Current Problems in Cardiology最新文献

{"title":"Structural Heart Disease in the Tropics: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Elisa Elisa, Bramantono Bramantono, Muhammad Vitanata Arfijanto, Musofa Rusli, Debi Yulia Sandra, Henry Sutanto","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Structural heart disease (SHD) remains a significant global health challenge, disproportionately impacting populations in tropical regions where the burden of infectious diseases, limited healthcare infrastructure, and socio-economic disparities exacerbate the issue. The tropics are uniquely affected by conditions such as rheumatic heart disease (RHD), endomyocardial fibrosis, tropical cardiomyopathies, and pericardial diseases, often resulting from or complicated by endemic infections like malaria, dengue, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases. Moreover, Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Cardiac Disease (HIVAC) represents an emerging concern in regions with high HIV prevalence, adding complexity to the interplay between infectious and structural cardiac conditions. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with SHD in these areas, research and clinical focus have often been inadequate, underscoring the need for a comprehensive synthesis of available evidence to guide future efforts. This review aims to provide a detailed examination of SHD in the tropics, with a focus on valvular, myocardial, and pericardial diseases linked to tropical infections and conditions. It highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of key diseases, including RHD, endocarditis, Chagas disease, and HIVAC, as well as other less commonly recognized tropical cardiomyopathies and pericardial disorders. The review also explores diagnostic challenges, advances in imaging and molecular tools, and the role of public health interventions and policy in addressing these conditions. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying gaps, this review aims to inform research priorities, improve clinical care, and support the development of tailored prevention and management strategies for SHD in resource-constrained tropical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":51006,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems in Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":"102975"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normal Echocardiographic Findings in Healthy Pregnant Women: A Narrative Review of the Literature.","authors":"Aguilar Molina Oswaldo, Barbosa Balaguera Stephany, Campo Rivera Natalia, Ayala Zapata Sebastian, Arrieta Mendoza Martín, Bernardo Giraldo Miguel, Herrera Escandón Alvaro, Muñoz Ortiz Edison","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During pregnancy, significant physiological changes occur that result in cardiac remodeling and altered functional performance, though these are generally reversible postpartum. Pregnancy increases the cardiovascular system's demand, requiring substantial adaptations such as elevated cardiac output (CO), plasma volume, stroke volume (SV), and heart rate (HR), alongside a reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and mean arterial pressure. These adaptations, essential to meet the hemodynamic needs of both the mother and fetus, often differ from standard echocardiographic measurements used to evaluate cardiac function, making interpretation challenging. Accurate identification of normal echocardiographic parameters during pregnancy is crucial to establishing a baseline for detecting pathological changes. Deviations from these baselines, when recognized early, can assist in risk stratification and inform clinical management of conditions such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or valvular disease. However, many existing studies rely on cross-sectional designs, limiting their ability to provide comprehensive longitudinal insights. For pregnant women, the lack of standardized echocardiographic reference values represents a critical gap. The physiological changes unique to this population, including increased CO and ventricular dimensions, complicate the interpretation of echocardiographic studies using non-pregnant norms. This shortfall can hinder the identification of subclinical cardiovascular alterations, delaying timely intervention. The development of pregnancy-specific echocardiographic reference values is essential for advancing preventive and personalized care. Such tailored references would improve diagnostic accuracy, facilitating early detection and management of pregnancy-related cardiac changes and their potential pathological implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":51006,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems in Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":"102969"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myocardial Fibrosis in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms, Implications, and Therapeutic Perspectives.","authors":"Clara Elisabeth Schmidt, Hans Dietrich Müller","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102976","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents a distinct form of heart disease characterized by structural and functional alterations in the myocardium, occurring in the absence of other cardiac conditions. This review delves into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying myocardial fibrosis in DCM, highlighting the pivotal role of fibroblast transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts. We examine the interplay between hyperglycemia, immune cell activation, and neurohumoral signaling pathways, with a particular focus on the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling cascade and its contributions to collagen deposition and cardiac dysfunction. Despite significant advancements in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DCM, critical gaps remain in elucidating the precise regulatory networks involved in fibroblast activation and the role of microRNAs in these processes. By providing a comprehensive overview of current knowledge, this review aims to identify potential therapeutic targets to mitigate myocardial fibrosis and improve clinical outcomes in diabetic patients. Ultimately, addressing these gaps will pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies that can enhance heart function and reduce the burden of diabetic cardiomyopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":51006,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems in Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":"102976"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac Replacement Therapy: critical issues and future perspectives of Heart Transplantation and Artificial Heart.","authors":"Isabella Fumarulo, Andrea Stefanini, Daniele Masarone, Francesco Burzotta, Matteo Cameli, Nadia Aspromonte","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diagnostic and therapeutic advances in the cardiovascular field have caused a progressive reduction in mortality from acute causes, with an ever-increasing chronicity of cardiovascular pathologies. In recent years, mechanical supports have played a fundamental role, allowing the patient to be stabilized in the most critical phase of acute heart failure (AHF) and acting as a \"bridge\" for definitive therapies. Heart transplantation (HTx) is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage HF, but it is burdened by a series of critical issues that limit its use, first of all the shortage of grafts. It also requires the patient to take immunosuppressive therapy for life, which exposes him to a greater risk of infectious and oncological diseases. For these reasons, in the last years, mechanical supports are increasingly used as \"destination therapy\", alternatively to HTx. However, also mechanical supports are not free from critical issues that limit their use. In this review we aim to analyze critical issues and future perspectives of advanced HF therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":51006,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems in Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":"102971"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical profile and cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation and hematologic malignancies with recent initiation of targeted therapy: real-life data from CANAC-FA registry.","authors":"Alberto Piserra López-Fernández De Heredia, Martín Ruiz Ortiz, Javier Torres Llergo, Magdalena Carrillo Bailen, María Sánchez De Castro, Margarita Fernández De La Mata, Arancha Díaz Exposito, Alejandro I Pérez Cabeza, Mónica Delgado Ortega, María García Fortes, Inmaculada Fernández Valenzuela, Marinela Chaparro Munoz, Alicia Rodríguez Fernandez, Ana María Rodríguez Almodóvar, Inara Alarcón De La Lastra Cubiles, Fátima Esteban Martínez, Francisco Javier Capote Huelva, José Javier Sánchez Fernandez, Y Dolores Mesa Rubio","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102974","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>\"Real-life\" data on cardiovascular management and clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and hematologic malignancies are limited.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To describe the clinical profile and incidence of cardiovascular events in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were obtained from the CANAC-FA Registry, an observational, multicenter and retrospective study. A review of the medical records of patients who had consulted for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or multiple myeloma (MM) between 2017 and 2019 was conducted in five hospitals in Spain. Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) were identified, and the initial visit during which specific treatment for the neoplasm was administered was considered the baseline visit. The follow-up period concluded in 2021. Events of interest included major bleeding, cardiovascular events (hospital admission for cardiovascular causes or cardiovascular death), and death from any cause.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 7,793 patients were reviewed, of whom 1,189 (15%) had AF and 81 (1%) had AF and had initiated a specific hematological treatment within the previous year. Of these patients, 48 (59%) had MM and 33 (41%) had CLL. The mean values for the Charlson, CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED indices were 5.3 ± 1.7, 3.4 ± 1.5 and 2.4 ± 1.1, respectively. Anticoagulants were prescribed to 85% of patients, with a majority (42%) receiving direct anticoagulants. After a maximum follow-up period of 59 months, the incidences of events at 1, 2 and 3 years of follow-up were: 1.2±1.2%, 1.2±1.2 and 3.5±2.5% for major bleeding; 11.6±3.7%, 11.6±3.7 and 17.2±5.3% for cardiovascular events; and 27.6±5.0%, 41.5±6.3 and 51.3±6.9% for all-cause mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The incidence of cardiovascular events was high in this population, suggesting the need to implement more effective preventive strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":51006,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems in Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":"102974"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Routine stress testing in diabetic patients after coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Juan P de Oliveira, Franciani R da Rocha, Ramon Huntermann, Raissa P de Oliveira, Caroline O Fischer Bacca","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stress testing is a widely used non-invasive tool in patients with angina, but its role in diabetic patients after coronary intervention remains uncertain. This review evaluates its impact in this population.</p><p><strong>Goals: </strong>We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing death, MACE, ischemia and repeated revascularization in diabetic patients post-coronary intervention.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane for RCTs and cohort studies on diabetic patients post-revascularization reporting MI and cardiovascular death, ischemia, repeat revascularization, and pooled hazard ratios for mortality or MI. Statistical analysis used RStudio and RevMan, with heterogeneity assessed via I² statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 14,461 patients from 15 studies (14 observational cohorts, 1 RCT), all with diabetes and prior revascularization. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 5.2 years, with a mean age of 60.8±9.5 years, and 75% male. MI and cardiovascular death occurred in 11.24% (95% CI: 7.35-15.79%; p<0.01, Figure 2), ischemia in 36.07% (95% CI: 30.26-42.08%; p<0.01, Figure 3), and repeated revascularization in 15.65% (95% CI: 6.65-27.64%; p<0.01, Figure 4). For mortality or MI, the pooled hazard ratio was 1.28 (95% CI: 1.02-1.61, Figure 5), suggesting a modest benefit of standard care over routine stress testing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Routine stress testing in diabetic patients after coronary intervention may not significantly impact outcomes. Further controlled studies are needed to clarify its clinical benefit.</p>","PeriodicalId":51006,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems in Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":"102972"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathophysiology and Management of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS): A Literature Review.","authors":"Mohamad Ghazal, Abdul Rahman Akkawi, Andrew Fancher, Emmanuel Oundo, Hammad Tanzeem, Laiba Sajjad, Alexandros Briasoulis","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a form of cardiovascular autonomic disorders characterized by orthostatic intolerance and a symptomatic increase in heart rate upon standing, which can significantly impair patients' quality of life. Its pathophysiology is complex, multifactorial; thus, a variety of treatment approaches have been investigated. Recent studies have identified three primary POTS phenotypes-hyperadrenergic, neuropathic, and hypovolemic-each requiring tailored management strategies. First-line treatment for all patients focuses on lifestyle modifications, including increased fluid and salt intake, compression garment use, physical reconditioning, and postural training. Currently, there are no medications approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)for POTS. Pharmacologic therapies are primarily used to manage specific symptoms, though the evidence supporting their efficacy is limited. In hyperadrenergic POTS, excessive norepinephrine production or impaired reuptake leads to sympathetic overactivity, making beta-blockers an effective option. Neuropathic POTS, resulting from impaired vasoconstriction during orthostatic stress, responds to agents that enhance vascular tone, such as pyridostigmine and midodrine. Hypovolemic POTS, often triggered by dehydration and physical deconditioning, respond primarily to volume expansion and exercise. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology and management strategies for POTS, with a focus on phenotype-based approaches to guide tailored treatment and improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":51006,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems in Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":"102977"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating Sensor-Skin Coupling Challenges in Magnetic-Based Blood Pressure Monitoring: Innovations and Clinical Implications for Hypertension and Aortovascular Disease Management.","authors":"Wasim Ullah Khan, Mohammed Alissa, Amr S Abouzied, Mahdi H Alsugoor, Safir Ullah Khan, Margaret Sullivan","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring has emerged as a critical frontier in cardiovascular healthcare, with magnetic sensors playing an increasingly pivotal role in wearable health technologies. This comprehensive review critically examines the complex challenges of sensor-skin coupling and its profound impact on the accuracy of blood pressure measurements in patients with hypertension and aortovascular disease. Despite the growing demand for precise, real-time health monitoring, significant limitations persist in current magnetic sensor technologies. Our analysis reveals how intricate interactions between sensor devices and skin characteristics including pigmentation, texture, and elasticity can substantially compromise measurement reliability. We systematically explore innovative approaches to mitigate these challenges, presenting cutting-edge strategies in advanced material development, adaptive calibration techniques, and sophisticated signal processing algorithms. The review synthesizes current research to demonstrate the multidisciplinary approaches necessary for enhancing magnetic sensor performance. By critically analyzing the nuanced interactions between sensor technologies and individual patient physiological profiles, we provide insights into developing more robust, personalized health monitoring systems. Our findings underscore the urgent need for continued innovation in non-invasive blood pressure monitoring, with direct implications for improved clinical assessment and patient outcomes in cardiovascular care.</p>","PeriodicalId":51006,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems in Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":"102964"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142866163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effectiveness of a nurse-led home-based cardiac rehabilitation based on instant information intervention in the prognosis of patients with TAVR: A randomized controlled trial protocol.","authors":"Ying Ying Jia, Ming Qi Dong, Jia Feng, Jing Ni Hu, Huan Ting Hu, Tian Man Yuan, Jian Ping Song","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with poor prognosis after TAVR surgery require high-quality cardiac rehabilitation. Digital home-based rehabilitation based on real-time information intervention can improve outcomes. However, the parameters of the text message intervention, such as text message content, intervention duration, text message frequency, and other parameters, may vary.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is an evaluator-blinded randomized controlled trial. TAVR patients will be recruited from the cardiology intensive care unit of a hospital and randomly assigned to either the control group or the experimental group. The control group will receive standard cardiac rehabilitation, while the experimental group will receive instant message rehabilitation intervention over six months in addition to the standard care. The primary outcomes are home-based cardiac rehabilitation adherence and six-minute walk distance. Secondary outcomes include quality of life, frailty, activities of daily living scale scores, incidence of adverse events, death during follow-up, NYHA functional classification, readmission rate, and length of hospital stay. Data will be collected at three time points: baseline, three months after intervention, and six months after intervention. Generalized equation assessment will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the instant message intervention.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Using behavior change theory as the overall framework, guided by behavior change techniques and based on evidence-based medicine, the digital HBCR intervention program that can be implemented by caregivers has been designed. If the intervention proves effective, it will promote the development of home-based rehabilitation for TAVR patients.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>NCT06418555.</p>","PeriodicalId":51006,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems in Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":"102967"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium homeostasis in heart failure: Exploring the interplay between oxidative stress and cardiac remodeling for future therapeutic innovations.","authors":"Emily Johnson, Jameela Shukri Albakri, Khaled S Allemailem, Abdulaziz Sultan, Wanian M Alwanian, Faris Alrumaihi, Nahlah Makki Almansour, Fahad M Aldakheel, Fatma Mohamed Ameen Khalil, Alduwish Manal Abduallah, Oliver Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heart failure (HF) is a multifaceted clinical syndrome characterized by the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic demands. It arises from various etiologies, including myocardial injury, hypertension, and valvular heart disease. A critical aspect of HF pathophysiology involves mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly concerning calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and oxidative stress. This review highlights the pivotal role of excess mitochondrial Ca2+ in exacerbating oxidative stress, contributing significantly to HF progression. Novel insights are provided regarding the mechanisms by which mitochondrial Ca2+ overload leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired cellular function. Despite this understanding, key gaps in research remain, particularly in elucidating the complex interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative stress across different HF phenotypes. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction are still in their infancy, with limited applications in clinical practice. By summarizing recent findings and identifying these critical research gaps, this review aims to pave the way for innovative therapeutic approaches that improve the management of heart failure, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes through targeted interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":51006,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems in Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":"102968"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142803277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}