Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Cross-border surveillance of sheep and goat rabies in Brazil","authors":"Francisco Alyson Silva Oliveira ,&nbsp;Rivanni Jeniffer Souza Castro ,&nbsp;Abelardo Silva-Júnior ,&nbsp;Raizza Eveline Escócio Pinheiro ,&nbsp;Ricardo Antônio Pilegi Sfaciotte ,&nbsp;David Germano Gonçalves Schwarz","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since Brazil has the largest territory in South America and borders 10 other countries, rabies control is strategic to prevent cross-border spread. However, prevention and control of rabies in small ruminants is neglected. The present study evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution and temporal trends of rabies in small ruminants in Brazil between 2005 and 2023. Official data on rabies case notifications and the population density of goats and sheep from the Brazilian states were used. Descriptive epidemiology and temporal analyses of high-risk clusters and trends were conducted. Rabies cases were reported in all states, except for the Federal District, Roraima, Amapá, Amazonas, and Rondônia. In sheep, 174 cases were reported, with an emphasis on Paraná (25.29 %), being highest. There were 64 cases in goats, with a highlight on Bahia (37.50 %) and Maranhão (18.75 %). However, Espírito Santo presented the highest incidence risk (IR) for goats and sheep. The highest peaks in IR occurred in 2005, 2006 and 2013. A temporal trend of decreasing goat cases was observed in northeastern Brazil from 2005 to 2023. In sheep, the Northeast region showed a downward trend in rabies cases. Three high-risk clusters were identified: the primary cluster for goats occurred in 2006, and for sheep, between 2005 and 2013. Rabies in small ruminants occurs across all Brazilian regions, with high-risk areas in the Northeast, Southeast, and South, as well as a risk of cross-border transmission. These findings support animal health authorities in strengthening rabies control for small ruminants and reducing the risk of transboundary spread.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142228970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The curious case of the rare Citrobacter pasteurii isolated from an endangered primate in Brazil","authors":"João Pedro Rueda Furlan ,&nbsp;Fábio Parra Sellera ,&nbsp;Irys Hany Lima Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Patrícia Locosque Ramos ,&nbsp;Eliana Guedes Stehling","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The genus <em>Citrobacter</em> comprises clinically important human pathogens but has been less frequently associated with wildlife infections. <em>Citrobacter pasteurii</em> was first identified as causing human diarrhea and remains rarely documented. In this study, a Gram-negative bacterial strain, named A318, was identified as causing diarrhea in a black lion tamarin. This strain was biochemically identified as <em>Trabulsiella guamensis</em>, a species of unusual nature, and was submitted to whole-genome characterization. Curiously, phylogenomic analysis showed that A318 strain belonged to the genus <em>Citrobacter</em>, with confirmation of the species <em>C. pasteurii</em> by average nucleotide identity (99.02 %) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (93.80 %) analyzes. Cases of misidentification of <em>C. pasteurii</em> as <em>Citrobacter youngae</em> were detected and corrected in this study. In addition to the genome sequence of the type strain of <em>C. pasteurii,</em> only two others from the Australian cockle and Portuguese silver gull are publicly available. Single nucleotide polymorphism differences among all <em>C. pasteurii</em> indicated a highly diverse population. No acquired antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmid replicons were found. Therefore, our findings emphasize the importance of gold-standard methods for accurate identification and underscores the importance of continued surveillance and research to mitigate the risks posed by zoonotic and zooanthroponotic pathogens.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142228971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis seropositivity in wild boars (Sus scrofa): Implications for public and animal health in Southern Brazil","authors":"Luisa Zasso Neis ,&nbsp;Roseli Kuhn ,&nbsp;Julianna Cardoso Cruz ,&nbsp;Thais Dalla Rosa ,&nbsp;Rogério Oliveira Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Angélica Cavalheiro Bertagnolli ,&nbsp;Márcia Regina Loiko ,&nbsp;José Reck ,&nbsp;Fabiana Quoos Mayer","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are re-emerging zoonosis caused by infection with pathogenic spirochaetes of <em>Leptospira</em> and the protozoa <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em>, respectively. Wild boars (<em>Sus scrofa</em>), an exotic invasive species in Brazil, could play a role in the diseases’ epidemiological cycles, but this issue is still unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the <em>Leptospira</em> spp. and <em>T. gondii</em> seropositivity in wild boars in Rio Grande do Sul state, south Brazil. Of evaluated animals, 16% (13/80) and 85% (52/61) had antibodies to <em>T</em>. <em>gondii</em> and <em>Leptospira</em> spp., respectively. Sex, weight, age, hunt location and season of hunt were evaluated by their association with seropositivity for both pathogens, but none of them had statistical significance. This study revealed that wild boars should be considered as a potential source of <em>Leptospira</em> spp. and <em>T. gondii</em> dissemination for humans and animal species in shared environments in Rio Grande do Sul state.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive and innate immune response of Leishmania infantum infection in Cirneco dell’Etna dog breed","authors":"Lola Martínez-Sáez ,&nbsp;Annalisa Amato ,&nbsp;Carmelo Cavallo ,&nbsp;Pablo Jesús Marín-García ,&nbsp;Luigi Liotta ,&nbsp;Lola Llobat","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Leishmania</em> spp. are an intracellular protozoa present in many countries around the world. In Europe, both the parasite and the disease it causes, leishmaniasis, are endemic in the Mediterranean basin. Clinical signs and severity of disease are highly variable depending on the host in both humans and dogs, traditionally considered the main reservoir of the parasite. The reason for these differences is not known, but it has been speculated that some hosts present immune response, related to activation of Th1 and Th17, capable of controlling the spread of the parasite, and that these immune responses are related to the genetic background of the host. The Ibizan hound, an autochthonous canine breed of the Mediterranean basin, has been postulated as a breed resistant to infection, but other canine breeds evolutionarily close to it and native to this region have not been studied. One of them is the Cirneco dell’Etna, native to the island of Sicily in southern Italy. In this study, the immune response against <em>L. infantum</em> infection in this canine breed was analysed. The results showed that infected dogs of this breed present high levels of several cytokines related to Th1 and Th17 immune response, and significant correlation between serum levels of cytokines related to disease resistance. Further studies are necessary in this canine breed to determine the mechanisms of immune response and genetic background related to <em>L. infantum</em> infection control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142097023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis of bacteria from the CMNR group in farm animals","authors":"Cintia Sena Carvalho ,&nbsp;Vitória M.S. de Aquino ,&nbsp;Roberto Meyer ,&nbsp;Núbia Seyffert ,&nbsp;Thiago L.P. Castro","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The CMNR group comprises bacteria of the genera <em>Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium</em>, <em>Nocardia</em>, and <em>Rhodococcus</em> and share cell wall and DNA content characteristics. Many pathogenic CMNR bacteria cause diseases such as mastitis, lymphadenitis, and pneumonia in farmed animals, which cause economic losses for breeders and represent a threat to public health. Traditional diagnosis in CMNR involves isolating target bacteria on general or selective media and conducting metabolic analyses with the assistance of laboratory biochemical identification systems. Advanced mass spectrometry may also support diagnosing these bacteria in the clinic's daily routine despite some challenges, such as the need for isolated bacteria. In difficult identification among some CMNR members, molecular methods using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) emerge as reliable options for correct specification that is sometimes achieved directly from clinical samples such as tracheobronchial aspirates and feces. On the other hand, immunological diagnostics such as the skin test or Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> yield promising results in subclinical infections with no bacterial growth involved. In this review, we present the methods most commonly used to diagnose pathogenic CMNR bacteria and discuss their advantages and limitations, as well as challenges and perspectives on adopting new technologies in diagnostics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases associated with feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in cats in southern Brazil","authors":"Gustavo Willian Pandolfo ,&nbsp;Thierry Grima de Cristo ,&nbsp;Jéssica Aline Withoeft ,&nbsp;Jennyfer Júlia da Silva Sá ,&nbsp;Maria Augusta Fornara ,&nbsp;Aline Viebrantz ,&nbsp;Mariana Casa ,&nbsp;Claudia Salete Wisser ,&nbsp;Renata Assis Casagrande","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this study was to categorise diseases associated with FeLV infection in cats. A total of 154 cats were submitted to necropsy, histopathology exam and anti-FeLV immunohistochemistry (IHC), and 83 (50.9 %) were IHC FeLV-positive. The cats age means of 4.1 years, including 3.6 % kittens, 34.9 % junior, 37.4 % prime, 18.1 % mature, 2.4 % senior, 3.6 % unknown age. Neoplastic diseases were most prevalent with leukaemia and lymphoma being most predominant, followed by viral diseases, bacterial, trauma, degenerative, intoxications, parasitic, malformation and others. FeLV+ cats were 5.73 times more likely to be diagnosed with neoplasms than other diseases. The odds ratio (OR) of FeLV+ cats developing leukaemia (OR = 7.75) and lymphoma (OR = 6.75) was higher than other neoplasms. FeLV infection was more prevalent in the mixed breed, junior to prime, male, with neoplastic diseases, including leukaemia and lymphoma. Therefore, understanding the diseases associated with FeLV is of paramount importance in Brazil due to its high prevalence, and it may encourage the implementation of prophylactic measures to reduce its dissemination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141990813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of pathogenic, heteropathogenic and hybrid Escherichia coli strains in psittacines from zoos and breeders in the state of Ceará, Brazil","authors":"Bruno Pessoa Lima ,&nbsp;William Cardoso Maciel ,&nbsp;Anderson Pinto Almeida ,&nbsp;Régis Siqueira de Castro Teixeira ,&nbsp;Adson Ribeiro Marques ,&nbsp;Neilton Monteiro Pascoal Filho ,&nbsp;Cibelle Mara Pereira de Freitas ,&nbsp;Antônio Jackson Forte Beleza ,&nbsp;Karina Gatti de Abreu","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current study aimed to detect virulence, hetero-pathogenicity, and hybridization genes in <em>Escherichia coli</em> strains, previously isolated from cloacal swabs in commercial breeding psittacines and zoological collections, via multiplex PCR. A total of 68 strains of <em>E. coli</em>, previously isolated from psittacines in zoos and commercial breeding facilities in Ceará, Brazil, were assessed for the presence of the following genes and/or probes: <em>eae</em>, <em>bfpA</em> (EPEC - Enteropathogenic <em>E. coli</em>), <em>CVD432</em> (EAEC - Enteroaggregative <em>E. coli</em>); <em>LT</em> gene and <em>ST</em> gene (ETEC - Enterotoxigenic <em>E. coli</em>); <em>ipaH</em> (EIEC - Enteroinvasive <em>E. coli</em>); <em>stx1</em> and <em>stx2</em> (STEC - Shiga toxin-producing <em>E. coli</em>); <em>iroN</em>, <em>ompT</em>, <em>hlyF</em>, <em>iss</em>, and <em>iutA</em> (APEC - Avian pathogenic <em>E. coli</em>). Of the 68 <em>E. coli</em> strains analyzed, 61 (98.7 %) were positive for the following genes and/or probes: <em>Stx1</em> (61/98.7 %), <em>ST</em> gene (54/79.4 %), <em>CVD432</em> (49/72 %), <em>bfpA</em> (44/64.7 %), <em>eae</em> (42/61.8 %), <em>Stx2</em> (41/60.3 %), <em>ipaH</em> (34/50 %), <em>LT</em> gene (33/48.5 %), <em>iroN</em> (21/30.9 %), <em>hlyF</em> (11/6.2 %), <em>iss</em> (06/8.8 %) and <em>iutA</em> (06/8.8 %). The following diarrheagenic pathotypes were identified: 66 (97 %) from STEC, 49 (72 %) from EAEC, 35 (52 %) from EIEC, 25 (37 %) from ETEC, and one (1.5 %) from EPEC. Regarding hetero-pathogenicity, 50 (74 %) heterogeneous strains were identified. Positivity for APEC was seen in four (6 %) strains, all characterized as pathogenic hybrids. This study describes significant associations of virulence factors in <em>E. coli</em> strains DEC/DEC and DEC/APEC, which were isolated from psittacines and may be potentially harmful to One Health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia fergusonii Isolated from diseased ostrich chicks","authors":"Afagh Torkan,&nbsp;Mahdi Askari Badouei","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the presence of virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in <em>Escherichia fergusonii</em> isolates obtained from ostrich chicks. A total of 287 isolates were recovered from 106 fecal samples from ostrich chicks suffering from diarrhea and subjected to molecular identification and biochemical characterization. <em>E. fergusonii</em> was detected in 10 samples (9.4 %) using two PCR-detection protocols. Notably, the isolates lacked various virulence genes commonly associated with pathogenic <em>E. coli</em> including <em>elt, est, stx, eae, ehly, cdt, iss, iutA, iroN, hlyA, ompT</em>, except for one isolate harboring the <em>astA</em> gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, while high resistance was observed against amoxicillin clavulanate (AMC), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and doxycycline (D). Moreover, eight isolates displayed multidrug resistance (MDR) and four exhibited resistance to 9–11 antimicrobials. The most frequent resistance gene was <em>sul2</em>, which was present in all isolates; the other resistance genes detected consisted of <em>int1</em> (4/10), <em>int2</em> (3/10), <em>bla</em>^<em>CMY</em> (2/10), and <em>qnrS, bla</em>^<em>TEM</em><em>, bla</em>^<em>CMY</em><em>, bla</em>^{<em>CTX-M</em>}<em>,</em> and <em>flo</em> each were detected only in one <em>E. fergusonii</em> Isolate. Plasmid replicon typing identified the presence of I1 (7/10), N (5/10), and Y (1/10). This study provides valuable insights into the virulence and antimicrobial resistance of <em>E. fergusonii</em> isolates from ostrich chicks, highlighting the complexity of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms exhibited by these bacteria. Further research is essential to understand the transmission dynamics and clinical implications of these findings in veterinary and public health settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142012723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting the outcome of primary rabies vaccination in young cats","authors":"Konstantia E. Tasioudi ,&nbsp;Dimos Papatheodorou ,&nbsp;Fotios Symeonidis ,&nbsp;Peristera Iliadou ,&nbsp;Polychronis Kostoulas ,&nbsp;Maria Gianniou ,&nbsp;Eleni Chondrokouki ,&nbsp;Olga Mangana-Vougiouka ,&nbsp;Mathios E. Mylonakis","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Limited data exist on the factors affecting feline rabies vaccination outcomes during primary immunization. This study aimed to assess if specific factors (signalment, vaccination count, vaccine brand, and time since last vaccination) correlated with meeting global antibody titer standards and absolute titers in young cats given monovalent inactivated rabies vaccines. Analyzing a dataset from cats tested before their first annual booster using the FAVN test, logistic and linear regression models were applied. Among 379 cats, 94.2 % achieved titers meeting or exceeding the standard threshold (≥0.5 IU/ml). Time since last vaccination proved to be the primary predictor of vaccination success. Cats receiving two vaccinations tended toward higher titers. Age, sex, breed, and vaccine type showed no impact on outcomes. The present study indicates that vaccination failure in young cats is uncommon, and that the time interval from the latest vaccination is the single most important predictor of successful rabies vaccination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canine leishmaniosis global prevalence over the last three decades: a meta-analysis and systematic review","authors":"Vito Priolo ,&nbsp;Dorotea Ippolito ,&nbsp;Kalú Rivas-Estanga ,&nbsp;Chiara De Waure ,&nbsp;Pamela Martínez-Orellana","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Leishmaniosis by <em>Leishmania infantum</em> is a zoonotic vector-borne disease transmitted to humans and dogs by the bite of female sand-flies. The domestic dog is the main reservoir and infected dogs may show or not clinical symptoms. The prevalence of infection in dogs varies according to the population studied, the geographic area, and the diagnostics employed. This study aims to estimate the global prevalence, subgrouping per continent, country, diagnostic test and selected risk factors. Cross-sectional studies (n=150; from 1990 to 2020) estimating the prevalence of the infection by <em>Leishmania infantum</em> were extracted from four electronic databases. The pooled global prevalence obtained by random-effects meta-analysis was 15.2 % (95 %CI 13.6–16.9), mostly in rural (19.5 %) and owned dogs (16.5 %). Prevalence varied if the diagnosis was made by western blot (WB, 32.9 %), cellular immunity tests (27.5 %), ELISA (17 %), PCR (16.9 %), IFAT (15.9 %), rapid tests and direct agglutination test (DAT, 11.5 %), cytology/immunohistochemistry (13.1 %), culture (8.6 %). A small studies bias (P&lt;0.005) in the overall prevalence meta-analysis, due to the impact of small-size studies on the overall results was found. Moreover, a continent-related bias was found regarding rapid test, DAT (P=0.021), and WB (P&lt;0.001), as these assays are mainly used in South American studies. A study period bias (P=0.033) and a publication year bias (P=0.002) were detected for PCR, as the test was not employed before the year 2000. In conclusion, a high prevalence of canine leishmaniosis worldwide and high heterogeneity among studies were found.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}