Coastal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Statistical design of submerged artificial oyster reefs using Design of Experiments and clustering strategies","authors":"Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Weikai Tan ,&nbsp;Marine Thomas ,&nbsp;Felix Leung ,&nbsp;Alessandro Stocchino","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The implementation of artificial oyster reefs as a Nature-based Solution to enhance ecological benefits and shoreline protection represents a prominent area of research. Nevertheless, the wave attenuation performance of multiple underwater artificial reefs has yet to be subjected to comprehensive investigation. To address this gap, we investigated numerically the wave attenuation produced by a sequence of submerged artificial oyster reefs, taking into account a range of incoming wave conditions and configurations of the artificial reefs themselves. A large number of simulations have been designed using an approach based on the Design of Experiment theory, namely the D-optimal approach. The large dataset obtained has been analyzed using unsupervised machine learning techniques, i.e. the weighted K-means. The results showed a clear separation of the combinations of physical variables that led to the lowest transmission coefficients. In particular, three dimensionless variables were identified as being of particular significance for minimizing the transmission coefficient, namely the submergence of the oyster reefs, the length of the oyster reef in relation to the incident wavenumber, and the number of oyster reefs. Relative water depth, wave steepness, distance between adjacent oyster reefs, and seabed slope were found to play a minor role. Based on the results, we suggested an optimal statistical design strategy in order to reach a wave transmission coefficient as low as 0.5, provided the specific characteristic of the site (design wave, slope of the shoaling zone, and water depth). These findings will provide guidance for practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 104751"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seamless nearshore topo-bathymetry reconstruction from lidar scanners: A Proof-of-Concept based on a dedicated field experiment at Duck, NC","authors":"Kévin Martins ,&nbsp;Katherine L. Brodie ,&nbsp;Julia W. Fiedler ,&nbsp;Annika M. O’Dea ,&nbsp;Nicholas J. Spore ,&nbsp;Robert L. Grenzeback ,&nbsp;Patrick J. Dickhudt ,&nbsp;Spicer Bak ,&nbsp;Olivier de Viron ,&nbsp;Philippe Bonneton","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate observations of the nearshore bathymetry, including within the breaking wave region, are critical for the prediction of coastal hazards, and improved understanding of sandy beach morphological response to storms. In this paper, we implement the recent Boussinesq theory-based depth inversion methodology of Martins et al. (<em>Geophys. Res. Lett.</em>, 50 (2023), Article e2022GL100498) to single- and multibeam lidar datasets collected during a dedicated field experiment on a sandy Atlantic Ocean beach near Duck, North Carolina. Compared with common approaches based on passive remote sensing technology (<em>e.g.</em>, optical imagery), lidar scanners present several key advantages, including the capacity to directly measure the beach topography, waveforms and the cross-shore variations in mean water levels due to wave action (<em>e.g.</em>, the wave setup), leading to the seamless reconstruction of a vertically-referenced beach topo-bathymetry. Given the potentially gappy nature of lidar data, particular attention is paid to the robust computation of surface elevation spectral and bispectral quantities, which are at the base of the proposed non-linear depth inversion methodology. Promising results on the final topo/bathymetry are obtained under contrasting wave conditions in terms of non-linearity and peak period, with an overall root-mean square error below 0.3<!--> <!-->m obtained along a cross-shore transect covering both shoaling and breaking wave conditions. The accuracy of the final bathymetry in the shoaling and outer surf regions is generally found to be excellent, with similar skills as previously obtained in laboratory settings (relative error <span><math><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>15</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span>). Under the most energetic conditions, an underestimation of the wave phase velocity spectra is observed within the surf zone with all theoretical frameworks, potentially owing to surf zone vortical motions not yet accounted for in the present methodology. This underestimation of the wave phase velocities results in a relatively large overestimation of the mean water depth, between 30% to 100% depending on the theoretical framework. With the methodology described herein, lidars bring new perspectives for seamlessly mapping the nearshore topo/bathymetry, and its temporal evolution across a wide range of scales. Although currently limited to a single cross-shore transect, we believe that opportunities exist to integrate multiple remote sensors, which could address individual sensor limitations, such as coverage (lidar) or the incapacity to directly measure waveforms (optical imagery).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 104748"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field experiment study to assess critical wave conditions leading to failure of mangrove Rhizophora stylosa","authors":"Nobuhito Mori ,&nbsp;Che-Wei Chang ,&nbsp;Kenji Ono ,&nbsp;Hironori Noguchi ,&nbsp;Shigeyuki Baba ,&nbsp;Hideaki Yanagisawa ,&nbsp;Toyohiko Miyagi ,&nbsp;Naoki Tsuruta ,&nbsp;Kojiro Suzuki ,&nbsp;Shiro Yamagata ,&nbsp;Yusuke Hasegawa ,&nbsp;Yu-Lin Tsai ,&nbsp;Takuya Miyashita ,&nbsp;Tomoya Shimura","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mangroves can attenuate tsunamis, storm surges, and waves and significantly reduce coastal hazards. Their protective functions as natural barriers have drawn attention as a prime example of green infrastructure/Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR)/Nature-based Solution (NbS) for coastal resilience. While hydrodynamic models are commonly used to estimate wave attenuation by mangrove forests, critical thresholds for mangrove tree failure under wave impacts and the associated wave conditions remain underexplored and are often excluded from such assessment. This study investigates the maximum bending moment of the mangrove tree, mainly <em>Rhizophora stylosa</em>, based on a field survey conducted on Iriomote Island, Okinawa, Japan. A practical estimation formula is developed by integrating field data with linear small amplitude wave theory. The results, including empirical relationships for critical wave conditions leading to the bending failure of mangroves, offer valuable insights for designing and optimizing mangrove-based coastal protection strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 104749"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salt marsh grass for reducing overtopped flow momentum: Experimental results and XBeach calibration","authors":"Joshua Bagg ,&nbsp;Mark Battley ,&nbsp;Colin Whittaker ,&nbsp;Tom Allen ,&nbsp;Tom Shand","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt marsh grass on the crest of coastal structures has the potential to reduce overtopped flow momentum and therefore, mitigate wave overtopping hazards. However, implementation is hampered by the lack of quantitative data from large-scale live vegetation experiments and validated design tools. To address this, experiments were conducted with live salt marsh grass exposed to post-overtopping flow at full geometric scale. The flow, created by a laboratory dam-break flume, replicates hydraulic parameters of overtopped flows on the crest of sloped coastal structures following non-impulsive wave breaking. The deflection of the vegetation was categorised into emerged, transition and submerged regimes. For each canopy length, these regimes were predicted using maximum momentum flux and the total momentum of the incident flow. The numerical model XBeach-Veg accurately simulated the emerged regime, with an average scatter index <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>I</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>19</mn></mrow></math></span>. For the submerged regime, the downstream front speed was under-predicted (bias = -0.82 m/s and <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>I</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>04</mn></mrow></math></span>). Disabling the vegetation module and raising the impermeable bed level to replicate the submerged vegetation geometry accurately simulated the downstream front speed (bias = 0.01 m/s and <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>I</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>15</mn></mrow></math></span>). Emerged salt marsh grass is effective at reducing downstream flow momentum and can mitigate nuisance overtopping hazards to pedestrians. For high incident flow momentum, the salt marsh grass deflects until submerged, does not reduce downstream flow momentum and is therefore not effective at mitigating hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 104747"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143687844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regular and random wave modelling over mild uniform bathymetry using SWASH","authors":"Umniya Al Khalili,&nbsp;Vasileios Bellos,&nbsp;Marios Christou,&nbsp;Ioannis Karmpadakis","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The modelling of coastal waves is challenging in light of their complex behaviour driven by a range of interacting physical effects such as nonlinear amplification, wave breaking and the influence of bathymetry. However, their accurate modelling and understanding is fundamental in the design of coastal structures. Many numerical models have been established to accurately capture these effects. One notable example is SWASH, which is readily used in industry to provide insight on structural designs. The present study assesses the applicability, validity and accuracy of SWASH to model regular and irregular waves propagating over mild bathymetries from intermediate water depth up to the shoreline. Particular emphasis is placed on the model’s ability to capture the effects of shoaling, wave reflection and breaking with accuracy yet reasonable computational cost. This is addressed through an analysis into the spatial distribution of crest height and wave height statistics. The accuracy of the numerical model is subsequently established through comparisons to equivalent sea-states generated experimentally. SWASH is shown to perform well in modelling sea-states of local steepness <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span> with 2% accuracy. However, caution should be taken in modelling steeper sea-states dominated by breaking, where underestimation in normalised crest heights and wave heights of up to 18% are observed compared to experimental measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 104745"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143687791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting wave runup on composite beaches","authors":"Matthew P. Conlin ,&nbsp;Gregory Wilson ,&nbsp;Hailey Bond ,&nbsp;Dorukhan Ardağ ,&nbsp;Colin Arnowil","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Empirical formulae for predicting wave runup (the maximum elevation reached by the water on a wave-by-wave basis) have not been widely tested on composite beaches, which have a characteristic cross-shore boundary in sediment size and slope. Using video-derived runup observations from two natural composite beaches in Oregon, U.S.A during both berm collision and inundation, the performance of existing empirical runup formulae was examined. The tested formulae were developed for sandy beaches, cobble beaches, and composite beaches. The sandy beach formulae showed good correlation with composite beach observations, however all but one tended to overpredict observations by 1–2 m. The overprediction depended in part on the definition used for beach slope, and is likely also a function of swash zone position and berm sediment characteristics. One sandy beach formula (that of Medellin et al., 2016; <span><span>https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-167-2016</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>) and a modified version of a cobble beach formula (from Poate et al., 2016; <span><span>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2016.08.003</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>) were found to show good performance, with root mean squared errors (RMSE) of 0.55 m and 0.63 m, respectively (26 % and 30 % compared to the mean <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></msub></math></span> of 2.09 m), when the average of the beach and berm slopes was used. The only existing composite beach formulae were found to fit our observations during berm collision poorly, though performed more strongly for observations during berm inundation. Since those formulae were developed for the case of berm inundation, and the observations used here encompassed both berm collision and inundation, the results suggest that a more general formula encompassing both impact regimes is needed. By deconstructing the sources of error in the existing composite beach runup formulae, we identified parameterizations for wave setup and swash excursion to fit the present dataset of berm collision and inundation. The newly developed formula performs similarly though slightly worse than the existing composite beach formulae for a limited set of inundation observations, however across all observations (inundation and collision) the new formula obtains RMSE = 0.48 m (23 % of average observed <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></msub></math></span>) when the average of the beach and berm slopes is used, less than half of the existing composite beach formulae and lower than any other tested formula.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 104743"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the recession of berm breakwaters","authors":"Amir Etemad-Shahidi ,&nbsp;Meysam Bali ,&nbsp;Sigurdur Sigurdarson ,&nbsp;Petur Sveinbjörnsson","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Berm breakwaters are coastal structures with a rather wide armor layer made of a wide range of stone sizes. These structures are allowed to reshape in response to wave action and as a result, become more stable. Prediction of berm breakwaters' recession is one of the most important tasks in the design of berm breakwaters. Hence, several experimental studies have been carried out on the stability of berm breakwaters and several formulas for predicting the recession are obtained based on them. First, the existing databases were scrutinized to provide a comprehensive databank. Then, it was used to develop a new formula for the berm recession, which includes effects of most important structural characteristics such as front slope, berm height, armor size, density and grading as well as sea state parameters such as wave height, wave period, and water depth. The proposed formula's physical reasoning and accuracy metrics indicated that it outperforms existing formulas, especially in the practical range, i.e., shallow waters with recession between 0.5 and 10 times the armour size. A sensitivity analysis of the Sirevåg berm breakwater was conducted to illuminate the performance of various formulas and the influence of different parameters, Additionally, design recommendations are provided for practitioners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 104746"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143687845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of orientation effects on hydrodynamics and loading in an array of structures under solitary wave impact","authors":"Seyedalireza Mirghafouri,&nbsp;Ali Farhadzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the impact of structure orientation on solitary wave-induced local hydrodynamics and loading in an array of structures, combining laboratory experiments and high-fidelity numerical simulations. Due to the complexity of the hydrodynamic processes involved, a comparative analysis of Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) <em>k</em>-<em>ω</em> SST and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence models’ performance was conducted using flume experiment data to identify the most suitable model. The LES model was chosen due to its superior capability to accurately capture high-frequency flow dynamics and resolve a broader spectrum of vortices. LES simulations were then performed on structure arrays arranged in two rows and three columns within a flat-bottom numerical flume. Structures were oriented at angles of 0°, 10°, 25°, 35°, and 45° clockwise relative to the incident wave direction, where orientation refers to the angle between the principal axis of an individual structure, centered around its cross-sectional centroid, and the direction of wave propagation. The results demonstrated significant effects of orientation on local hydrodynamics, including wave run-up, flow channelization, and vortex patterns. Symmetric orientations (0° and 45°) generated more uniform flow patterns, while asymmetric orientations (e.g., 25°) induced complex, irregular hydrodynamics. The 45° orientation yielded the highest normalized surface velocity due to greater flow blockage. Vortex dynamics varied significantly with orientation, with certain configurations enhancing mixing and energy dissipation within the structure arrays. The pressure and force analysis revealed distinct shielding effects of front-row structures for those in the back row across orientations. Seaside walls experienced the highest forces, while sidewall forces increased with orientation angle as they became more exposed to the wave. Conversely, forces on the opposing sidewall decreased with greater angles as they became more sheltered. The maximum net force increases with orientation, reaching 49 % higher in the front row and 18 % in the back row at 45° angle. Back-row structures consistently experience greater net forces primarily due to leeside pressure reduction from channelized flow and resulting wake vortices. This study underscores the critical role of structure orientation in coastal design and highlights the potential for optimizing array configurations to withstand diverse wave loading scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 104744"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143687843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase-resolved analysis of velocity field structure and vorticity dynamics under colinear swell and wind-waves","authors":"Fabio Addona ,&nbsp;Maria Clavero ,&nbsp;Luca Chiapponi ,&nbsp;Sandro Longo","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study is to analyze the turbulence field generated by the interaction between mechanical waves and colinear wind-waves in the liquid domain just below the free surface. Detailed three-dimensional velocity measurements close to the surface are decomposed into mean, swell, wind-waves, and turbulence contributions. In this work, we treat wind-waves as macroscale turbulence with a pseudo-random velocity field. Advanced data analysis yields phase-resolved and vertical examinations of wind-waves and turbulence stresses, kinetic energy, and vorticity. The results indicate that near the surface, the spanwise energy dominates both the wind-wave and the turbulence kinetic energy. The wind-waves and turbulence stress tensors exhibit a large anisotropy when swell waves are present, as a consequence of the interaction between swell and wind-waves. Furthermore, we present the spatio-temporal distribution of vorticity, and we elucidate the non-trivial interaction between vorticity and the flow field. This interaction results in body forces that contribute to the local variation in inertia, as described by the Navier–Stokes equation. It is observed that in all combinations, a body force acts, on average, downward, modifying the gradient pressure in the vertical direction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 104736"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RoadRAT – A new framework to assess the probability of inundation, wave runup, and erosion impacting coastal roads","authors":"Caroline Hallin ,&nbsp;Anna Adell ,&nbsp;Björn Almström ,&nbsp;Aart Kroon ,&nbsp;Magnus Larson","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a new framework – RoadRAT - to calculate the probability of inundation, wave runup, and storm erosion impacting coastal roads. Extreme value analysis is applied to annual maxima of observed and simulated still water level levels (SWL), total water levels (SWL + runup), and storm erosion volumes. The probability of impact on the road is derived both for the present conditions and for future conditions considering long-term evolution of the coastline in response to sea level rise and projected continuation of historical trends. RoadRAT is intended for screening at a regional scale (&gt;100 km) to identify vulnerable road segments that need further attention. A case study was conducted on the south coast of Sweden to demonstrate the framework. The results indicate that the main coastal road has a low probability of impact under present conditions, but that it will increase in the future under changing climatic conditions. In 2150, which is the target year for the analysis, several kilometres of the road will be lost to erosion, and flooding and runup will frequently impact parts of the remaining road. In future applications, RoadRAT could be coupled with models that describe the consequences of inundation, wave runup, and storm erosion for road serviceability and transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 104741"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}