition, i.e., basal cognition and nonliving active matter cognition. Further, the article underlines the essential cognitive capabilities that xenobots need to achieve to enter what I call stage 1 of xenobotic cognition. Stage 1 is characterized by numerous cognitive mechanisms, which are integral for the survival and cognition of basal organisms. Finally, I suggest that developing xenobots that can reach Stage 1 can help us achieve sophistication in the areas of evolution of the human mind, robotics, biology and medicine, and artificial intelligence (AI).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140864170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Editorial: Endeavouring innovation 社论：努力创新。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100944
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引用次数: 0
Gentlemen, husbandmen, and industrious wives: The role of gender in imagining Indian agriculture 绅士、丈夫和勤劳的妻子：性别在想象印度农业中的作用
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100942
{"title":"Gentlemen, husbandmen, and industrious wives: The role of gender in imagining Indian agriculture","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India (AHSI), founded in 1820, remains the most important producer of English-language knowledge regarding the cultivation of plants in colonial India. Members included missionaries, colonial officials, tea and indigo planters, merchants and bankers, as well as the Bengali bhadralok elites of Calcutta and some Indian princes. The writings it produced were highly gendered. Often they focus on how “improving” the political economy and agricultural productivity would create masculine identities, such as gentlemen landowners and industrious peasant husbandman. Yet I also argue that women’s agricultural work was fundamental in imagining this path towards “improvement.” Using descriptions of Indian farming and labor practices from the Society’s meeting minutes and published transactions, as well as additional writings by its members and missionary founders, I show how many European members of the Society viewed women working outside of domestic pursuits as a sign of Indian inferiority. At the same time, many argued for the benefits of women’s work, which they viewed as fundamental in making Indian households more productive. Women and their labor were a lynchpin in creating the idea of the effeminate Indian man as well as the solution for improving him. It was this intersection of race with gender which helped to define agriculture as a discipline much closer to practical knowledge than abstract science. While some European women were able to participate in the Society’s production of scientific knowledge because of agriculture’s practical nature, Indian knowledge (whether from men or women) tended to be openly dismissed as tradition or habit rather than truly practical. The overlap of gender with race consequently helped to create a hierarchy between practical knowledge and tradition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Vegetable women: Agricultural education, indigenous knowledge, and becoming settlers in early twentieth century Palestine 蔬菜妇女：二十世纪初巴勒斯坦的农业教育、本土知识和定居者。
IF 0.5 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100941
{"title":"Vegetable women: Agricultural education, indigenous knowledge, and becoming settlers in early twentieth century Palestine","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper deals with agricultural training for Jewish women settlers in Palestine, and focuses on the first school established by the Jewish botanist and settler Hannah Meisel in 1911. The school was modeled after European schools for horticulture, but grew to serve the settler community and students’ need to overcome financial challenges as well as the gendered structure of the labor force. As they pursued agricultural work, proximity to the land, and native status, the women taking part in the training program ultimately combined ideas about scientific progress and European theoretical foundations with Palestinian indigenous knowledge and practices. By appropriating Palestinian agricultural techniques and adopting vegetables as the main sphere of work and production, women settlers both struggled to shift gendered social hierarchies and became deeply involved in the settler-colonial project.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Virtues and vocation: An historical perspective on scientific integrity in the twenty-first century 美德与使命：从历史角度看二十一世纪的科学诚信
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100915
Bert Theunissen
{"title":"Virtues and vocation: An historical perspective on scientific integrity in the twenty-first century","authors":"Bert Theunissen","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>According to the Dutch chemist Gerrit Jan Mulder (1802–1880), the principal aim of university education was character building and moral edification. Professional training was of secondary importance. Mulder’s ideas about the vocation and moral mission of the university professor can serve as a historical counterpart to later Weberian, Mertonian, and contemporary ideas on the ethos of science. I argue that a revaluation of the moral precepts that Mulder saw as defining the life of an academic is helpful in dealing with the problems of late modern science, such as the replication crisis and research misconduct. Addressing such problems must start in the university classrooms. To empower students to internalize the principles of responsible conduct of research, we need an updated version of Mulder’s idea of the university professor as a moral agent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160932724000048/pdfft?md5=1295794261ff23da5de8ef44b4bf0672&pid=1-s2.0-S0160932724000048-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140030748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Vocation as tragedy: Love and knowledge in the lives of the Mills, the Webers, and the Russells 作为悲剧的使命：米尔斯夫妇、韦伯夫妇和罗素夫妇生活中的爱与知识
IF 0.6 4区 哲学
Endeavour Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100918
Hanneke Hoekstra
{"title":"Vocation as tragedy: Love and knowledge in the lives of the Mills, the Webers, and the Russells","authors":"Hanneke Hoekstra","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Can love affect knowledge and knowledge affect love? John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor-Mill, Max and Marianne Weber, and Bertrand and Dora Russell had a definite vocation: they wanted to change the world. They questioned traditional gender arrangements through publications on equality, marriage, and education. They were liberal thinkers, advocating individual freedom and autonomy, vis à vis the constraints of state and society. Their partnership inspired their work, a living experiment conducted through their own unconventional relationship. Over time, their increasingly radical, avant-garde ideas on marriage complicated the ongoing negotiation over power and intimacy which typified their marriages. Building on the historiography of social science couples, and by means of an analysis of the micro-social dynamics of marriage as documented in the life writings of the Mills, the Webers, and the Russells, I analyse the connections between gender, intimacy, and creativity. These couples’ experiences highlight the non-rational dimension of a most rational endeavour.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160932724000073/pdfft?md5=7ea59c50a538b6e69a8e85530cac9410&pid=1-s2.0-S0160932724000073-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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