Coastal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"An experimental investigation of local scour at squat, shallowly embedded subsea structures","authors":"Lili Qu ,&nbsp;Hongwei An ,&nbsp;Scott Draper ,&nbsp;Phil Watson ,&nbsp;Liang Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Squat, shallowly embedded structures are commonly used in coastal and offshore applications, such as gravity based subsea foundations, pipeline and cable infrastructure, and emerging applications including subsea data centers and artificial reefs. These structures often have shallow skirts embedded in the seabed to enhance stability and/or mitigate the risk of local scour and undermining. This paper presents an experimental investigation into local scour and undermining processes around squat, shallowly embedded subsea structures, focusing on low aspect ratios, an area underexplored in previous research. Using the large O-tube facility at The University of Western Australia, experiments were conducted under steady currents to examine both equilibrium scour depth and undermining mechanisms, and their associated time scales. Key findings indicate that flow intensity and flow attack angle significantly influence the scour process, with flow amplification at sharp corners identified as the primary cause of scour initiation. Although shallowly embedded structures experience reduced scour depths compared to deeply embedded structures, they experience extensive undermining which occurs over a longer time scale than scour at the corners of the structure. These findings enhance our understanding of scour development and provide valuable insights for the design and stability assessment of offshore structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 104851"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking occurrence and dissipation in shortcrested waves in finite water","authors":"Umniya Al Khalili,&nbsp;Ioannis Karmpadakis","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The understanding of wave breaking has long been a critical concern for engineers and scientists. However, accurately identifying the onset of breaking and quantifying the associated energy dissipation remain significant challenges. To address this, the present study develops a novel methodology to identify breaking wave events in shortcrested seas in finite water depths. This is achieved through a unique dataset which couples laboratory and numerically-generated waves. The data reflect realistic sea-states used in engineering design and cover a wide range of conditions from mild to extreme. Using the proposed algorithm, key physical properties of breaking waves are examined. In particular, the probability of wave breaking and the associated wave energy dissipation are quantified to provide a statistical description of their behaviour. Complementarily, waves exhibiting significant nonlinear amplifications are also identified and modelled in a similar manner. This enables traditional wave distributions to be decomposed into more detailed distributions of breaking and non-breaking waves. These insights are combined to define a new model that predicts crest height statistics in intermediate water depths. This new mixture model is shown to reproduce experimental measurements with high accuracy, while also providing critical additional information about wave breaking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 104847"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamics of in-canopy flow in synthetically generated coral reefs under oscillatory wave motion","authors":"Akshay Patil,&nbsp;Clara García-Sánchez","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interaction of oscillatory wave motion with morphologically complex coral reefs showcases a wide range of consequential hydrodynamic responses within the canopy. While a large body of literature has explored the interaction of morphologically simple coral reefs, the in-canopy flow dynamics in complex coral reefs are poorly understood. This study used a synthetically generated coral reef over flat topography with varying reef height and frontal and planform density to understand the in-canopy turbulence dynamics. Using a turbulence-resolving computational framework, we found that most of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation is confined to a region below the top of the reef and above the Stokes boundary layer. The results also suggest that most of the vertical Reynolds stress peaks within this region positively contribute to the down-gradient momentum flux during the wave cycle. These findings shed light on the physical relationships between in-canopy flow and morphologically complex coral reefs, thereby motivating a further need to explore the hydrodynamics of such flows using a scale-resolving computational framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 104840"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modeling of pressure gradients in swash-swash interactions driven by a double dam-break","authors":"Julian Rodríguez-Burguette ,&nbsp;Courtney Olney ,&nbsp;Jack A. Puleo ,&nbsp;Alec Torres-Freyermuth","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Swash zone hydrodynamics control shoreline change and beach erosion/accretion. Understanding of swash hydrodynamics on a wave-by-wave basis is needed for the parameterization of numerical models to predict these morphodynamics. Detailed hydrodynamics have been investigated in the laboratory by analyzing single swash events. However, swash-swash interactions, occurring on natural beaches, play an important role on the spatial and temporal distributions of hydrodynamic parameters controlling sediment transport (e.g., pressure gradients). In this work, swash interactions are investigated using a phase- and depth-resolving numerical model (VOF-RANS). The numerical model is validated with free-surface elevation and nearbed swash velocity measurements, from double dam-break laboratory experiments, for different swash interaction types (capture, weak, and strong interactions). A satisfactory agreement of the complex swash dynamics was found between the numerical model and the laboratory data (typical correlation values &gt; 0.92 and root-mean-square-error &lt;0.35 m/s for nearbed velocity). The numerical model was employed to investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of horizontal and vertical pressure gradients. Simulations indicate the bed-parallel total force associated with swash interactions can be approximated by the total acceleration in the weak and strong interactions cases mainly at the maximum peaks associated with the pressure gradient. In the capture case, there is a poor fit in the outer and middle swash zone, with model skill improvement in the inner swash zone. However, large differences were predicted between the total force and the total acceleration in the bed-orthogonal direction near the bed, implying turbulence stresses cannot be neglected. The location of the maximum pressure gradient is strongly correlated with the normalized swash separation time and the excursion ratio of interacting bores. The numerical results suggest the potential parameterization of hydrodynamic conditions based on runup time series.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 104846"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental analysis of post-overtopping flows on composite vertical breakwaters with retreated wave walls: Mapping of the hydrodynamic parameters","authors":"Matteo Centorami ,&nbsp;Alessandro Romano ,&nbsp;Claudia Cecioni ,&nbsp;Giorgio Bellotti","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Retreated wave walls are often used to improve the hydrodynamic performance of composite vertical breakwaters placed in relatively deep-water conditions. The wall retreat changes significantly the dynamics of wave-structure interaction, making the current design criteria not adequate for such structures. Previous experimental findings highlight that these processes are governed by the complex hydrodynamics driven by the characteristics of post-overtopping flows occurring on the superstructure between the seaward edge of the caisson trunk and the wave wall. In this article a new 2D experimental campaign has been carried out to explore the hydrodynamics of post-overtopping flows on composite vertical breakwaters with retreated wave wall. To improve the overall understanding of the phenomena, these flows have been analyzed and classified into three distinct types, based on wave characteristics and structural parameters, namely: Dam break (DB), Plunging-Dam break (PDB), and Hammer-Fist (HF). Then, the characteristics of each event type have been studied as a function of the wave wall retreat position. To this end, an advanced image-clustering analysis technique has been applied to visualize the process and estimate those quantities which are difficult to measure with direct measurement techniques (e.g., air content). Moreover, wave-induced loads on the wall and downfall pressures have been measured, allowing to explore how different flow types, wall retreats, and aeration levels could affect impact loads and flow dynamics. The detailed analysis of the post-overtopping flows dynamics, combined with the measurements of the forces acting on the wave wall, allowed to obtain a comprehensive parameters map, based on the flows classification and geometrical dimensions, which contributes to the development of practical design tools for such structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 104839"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surrogate root system modeling — A hybrid dune reinforcement","authors":"Lukas Ahrenbeck ,&nbsp;Oliver Lojek ,&nbsp;Johannes Schattmann ,&nbsp;Björn Mehrtens ,&nbsp;Constantin Schweiger ,&nbsp;Viktoria Kosmalla ,&nbsp;David Schürenkamp ,&nbsp;Nils Goseberg","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal dunes are a critical natural defense against storm surges and sea level rise, yet their stability is increasingly compromised by intensified hydrodynamic forces. To withstand stronger and more frequent storm surges as a result of climate change, engineered natural coastal barriers play an important role. This study systematically investigates the potential of artificial root system surrogates based on the root structure of <em>Ammophila arenaria</em> to augment dune stability under simulated storm surge conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a 1.0<!--> <!-->m wide and 90.0<!--> <!-->m long wave flume, replicating the geomorphological characteristics of a dune profile from Sankt Peter-Ording, Germany, at a scale of 1:7. Three surrogate materials (i) coir grid, (ii) basalt grid, and (iii) coir mat were evaluated across three distinct placement configurations (Crest-only, Crest-Slope and Crest-Slope-Foot) under hydrodynamic regimes corresponding to collision, minor overwash, and heavy overwash. High-resolution 3D-lidar scanning provided quantitative, continuous assessments of erosion volumes and dune profile changes. The experimental results indicate that the flexibility of the materials, particularly coir grid and coir mat, substantially mitigates erosion through attenuation of incoming waves and sediment retention, while the relatively stiffer basalt grid exhibits inferior performance. Comparative analyses of small-scale experiments demonstrate that strategically designed artificial root systems can reduce erosion by 13.3<!--> <!-->% to 47.6<!--> <!-->%, thereby matching or surpassing the 23<!--> <!-->% to 40<!--> <!-->% reductions documented for natural vegetation. These findings provide critical insights for advancing nature-based coastal defense strategies and highlight the necessity for further large-scale investigations to refine material properties and deployment configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 104835"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REEF3D::NHFLOW—A high-performance non-hydrostatic solver for coastal wave propagation","authors":"Hans Bihs,&nbsp;Widar Weizhi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper the new three-dimensional non-hydrostatic wave model NHFLOW is presented. It solves the non-hydrostatic Euler equations on a <span><math><mi>σ</mi></math></span>-coordinate grid, which follows the free surface and bottom topography, allowing for grid refinement near the water surface. The governing equations are treated with a Godunov-type scheme. A pressure correction algorithm is implemented, which results in excellent dispersion properties. Together, this delivers a unique combination of shock-capturing properties and dispersive wave modeling capabilities. The structure of the coefficient matrix of the Poisson equation is simplified through a deferred correction approach, increasing the iterative solver’s performance significantly. In order to model propagating waves with a high level of accuracy, the numerical fluxes are reconstructed with the fifth-order WENO scheme. Developed within the open-source hydrodynamic framework REEF3D, the new model is fully parallelized and utilizes the domain decomposition strategy with MPI communication between processors. This paper showcases the capabilities of this new and efficient non-hydrostatic model through verification and validation with a range of laboratory and real-world wave propagation cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 104819"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote sensing techniques for exploring waterline influence on shoreline stability in Northwest Ireland","authors":"Khurram Riaz ,&nbsp;Marion McAfee ,&nbsp;Simone Simeone ,&nbsp;Salem Gharbia","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal erosion is a global environmental challenge affecting biodiversity, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Remote sensing techniques have improved coastal monitoring, yet many studies focus solely on a single shoreline proxy and neglect the influence of extreme waterlines. This study introduces an integrated methodology that concurrently analyses high waterline (HWL) and low waterline (LWL) positions alongside shoreline (SL) trends, providing a more comprehensive view of coastal dynamics. Applied to three morphologically distinct beaches in northwest Ireland (ranging from dissipative to reflective profiles) over 25 years, this approach reveals how extreme tidal excursions modulate long-term shoreline stability. By simultaneously plotting HWL, LWL, and SL positions, the method identifies hotspot areas where large tidal ranges coincide with notable shoreline movements, highlighting sections prone to erosion or rapid sediment turnover. The results show that the two sites with broader, dissipative morphologies exhibit relatively stable or accreting shorelines under consistent extreme waterline trends, whereas the narrower, more reflective beach displays pronounced variability with the greatest landward shoreline retreats. Seasonal analysis further indicates that winter extreme waterlines lie significantly closer to the backshore baseline than in summer, signalling heightened erosion risk during storm seasons. This novel HWL/LWL-integrated approach yields a more accurate representation of coastal processes across different beach types and provides valuable information for coastal management, improving the prediction of erosion hotspots and informing adaptive strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104843"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible adaptation strategies for managing compound climate change risks in port infrastructures","authors":"Alberto Fernandez-Perez ,&nbsp;Javier L. Lara ,&nbsp;Iñigo J. Losada","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Port infrastructures are increasingly exposed to the impacts of compound climate hazards, yet current adaptation strategies often lack the flexibility required to deal with uncertain future conditions. This study presents a novel framework to design flexible adaptation strategies for port infrastructures, integrating compound climate risk assessment with an operational monitoring strategy. The framework identifies key climate drivers and their interactions, evaluates adaptation options, and defines a set of signposts, tipping points, and triggers to inform timely decision-making. The approach is applied to a case study at the Port of Llanes (Spain), demonstrating how adaptation options can be prioritized and adjusted in response to evolving climate risks. Results highlight the relevance of monitoring the combined effects of waves, sea level, and wind to anticipate infrastructure failures and service disruptions. This work offers an actionable methodology that port authorities can integrate into master plans to ensure climate-resilient operations, while providing a scalable tool for other critical coastal infrastructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 104844"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long term modelling of longshore sand transport and coastline changes along central COAST of Holland","authors":"Leo C. van Rijn ,&nbsp;Bastiaan J.A. Huisman","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper is focused on the simulation of longshore sand transport (LST) and associated coastline changes at the central coast of Holland with and without structures using 1D coastline models. Results of 2DH models are also given. Two contrasting sites are considered: 1) the large-scale beach plain south the long breakwaters of IJmuiden and 2) the large scale (mega) nourishment site south of The Hague. Both sites have a coastline that was brought significantly out of equilibrium as a result of the interventions, and the coastline changes involved are therefore very insightful for studying both the development towards the new equilibrium coastline orientation as well as the associated rate of coastline change and longshore transports involved. The LST-values were computed with the semi-empirical LST equation of Van Rijn (2014) and analyzed to better understand the actual drivers for coastal change along the coast of Holland coast and performance of the models. The models were forced with measured and simulated wave data from nearby offshore stations over a relatively long period of time between 1979 and 2021 (40 years). The 1D models provided good hindcast results of the long-term net coastal change at the Sand Motor and IJmuiden. The actual coastal curvature in the shadow zone of the long IJmuiden breakwaters was slightly under-represented, but could be calibrated with moderate adjustments. The effect of the wave shadowing zone in the lee of the IJmuiden breakwaters could be represented with sufficient accuracy either by using nearshore wave conditions (using the SWAN wave model) as well as with a much simpler engineering method for wave diffraction of Kamphuis (1992). For the Sand Motor site, the 1D model provided sufficiently accurate predictions for assessments of erosion along the tip, but the area south of the Sand Motor was not represented well because it is affected by the accelerating tidal current and the wave shadowing of the long breakwaters at Hoek van Holland (entrance to Rotterdam harbour). The estimated net annual longshore transport at the original (undisturbed) coastline at both sites are: about 50,000 m³/yr to north at IJmuiden (km 55–65) and about 100,000 m³/yr to north at the Sand Motor site (at km 109). Annual variations are very large at both sites as the contribution of waves from the south-western and northern sectors can vary considerably. Including the harbour breakwaters of IJmuiden, the net LST increases to 300,000 m³/yr to north at km 66 (south of IJmuiden) due to wave shadowing effects. Similarly after construction of the Sand Motor nourishment, the net LST-values at both flanks of nourishments changed drastically.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 104841"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144771009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}