Coastal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Turbulent field beneath monochromatic waves subjected to varying wind conditions","authors":"Fabio Addona,&nbsp;Luca Chiapponi","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wind-wave interaction affects momentum, energy, and chemicals transfer at the air–water interface. In this study, we report on the turbulent flow field beneath laboratory monochromatic waves subjected to different wind speeds and direction (following or opposing). The flow field is decomposed into three main components: a mean, a swell-induced, and a fluctuating term, the latter including the effects of wind-induced ripples and turbulence. After a brief survey on the mean and wave-induced fields, we focus our attention on the fluctuating-turbulence field. Our results show that the turbulent stresses increase with increasing water friction, and that the condition of wind opposing the swell results in enhanced momentum transfer at deeper water levels. The distribution of fluctuating kinetic energy (TKE) along the swell phase indicates a maximum at the trough, which was addressed to the kinematics of the free surface by previous researchers. Furthermore, we investigate all the terms in the 2D energy equations that contribute to the TKE production by assuming that waves propagate with a rigid translation. A close look to the TKE budget suggests positive production of TKE on the leeside before the trough for all wind conditions, with destruction of TKE windwards for wind following the swell, possibly due to a sheltering effect. For opposing wind, however, positive production is almost ubiquitous along the swell phase, and this would justify larger mean TKE production for that particular condition. These findings are discussed to address possible causes; the phase-dependent behavior of TKE budgets are attributed to the combined action of swell-induced acceleration, wind shear on the crest, the stochastic phase offsets of the wind waves, and microscale breaking. A quadrant analysis highlights the main direction of momentum transfer and helps the individuation of the bursts, i.e., of strong events that support high momentum transfer. As expected, the net momentum transfer due to the fluctuating components is from air to water, with conditional averages (i.e., the quadrant map of the fluctuating velocities) confirming that finding. Finally, the analysis of the fluctuating principal stresses tensor reports that anisotropy increases for increasing water friction, although the system tends to isotropic conditions immediately below the air–water interface. For wind following the swell, the principal axes approaches the free surface with an angle <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>π</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span>, which is typical when a shear current is dominant near the surface. Important implications of these findings include the availability of further data to improve wave forecasting and prediction of swell and wind conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104879"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amplification of nonlinear response of floating photovoltaics by coastal topography: Experimental and numerical study","authors":"Qiujue Jiang ,&nbsp;Deqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Junfeng Du ,&nbsp;Qingping Zou ,&nbsp;Anteng Chang ,&nbsp;Huajun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nearshore coastal regions have become popular for floating photovoltaics (FPV) installations. During propagation over seabed topography towards nearshore FPV systems, waves undergo intricate transformations by shoaling, reflection and refraction, potentially influencing hydrodynamic responses of these emerging marine renewable energy structures in ways that are not well understood. Therefore, wave flume experiments and multiscale fully coupled time-domain fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations are performed to examine the topography effect on the nonlinear responses of nearshore FPV systems at a field site in the East China Sea. Experimental results reveal that near-resonant wave interactions in coastal regions drive significant energy transfer among different wave frequencies, amplifying the nonlinear dynamic responses of FPV systems by channeling energy toward their natural modes. As a result, second-order heave and pitch responses are amplified by up to 117.87 % and 136.38 % compared to the case without topography, which in turn lead to an increase in mooring tension. Moreover, the topography-induced amplification of nonlinear wave harmonics enhances the surge mean drift of FPV. This enhancement exhibits a negative correlation with the relative FPV length with respect to the wavelength. Comparisons between experiments and fully coupled simulations for irregular waves indicate that neglecting topography causes the FPV dynamic response model to produce inaccurate estimations of heave/pitch motions, while FSI simulations forced by high-fidelity local wave fields predicted by the fully nonlinear Boussinesq wave model are capable of capturing the observed topographic effect. These findings provide the theoretical basis for design consideration of the safe, cost-effective deployment of efficient FPV systems in coastal waters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 104876"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145183850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discussion/comments of “Drag coefficient prediction model for simulating breaking waves propagating on partly submerged vegetated sloping beaches using a RANS model” by Yanxu Wang, Quanlin Qiu, Zegao Yin, Xiutao Jiang and Xuan Zang","authors":"Dag Myrhaug,&nbsp;Bernt J. Leira","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of these comments and discussion has been to point out how wave statistics can be incorporated in applications of the drag coefficient model for regular breaking waves propagating on partly submerged vegetated sloping beaches proposed by Wang et al. (2025). This is demonstrated by using a distribution of the surf parameter provided by Myrhaug and Fouques (2007). Examples of results are given by applying a Phillips wave amplitude spectrum for wind sea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104878"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surrogate modelling of dike wave overtopping hydrodynamics using an adapted deep learning Vision Transformer","authors":"Wouter P. Schrama ,&nbsp;Vera M. van Bergeijk ,&nbsp;Patricia Mares-Nasarre ,&nbsp;Joost P. den Bieman ,&nbsp;Marcel R.A. van Gent ,&nbsp;Juan P. Aguilar-López","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sea level rise can compromise the safety of coastal flood defences, as wave overtopping events are becoming more frequent and severe. This increasing threat emphasizes the need for accurate assessment of wave overtopping hydrodynamics over dikes, which is essential for evaluating flood safety. The currently available methods do not combine computational efficiency, detailed results and general applicability, which limits their use in modelling wave overtopping and the resulting dike erosion. To address these limitations, this study introduces the Wave Overtopping Surrogate Model (WOSM), a novel method for rapidly generating high-quality two-dimensional simulations of wave overtopping over the dike crest and landward slope. The foundation of the WOSM is the Vision Transformer Image to Image (ViTI2I), a new deep learning model that combines an adapted Vision Transformer with a convolutional decoder for next-frame prediction. Trained on CFD wave overtopping simulations, the WOSM accurately reproduces the overtopping hydrodynamics such as flow velocities, water depths, overtopping duration and vertical velocity profiles, including both spatial and temporal variations. The scope of the training data limits the applicability of the WOSM and its ability to consistently capture complex phenomena such as flow separation and reattachment, both of which could be improved by enriching the dataset. Its low computational demand makes it suitable for exploring additional applications, such as probabilistic design or simulating wave overtopping with evolving dike profiles for erosion assessment. Additionally, this study serves as a proof of concept that the WOSM framework could benefit other fields encountering comparable modelling constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104874"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory investigation of turbulence scales of swash flows generated by consecutive solitary waves","authors":"In Mei Sou ,&nbsp;Jinghua Wang ,&nbsp;Yun-Ta Wu ,&nbsp;Philip L.-F. Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using direct spatial spectrum and continuous wavelet transform analyses, turbulence scales in the swash flows, generated by six consecutive solitary waves in the laboratory, are examined. This study focuses on the interactions between uprush flows and downwash flows under two different incident wave conditions. Because the spatial resolution in the experimental data is limited, the direct spatial spectral method can only provide meaningful information in the region with larger turbulence length scales, which is of the order of the integral length scale in the energy cascade of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum. In the present experiments, the integral length scale is found to be as large as the local water depth (1 to 3 cm). Since the temporal resolution of the experimental data is high, the continuous wavelet transform is employed to investigate the smaller turbulence length scale region within the inertial subrange by invoking the Taylor-frozen hypothesis. The results reveal that the slope of the time-dependent energy cascade changes rapidly, showing that the exchange of turbulent kinetic energy across the length scales occurs through the inverse cascade, the downward cascade, and the typical <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span> slope cascade for turbulent flows. The <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span> slope of the energy cascade occurs due to the bed-generated eddies when the nonstationary hydraulic jump develops. The energy cascade with <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> slope occurs at the flow reversal from the downwash to the uprush at which the broken bore develops. The typical slope <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span> occurs during the uprush flow. Taking the time average of the time-dependent spectrum obtained by the continuous wavelet transform method, an overall slope of <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> is found across multiple energy bumps throughout the inertial subrange of the energy cascade for the two interacting wave conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104870"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standalone color-based bathymetry over 10 years at Duck (NC, USA) from optical satellite imagery and wave breaking analysis","authors":"Salomé Frugier ,&nbsp;Rafael Almar ,&nbsp;Erwin W.J. Bergsma ,&nbsp;Spicer A. Bak","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal hazard forecasting and morphological modeling rely on having accurate and up-to-date nearshore bathymetry. Traditional methods (shipborne surveys, LiDAR...) provide high precision but they are expensive, complex to deploy, and only cover limited areas, leaving many coastal regions either unmapped or under surveyed. In this context, Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB) provides a more accessible and scalable alternative, enabling frequent and global observations of the nearshore zone. This study applies the color-based log-band ratio method to extract nearshore bathymetry at Duck, North Carolina (USA), a highly dynamic environment with a wide range of turbidity values and wave breaking extents. The log-band ratio method is an empirical approach for estimating shallow-water depths from multispectral satellite imagery which relies on the natural attenuation of light in water column, where the ratio of two spectral bands (typically blue and green) is logarithmically related to water depth. Unlike traditional SDB approaches that require in situ bathymetry calibration, this method relies only on nearshore in situ wave height data, using satellite-detected breaking positions and breaker height-to-depth ratio as depth calibration points. Additionally, an automated approach is used to select images where the green/blue band penetrates sufficiently into the water to retrieve bathymetry (cloud, breaking, sky specular reflection, and turbidity effects) avoiding the subjectivity of traditional manual selection. The method is validated through alongshore median- and profile-based assessments, yielding a median RMSE of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>60 cm. Sensitivity tests on key parameters, including the breaker height-to-depth ratio and the calibration time window, demonstrate that a constant breaker height-to-depth ratio (<span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span> = 0.36) provides reliable results and that a significant number of calibration points is necessary for accurate bathymetry retrieval (<span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></math></span> <span><math><mo>&gt;</mo></math></span> 2 years <span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span> 150 images with breaking occurring). This approach retrieves instant bathymetries and allows for the extraction of bathymetry evolution over time, with 90 bathymetry maps available over the 10-year period due to the very high resolution (5-m) and 2-day revisit VEN<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>S satellite and the 10-m/5-day Sentinel-2 mission. The method is transferable to other optical satellites such as Landsat, although it should be applied with caution, enabling long-term nearshore bathymetry monitoring from the 1980s to the present.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104855"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability of single - layer cube armoured roundheads under wind and swell waves","authors":"Yalcin Yuksel ,&nbsp;Esin Cevik ,&nbsp;Cihan Sahin ,&nbsp;Marcel R.A. van Gent ,&nbsp;Burak Rehber ,&nbsp;Baran Polat ,&nbsp;Chingiz Mustafazade ,&nbsp;Umutcan Inal ,&nbsp;Mehmet Utku Ogur","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the stability of single-layer cube-armored breakwater roundheads under varying wave conditions, focusing on the influence of wave steepness, packing density, and cube material density. Experiments were conducted to assess the impact of different packing arrangements (62 % and 69 %) and unit weights (24 kN/m³ and 31.5 kN/m³) on the movement and displacement behavior of armor units. Wind and swell wave conditions were analyzed to evaluate sector-specific behavior across the roundhead. The results reveal that wave steepness plays a critical role in damage initiation, with wind waves causing earlier and more significant movement in the frontal sectors, while swell waves lead to delayed but widespread displacements toward the rear sectors due to enhanced diffraction effects. The roundhead exhibited non-uniform damage distribution, particularly in the second (45°–90°) and third (90°–135°) sectors, which emphasizes the importance of a sector-specific analysis in the design process. Furthermore, this study showed that packing density significantly influences the stability, with higher packing densities providing improved stability, irrespective of the block material density. High density (HD) cubes exhibited less movement compared to normal density cubes, highlighting the importance of geometric arrangement and lateral resistance in ensuring stability. Furthermore, a new formula has been derived based on the experimental data for the one - layer placement of normal density (ND) cubes. Overall, the findings underscore the need for a detailed sector-specific analyses in the design and evaluation of breakwater roundheads to enhance stability and resilience under varying wave conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104873"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying overwash in a laboratory experimental analysis using bichromatic waves","authors":"Jana Echave Lezcano,&nbsp;Colin Whittaker,&nbsp;Giovanni Coco","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Overwash influences dune resilience and sediment transport, yet the physical parameters governing this process remain poorly understood due to complex hydrodynamic and morphodynamic interactions. This study investigates how broad and narrow-band wave groups and water level variations govern the feedback between overwash dynamics and dune morphological response. Three overwash scenarios were identified: (1) early-stage overwash, where the system begins in overwash and transitions to collision; (2) intermittent overwash; and (3) persistent overwash, characterised by stronger onshore sediment transport.</div><div>Results indicate that small initial water level variations (<span><math><mo>&lt;</mo></math></span>4% of the water depth) can significantly influence overwash intensity and frequency, with the highest tested water level (0.775 m) producing the most persistent overwash conditions. Longer wave groups enhance overwash initiation by maintaining elevated infragravity swash across successive waves, increasing the likelihood of crest exceedance. In contrast, shorter groups generate more frequent individual runup events that interact with the dune, increasing overwash occurrences. However, under high water levels, wave group effects become secondary.</div><div>The Overwash Potential (OP) metric is assessed as an indicator of overwash occurrence. Findings show that threshold values between collision and overwash are scale-dependent, requiring calibration to reflect dune freeboard effects accurately. Additionally, OP estimation is highly sensitive to the beach slope definition; using a non-representative slope can underestimate OP exceedance, overwash frequency, and severity.</div><div>Future laboratory studies should treat water level as a key design parameter and incorporate long-term morphological feedback and field-scale validation. These steps will improve predictive model accuracy and inform the development of effective coastal resilience strategies under extreme conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104869"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal erosion hazards in northwest Florida due to extreme wind waves generated by tropical cyclones","authors":"ASM Alauddin Al Azad ,&nbsp;Reza Marsooli ,&nbsp;Mohammad Jamous ,&nbsp;Christian M. Appendini ,&nbsp;Pablo Ruiz Salcines ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Duran","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropical cyclones (TCs) pose significant threats to sandy coastal environments, largely due to the extreme wind-generated waves. Sandy beach-dune systems, acting as natural barriers, can significantly exacerbate coastal flood risks when eroded or breached by extreme waves. Northwest Florida's Gulf coast beaches and dunes are highly exposed to TC-generated waves, which can cause significant erosion of these natural and nature-based defenses. Using a physics-based morphodynamic model, this study quantifies TC-induced coastal erosion hazards due to extreme waves at seven sites along the northwest coast of Florida. The model is forced by wave parameters derived from synthetic TCs, which are generated based on ERA5, NCEP, and MERRA2 reanalysis datasets. The results indicate that the choice of reanalysis dataset significantly influences the estimated erosion volumes, with ERA5-based synthetic TCs consistently producing lower erosion volumes than those based on NCEP and MERRA2. However, the erosion return periods derived from the ERA5 TC dataset align well with those from the other datasets, due to the higher annual frequency of TCs in the ERA5 dataset compared to the other two datasets. We also found significant spatial variability in erosion hazards, with profiles just a few kilometers apart exhibiting different erosion responses under identical storm forcing. Our analysis highlights the important role of local morphological characteristics, such as beach slope and nearshore sandbar size, in modulating the impact of extreme waves on coastal erosion. The study findings underscore the importance of ensemble high-resolution, site-specific hazard assessments for effectively managing and protecting beach-dune systems against extreme wave events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104872"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory investigation of solitary wave interactions with mangrove seedlings in hexagonal planters","authors":"Yushu Xie,&nbsp;Jiarui Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of engineered and natural elements, known as hybrid solution, combines physical protection with ecological benefits for coastal defense. This study evaluates the performance of a hexagonal concrete planter designed to shelter mangrove seedlings under wave attack. Laboratory experiments measuring wave heights, fluid velocities, and forces on seedlings were conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviour of this hybrid solution. Results show that the concrete planters effectively dissipate wave energy, with the contribution of mangrove seedlings to wave attenuation is negligible due to their small density. Among various parameters, water submergence is identified as the most important factor influencing wave transmission. The planter's presence alters the surrounding flow field by increasing horizontal flow velocity near the seedlings' upper portions; however, force measurements demonstrate that the planter significantly reduces the hydrodynamic force exerted on the seedlings by lowering flow velocity within its interior. To account for the altered velocity field, a modification coefficient is proposed to predict the depth-averaged velocity near the hybrid solution. This modified velocity approach yields accurate force predictions under low submergence conditions, but significant deviations occur at high submergence, mainly due to the bending of mangrove seedlings. Overall, this study highlights the planter's effectiveness in reducing forces on seedlings and attenuating wave energy. The findings provide valuable insights into hydrodynamic interactions between hybrid solutions and incoming waves. Additionally, the presented results offer practical guidance for designing and deploying concrete planters, bridging the gap between academic research and engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104858"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}