Coastal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Reply to Discussion by A. Khayyer and C.H. Lee on “comparative study on volume conservation among various SPH models for flows of different levels of violence, coastal engineering, volume 191, August 2024, 104521”","authors":"M.Z. Wang ,&nbsp;Y. Pan ,&nbsp;P.N. Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This reply addresses the discussion by Khayyer and Lee (Coastal Eng., 192, 2024, 104 565) on the paper “Comparative study on volume conservation among various SPH models for flows of different levels of violence” by Wang et al. (Coastal Eng., 191, 2024, 104 521). The authors of the original paper (Wang et al., 2024) thank the discussers for their interest and comments on the presented work. Following their comments and suggestions, a further investigation is conducted. Since new volume error indicators, numerical cases, and analyses are introduced, this reply is structured as a research paper, including basic introductions to the methods, indicators, numerical cases, and analyses. More importantly, new insights are provided on the issues raised by Khayyer and Lee (2024), including the application of volume error indicators, the volume and mechanical energy conservation of different models, the volume conservation during wave shoaling, breaking and violent sloshing processes, and the effects of boundary conditions on volume conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 104973"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy of green and gray coastal structures in storm surge mitigation","authors":"Yudi Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhengyu Hu ,&nbsp;Peng Cheng Wang ,&nbsp;Yuzhu Pearl Li","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past decades, gray coastal structures have played a pivotal role in shoreline protection. However, in light of climate change, nature-based solutions (NbS) have gained prominence due to their added ecological benefits. Although coastal vegetation such as mangroves is known to dissipate wave energy effectively, limited studies have quantitatively compared the wave-attenuation efficacy (i.e., wave damping per unit area) of green and gray coastal structures under storm surge conditions. This study addresses this gap through full-scale numerical simulations using OpenFOAM to model the interactions between storm surge and coastal structures. The model is validated against laboratory experiments, showing good agreement. Simulations are then conducted to assess the wave-attenuation efficacy of mangrove forests and submerged breakwaters across a range of storm surge scenarios. Results show that within the mangrove zone, additional wave height reduction occurs due to drag forces from roots and canopies, an effect that is particularly strong in younger, denser forests. The wave attenuation efficacy of mangroves varies with growth age, forest width, and surge level: at a 3 m surge level, a 50 m-wide 15-year-old mangrove reduces wave heights by ∼40%, compared to 20%–30% for older stands. A 100 m-wide forest can reduce wave heights by up to about 40%–65% for three mangrove groups. At a higher 5 m surge level, the canopy effect becomes significant, and a 100 m-wide young mangrove forest can reduce wave heights by 75%–82% for moderate to extreme waves, while older stands reduce 50%–68%. The 25-m submerged breakwaters with crest heights equivalent to mangrove roots generally provide effective attenuation of 30%–50% under moderate waves, while mangroves require at least twice the breakwater width to reach comparable performance. Under extreme waves, however, large waves readily transmit over submerged breakwaters, reducing their effectiveness to only 15–20%. In such cases, young mangroves may remain efficient, although their survival under extreme storms remains uncertain. Finally, new empirical formulations are proposed to estimate the wave transmission coefficient for both mangrove forests and submerged breakwaters under storm surge conditions. These findings provide practical insights into the spatial planning and design of hybrid coastal defense strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 104972"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An enhanced numerical model for predicting higher-harmonic wave loads based on weak-scatterer theory","authors":"Xinmeng Zeng ,&nbsp;Yanlin Shao ,&nbsp;Xingya Feng ,&nbsp;Kun Xu ,&nbsp;Wei Shi ,&nbsp;Ruijia Jin ,&nbsp;Huajun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of higher-harmonic wave loads is crucial for designing offshore structures to withstand extreme wave conditions. High-fidelity CFD and fully nonlinear potential-flow models are accurate but computationally expensive, whereas weak-scatterer (WS) theory offers an efficient alternative by strategically neglecting higher-order scatter wave effects while retaining fully nonlinear incident-wave kinematics. However, its application to steep and extreme waves has so far been limited, mainly due to numerical instabilities, and the validity of the underlying assumptions when higher-harmonic wave loads are of primary interest. This paper presents an enhanced numerical implementation of the WS theory that substantially extends its applicability, featuring (i) an effective nonlinear correction at the waterline, implemented as a post-processing step that recovers key nonlinear contributions neglected in the original WS formulation without adding complexity to the time-domain solver, and (ii) a tailored weighted least-squares low-pass filter that robustly stabilizes the time-domain simulations. Furthermore, (iii) a Morison-drag model based on the instantaneous Keulegan–Carpenter number is incorporated to estimate important viscous contributions for floating structures in extreme seas. We validate the enhanced numerical model and assess its performance in large-amplitude waves through benchmark cases, including monopiles and a semi-submersible floater. The results demonstrate stable and accurate simulations at high wave steepness, where comparable models may fail due to local wave breaking at the waterline, and confirm the critical role of the nonlinear waterline correction in reliably predicting higher-harmonic nonlinear wave loads for engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 104971"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the characteristics of wave propagation in reef lagoon based on the particle method","authors":"Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Aifeng Tao ,&nbsp;Xinping Chen ,&nbsp;Gang Wang ,&nbsp;Jinhai Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reef lagoon ecosystem is of substantial research significance owing to its essential ecological service functions. The intricate topography of these systems, especially the abrupt reef slopes causing major depth fluctuations, profoundly influences wave propagation characteristics. The large free-surface deformation resulting from wave breaking at the reef edge is a challenge for computational models. A numerical algorithm for the large deformation of the free surface is coded based on the meshless method, which discretizes the model into particles and derives the solution for the entire flow field by tracking the physical parameters of each particle. Experiments are conducted to validate the numerical method. The height and period of the incident wave, and water depth all affect wave breaking. This study examines the propagation of various waves across the topography of a reef lagoon and the alterations in nonlinear characteristic parameters resulting from wave breaking and deformation. The equations for calculating the wave height attenuation coefficient and the wave energy attenuation coefficient are provided. The influence of its depth is also investigated because the existence of a lagoon attenuates waves once more.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 104966"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave-induced swaying of Rhizophora mangle saplings and implications for hybrid coastal protection","authors":"Sindhu Sreeranga ,&nbsp;Shuang Song ,&nbsp;Nicholas Wei Jie Mak ,&nbsp;Peter Alan Todd ,&nbsp;Jiarui Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the mechanical and morphological adaptation of mangrove seedlings under wave forcing is essential for effective coastal restoration. This study investigates the dynamic response and structural integrity of <em>Rhizophora mangle</em> saplings exposed to regular wave forcing (H = 4–10 cm; T = 0.8–1.4 s), both with and without protection by portable reef. A damping oscillator model incorporating stem elasticity, damping ratio, and wave kinematics accurately predicted tip displacement and higher-order vibrational modes. Among six saplings with co-measured stiffness, the Higher-Order Count (HOC) correlated significantly with the Keulegan Carpenter number (ρ = 0.51, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), indicating dynamic response sensitivity to flow unsteadiness. Morphological assessments revealed no statistically significant differences in aboveground traits across treatments, even after prolonged exposure. However, root mechanical integrity was markedly affected by wave forcing. Saplings directly exposed to waves exhibited reduced uprooting strength (mean = 3.71 N), while those shielded by the portable reef maintained root strength equivalent to unforced controls (mean ≈ 8.9 N). These findings suggest that portable reefs preserve belowground anchorage without compromising structural development. These results underscore the value of integrating wave-exposure dynamics and protective structures into hybrid coastal protection strategies that support both structural integrity and adaptive flexibility in mangrove saplings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 104950"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tsunami-like solitary wave overtopping on vegetated-foreshore sea dikes: Characterization and prediction","authors":"Quanlin Qiu ,&nbsp;Yanxu Wang ,&nbsp;Zegao Yin ,&nbsp;Xiutao Jiang ,&nbsp;Guilin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the interaction between tsunami-like solitary waves and dikes with vegetated foreshores, a two-dimensional numerical model was developed in OpenFOAM® within a macroscopic framework and validated against laboratory data, showing excellent agreement. The model was employed to examine the influence of vegetation density (<em>N</em>_v = 150–550 stems/m²), length (<em>L</em>_v = 0.8–2.4 m), horizontal distance from the toe of the foreshore (<em>r</em> = 0.5–2.1 m), foreshore and dike slopes (<em>m</em>_f = 1/20–1/8, <em>m</em>_s = 1/4–1/1), and relative wave height (<em>H</em>_i/<em>d</em> = 0.13–0.52, where still water depth <em>d</em> = 0.4–0.6 m) on the wave overtopping discharge (<em>q</em>). Results indicate that <em>q</em> exhibits an exponential decay with increasing <em>N</em>_v, decreasing by up to 83.4% at the highest density (550 stems/m²) relative to bare slopes. A synergistic interaction between <em>m</em>_f and vegetation was identified: steeper foreshores (<em>m</em>_f ≥ 1/12) significantly enhance vegetation-induced attenuation. Specifically, the attenuation efficiency at <em>m</em>_f = 1/12 improves by 38.2% relative to the mild-slope scenario (<em>m</em>_f = 1/20). Furthermore, the influence of <em>m</em>_s becomes significant only at high relative wave heights. To address the limitations of existing empirical formulas that fail to account for the coupled effects of solitary waves and vegetated foreshores, this study developed robust predictive models using Multivariate Nonlinear Regression (MNLR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approaches. Both models exhibited high predictive accuracy, with coefficients of determination (R²) of 0.91 and 0.97, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights and technical guidance for the design and optimization of nature-based, environmentally friendly coastal protection systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 104970"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rising impact hours on sandy beaches linked to total water level variability along U.S. coastlines","authors":"Gabrielle P. Quadrado ,&nbsp;Katherine A. Serafin","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rising sea levels and changing storms are increasing the frequency of extreme total water levels (TWL), the combination of waves, tides, and nontidal residuals at the coast, amplifying the likelihood of coastal flooding and erosion. While temporal variations in individual TWL drivers, like relative sea level, storm surge, and waves, are well-documented, how each physical process influences coastal impacts across the United States (U.S.) remains underexplored. Here, we quantify the number of hours per year that TWLs, computed by superimposing still water levels and wave runup, exceed beach morphology thresholds associated with the Storm Impact Scale regimes as proxies for coastal change at sandy beaches along the continental U.S. coastlines over the last 40 years. We assess linear trends in impact hours and conduct sensitivity and regression analyses to identify the TWL drivers and climate modes most strongly associated with coastal change processes. Findings reveal that swash and collision hours have increased along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, likely driven by rising sea levels and interannual to interdecadal climate variability. Beach slope strongly modulates impact hours across coastlines and regimes, and smaller-magnitude TWL processes, like seasonality and sea level anomalies, show sensitivity comparable to storm surge in driving impact hour variation. Our work demonstrates the importance of considering impact hours as a proxy for changing coastal hazard exposure, provides insights into the dominant drivers of coastal impacts across local and regional scales, and applies a scalable approach for identifying key predictors of local coastal hazards on open sandy coastlines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 104963"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave-induced transport of non-buoyant microplastic particles: Phase-resolved experiments and excess-Shields scaling","authors":"Giovanni Passalacqua ,&nbsp;Giulia Bonanno ,&nbsp;Claudio Iuppa ,&nbsp;Carla Faraci","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigates the bed-load dynamics of non-buoyant microplastic particles subjected to wave forcing, with emphasis on the phase-resolved relationship between particle motion and near-bed hydrodynamics. Specifically, five groups of PLA particles, differing in shape and density, were tested in a wave flume under five regular wave conditions representative of intermediate-depth coastal environments. Based on high quality video analysis, particle mobilisation occurred when the modified Shields parameter for plastics exceeded the incipient-motion threshold derived from previous work. The experiments highlighted a residual onshore drift that depends on the particle characteristics and increases with wave steepness, resulting from asymmetries in the near-bed velocity field. For the first time, a link has been established between the phase-resolved particle velocity, normalised by the near-bed flow velocity, and the ratio of the modified Shields number for plastics to the incipient motion threshold, revealing a clear non-linear dependence between particle mobility and the applied force.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 104968"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A wave-coupled movable bottom friction scheme for spectral wave modeling based on sediment grain size and ripple evolution","authors":"Xianghui Dong ,&nbsp;Qingxiang Liu ,&nbsp;Grant A. Smith ,&nbsp;Ian R. Young ,&nbsp;Huy Quang Tran ,&nbsp;Rui Li ,&nbsp;Jian Sun ,&nbsp;Kejian Wu ,&nbsp;Alexander V. Babanin","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A wave-coupled movable bottom friction (WCMBF) scheme that accounts for sediment grain size (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>50</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) and ripple evolution is developed for spectral wave modeling. Building upon a physic-based approach (i.e., RIPPLE), the scheme is refined using additional observations to improve its applicability and robustness. Compared with existing schemes (e.g., JONSWAP and SHOWEX), WCMBF offers a more physically based representation of bottom friction. Its main advantage lies in determining the wave friction factor (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) through ripple evolution under varying <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>50</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> conditions, with larger <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>50</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> leading to increased bottom friction dissipation. The WCMBF scheme is implemented in WAVEWATCH III, with a spatially varying <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>50</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> map as a key input. It is evaluated through two case studies: Port Phillip Bay in 2023 and the Great Australian Bight in May 1984. The results confirm the scheme’s reliable and effective performance. Further spectral analyses show that WCMBF reasonably enhances bottom friction dissipation in the low-frequency range (<span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>Hz</mi></mrow></math></span>), contributing to its relative advantage over the JONSWAP and SHOWEX schemes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 104953"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of the seabed responses induced by a floating column with a heave plate","authors":"Yiming Ji ,&nbsp;Linlong Tong ,&nbsp;Jisheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Haoran Li ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Yakun Guo ,&nbsp;Shoupeng Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.104967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oscillatory flows induced by the heave motion of floating platforms can alter seabed pore pressure gradients and flow shear stresses, potentially triggering sediment transport and scour. In this study, laboratory experiments are conducted in a large wave flume to investigate the seabed response around a floating column. During the experiments, vertical displacement of the column, free surface elevation, dynamic pore pressure, and final bed morphology are measured and analyzed. Results show that the heave period dominates the frequency response of both free-surface waves and pore pressure, whereas amplitude governs the near-field energy intensity. A distinct radial zoning mechanism is identified: vortex-induced shear stresses coupled with destabilizing seepage forces lead to the annular trench formation at the periphery, while vertical pressure gradients prevail at the center. Notably, short-period high-frequency oscillations significantly restrict the radial extent of sediment transport, leading to bowl-shaped undercutting rather than broad scour. These findings provide some engineering guidance for floating wind farm placing, spacing, and scour protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 104967"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}