Coastal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Surrogate modelling of dike wave overtopping hydrodynamics using an adapted deep learning Vision Transformer","authors":"Wouter P. Schrama ,&nbsp;Vera M. van Bergeijk ,&nbsp;Patricia Mares-Nasarre ,&nbsp;Joost P. den Bieman ,&nbsp;Marcel R.A. van Gent ,&nbsp;Juan P. Aguilar-López","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sea level rise can compromise the safety of coastal flood defences, as wave overtopping events are becoming more frequent and severe. This increasing threat emphasizes the need for accurate assessment of wave overtopping hydrodynamics over dikes, which is essential for evaluating flood safety. The currently available methods do not combine computational efficiency, detailed results and general applicability, which limits their use in modelling wave overtopping and the resulting dike erosion. To address these limitations, this study introduces the Wave Overtopping Surrogate Model (WOSM), a novel method for rapidly generating high-quality two-dimensional simulations of wave overtopping over the dike crest and landward slope. The foundation of the WOSM is the Vision Transformer Image to Image (ViTI2I), a new deep learning model that combines an adapted Vision Transformer with a convolutional decoder for next-frame prediction. Trained on CFD wave overtopping simulations, the WOSM accurately reproduces the overtopping hydrodynamics such as flow velocities, water depths, overtopping duration and vertical velocity profiles, including both spatial and temporal variations. The scope of the training data limits the applicability of the WOSM and its ability to consistently capture complex phenomena such as flow separation and reattachment, both of which could be improved by enriching the dataset. Its low computational demand makes it suitable for exploring additional applications, such as probabilistic design or simulating wave overtopping with evolving dike profiles for erosion assessment. Additionally, this study serves as a proof of concept that the WOSM framework could benefit other fields encountering comparable modelling constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104874"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave-driven hydrodynamics around a saltmarsh cliff under storm conditions: the role of cliff height and vegetation","authors":"J.R.M. Muller ,&nbsp;B.W. Borsje ,&nbsp;J.J. van der Werf ,&nbsp;D. Dermentzoglou ,&nbsp;B. Hofland ,&nbsp;A. Antonini ,&nbsp;S.J.M.H. Hulscher","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Saltmarshes are a promising nature-based alternative for conventional flood protection. However, saltmarshes can erode under storm conditions, whereby the seaward edge of the saltmarsh often forms a vertical cliff. Despite its importance, the effect of storm conditions on erosion at the saltmarsh cliff remains understudied, especially when waves traverse over a cliff. This research investigates the complex flow patterns around a saltmarsh cliff non-intrusively using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) conducted through a series of scaled monochromatic wave flume experiments. We adopted realistic foreshore configurations (e.g. cliff heights) and hydraulic loading conditions from the Dutch Wadden Sea. Results show two local near-bed velocity maxima on top of the saltmarsh, created during different wave phases by water depth contraction, wave transmission and interaction between flow and vortices that are shed from the cliff. Under the wave crest, high onshore-directed near-bed velocities were measured at approximately 2.5–4 times the cliff height onshore from the cliff. Under the wave trough, high offshore-directed velocities were found at the marsh edge. Both onshore- and offshore-directed velocities increase with increasing cliff height, larger wave height or lower water depth. Vegetation on top of the marsh reduces both the incoming and outgoing velocities in front of the cliff. Increasing the cliff height resulted in a greater reduction in velocities by the vegetation. These results demonstrate how local near-bed velocity maxima and location are influenced by the presence of a cliff and the interaction with vegetation on top of the saltmarsh. This research highlights the vulnerability of the cliff even during inundation of the cliff and will help to implement saltmarshes as nature-based solutions for flood defence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 104875"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory investigation of turbulence scales of swash flows generated by consecutive solitary waves","authors":"In Mei Sou ,&nbsp;Jinghua Wang ,&nbsp;Yun-Ta Wu ,&nbsp;Philip L.-F. Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using direct spatial spectrum and continuous wavelet transform analyses, turbulence scales in the swash flows, generated by six consecutive solitary waves in the laboratory, are examined. This study focuses on the interactions between uprush flows and downwash flows under two different incident wave conditions. Because the spatial resolution in the experimental data is limited, the direct spatial spectral method can only provide meaningful information in the region with larger turbulence length scales, which is of the order of the integral length scale in the energy cascade of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum. In the present experiments, the integral length scale is found to be as large as the local water depth (1 to 3 cm). Since the temporal resolution of the experimental data is high, the continuous wavelet transform is employed to investigate the smaller turbulence length scale region within the inertial subrange by invoking the Taylor-frozen hypothesis. The results reveal that the slope of the time-dependent energy cascade changes rapidly, showing that the exchange of turbulent kinetic energy across the length scales occurs through the inverse cascade, the downward cascade, and the typical <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span> slope cascade for turbulent flows. The <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span> slope of the energy cascade occurs due to the bed-generated eddies when the nonstationary hydraulic jump develops. The energy cascade with <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> slope occurs at the flow reversal from the downwash to the uprush at which the broken bore develops. The typical slope <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span> occurs during the uprush flow. Taking the time average of the time-dependent spectrum obtained by the continuous wavelet transform method, an overall slope of <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> is found across multiple energy bumps throughout the inertial subrange of the energy cascade for the two interacting wave conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104870"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standalone color-based bathymetry over 10 years at Duck (NC, USA) from optical satellite imagery and wave breaking analysis","authors":"Salomé Frugier ,&nbsp;Rafael Almar ,&nbsp;Erwin W.J. Bergsma ,&nbsp;Spicer A. Bak","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal hazard forecasting and morphological modeling rely on having accurate and up-to-date nearshore bathymetry. Traditional methods (shipborne surveys, LiDAR...) provide high precision but they are expensive, complex to deploy, and only cover limited areas, leaving many coastal regions either unmapped or under surveyed. In this context, Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB) provides a more accessible and scalable alternative, enabling frequent and global observations of the nearshore zone. This study applies the color-based log-band ratio method to extract nearshore bathymetry at Duck, North Carolina (USA), a highly dynamic environment with a wide range of turbidity values and wave breaking extents. The log-band ratio method is an empirical approach for estimating shallow-water depths from multispectral satellite imagery which relies on the natural attenuation of light in water column, where the ratio of two spectral bands (typically blue and green) is logarithmically related to water depth. Unlike traditional SDB approaches that require in situ bathymetry calibration, this method relies only on nearshore in situ wave height data, using satellite-detected breaking positions and breaker height-to-depth ratio as depth calibration points. Additionally, an automated approach is used to select images where the green/blue band penetrates sufficiently into the water to retrieve bathymetry (cloud, breaking, sky specular reflection, and turbidity effects) avoiding the subjectivity of traditional manual selection. The method is validated through alongshore median- and profile-based assessments, yielding a median RMSE of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>60 cm. Sensitivity tests on key parameters, including the breaker height-to-depth ratio and the calibration time window, demonstrate that a constant breaker height-to-depth ratio (<span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span> = 0.36) provides reliable results and that a significant number of calibration points is necessary for accurate bathymetry retrieval (<span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></math></span> <span><math><mo>&gt;</mo></math></span> 2 years <span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span> 150 images with breaking occurring). This approach retrieves instant bathymetries and allows for the extraction of bathymetry evolution over time, with 90 bathymetry maps available over the 10-year period due to the very high resolution (5-m) and 2-day revisit VEN<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>S satellite and the 10-m/5-day Sentinel-2 mission. The method is transferable to other optical satellites such as Landsat, although it should be applied with caution, enabling long-term nearshore bathymetry monitoring from the 1980s to the present.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104855"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability of single - layer cube armoured roundheads under wind and swell waves","authors":"Yalcin Yuksel ,&nbsp;Esin Cevik ,&nbsp;Cihan Sahin ,&nbsp;Marcel R.A. van Gent ,&nbsp;Burak Rehber ,&nbsp;Baran Polat ,&nbsp;Chingiz Mustafazade ,&nbsp;Umutcan Inal ,&nbsp;Mehmet Utku Ogur","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the stability of single-layer cube-armored breakwater roundheads under varying wave conditions, focusing on the influence of wave steepness, packing density, and cube material density. Experiments were conducted to assess the impact of different packing arrangements (62 % and 69 %) and unit weights (24 kN/m³ and 31.5 kN/m³) on the movement and displacement behavior of armor units. Wind and swell wave conditions were analyzed to evaluate sector-specific behavior across the roundhead. The results reveal that wave steepness plays a critical role in damage initiation, with wind waves causing earlier and more significant movement in the frontal sectors, while swell waves lead to delayed but widespread displacements toward the rear sectors due to enhanced diffraction effects. The roundhead exhibited non-uniform damage distribution, particularly in the second (45°–90°) and third (90°–135°) sectors, which emphasizes the importance of a sector-specific analysis in the design process. Furthermore, this study showed that packing density significantly influences the stability, with higher packing densities providing improved stability, irrespective of the block material density. High density (HD) cubes exhibited less movement compared to normal density cubes, highlighting the importance of geometric arrangement and lateral resistance in ensuring stability. Furthermore, a new formula has been derived based on the experimental data for the one - layer placement of normal density (ND) cubes. Overall, the findings underscore the need for a detailed sector-specific analyses in the design and evaluation of breakwater roundheads to enhance stability and resilience under varying wave conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104873"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying overwash in a laboratory experimental analysis using bichromatic waves","authors":"Jana Echave Lezcano,&nbsp;Colin Whittaker,&nbsp;Giovanni Coco","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Overwash influences dune resilience and sediment transport, yet the physical parameters governing this process remain poorly understood due to complex hydrodynamic and morphodynamic interactions. This study investigates how broad and narrow-band wave groups and water level variations govern the feedback between overwash dynamics and dune morphological response. Three overwash scenarios were identified: (1) early-stage overwash, where the system begins in overwash and transitions to collision; (2) intermittent overwash; and (3) persistent overwash, characterised by stronger onshore sediment transport.</div><div>Results indicate that small initial water level variations (<span><math><mo>&lt;</mo></math></span>4% of the water depth) can significantly influence overwash intensity and frequency, with the highest tested water level (0.775 m) producing the most persistent overwash conditions. Longer wave groups enhance overwash initiation by maintaining elevated infragravity swash across successive waves, increasing the likelihood of crest exceedance. In contrast, shorter groups generate more frequent individual runup events that interact with the dune, increasing overwash occurrences. However, under high water levels, wave group effects become secondary.</div><div>The Overwash Potential (OP) metric is assessed as an indicator of overwash occurrence. Findings show that threshold values between collision and overwash are scale-dependent, requiring calibration to reflect dune freeboard effects accurately. Additionally, OP estimation is highly sensitive to the beach slope definition; using a non-representative slope can underestimate OP exceedance, overwash frequency, and severity.</div><div>Future laboratory studies should treat water level as a key design parameter and incorporate long-term morphological feedback and field-scale validation. These steps will improve predictive model accuracy and inform the development of effective coastal resilience strategies under extreme conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104869"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal erosion hazards in northwest Florida due to extreme wind waves generated by tropical cyclones","authors":"ASM Alauddin Al Azad ,&nbsp;Reza Marsooli ,&nbsp;Mohammad Jamous ,&nbsp;Christian M. Appendini ,&nbsp;Pablo Ruiz Salcines ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Duran","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropical cyclones (TCs) pose significant threats to sandy coastal environments, largely due to the extreme wind-generated waves. Sandy beach-dune systems, acting as natural barriers, can significantly exacerbate coastal flood risks when eroded or breached by extreme waves. Northwest Florida's Gulf coast beaches and dunes are highly exposed to TC-generated waves, which can cause significant erosion of these natural and nature-based defenses. Using a physics-based morphodynamic model, this study quantifies TC-induced coastal erosion hazards due to extreme waves at seven sites along the northwest coast of Florida. The model is forced by wave parameters derived from synthetic TCs, which are generated based on ERA5, NCEP, and MERRA2 reanalysis datasets. The results indicate that the choice of reanalysis dataset significantly influences the estimated erosion volumes, with ERA5-based synthetic TCs consistently producing lower erosion volumes than those based on NCEP and MERRA2. However, the erosion return periods derived from the ERA5 TC dataset align well with those from the other datasets, due to the higher annual frequency of TCs in the ERA5 dataset compared to the other two datasets. We also found significant spatial variability in erosion hazards, with profiles just a few kilometers apart exhibiting different erosion responses under identical storm forcing. Our analysis highlights the important role of local morphological characteristics, such as beach slope and nearshore sandbar size, in modulating the impact of extreme waves on coastal erosion. The study findings underscore the importance of ensemble high-resolution, site-specific hazard assessments for effectively managing and protecting beach-dune systems against extreme wave events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104872"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory investigation of solitary wave interactions with mangrove seedlings in hexagonal planters","authors":"Yushu Xie,&nbsp;Jiarui Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of engineered and natural elements, known as hybrid solution, combines physical protection with ecological benefits for coastal defense. This study evaluates the performance of a hexagonal concrete planter designed to shelter mangrove seedlings under wave attack. Laboratory experiments measuring wave heights, fluid velocities, and forces on seedlings were conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviour of this hybrid solution. Results show that the concrete planters effectively dissipate wave energy, with the contribution of mangrove seedlings to wave attenuation is negligible due to their small density. Among various parameters, water submergence is identified as the most important factor influencing wave transmission. The planter's presence alters the surrounding flow field by increasing horizontal flow velocity near the seedlings' upper portions; however, force measurements demonstrate that the planter significantly reduces the hydrodynamic force exerted on the seedlings by lowering flow velocity within its interior. To account for the altered velocity field, a modification coefficient is proposed to predict the depth-averaged velocity near the hybrid solution. This modified velocity approach yields accurate force predictions under low submergence conditions, but significant deviations occur at high submergence, mainly due to the bending of mangrove seedlings. Overall, this study highlights the planter's effectiveness in reducing forces on seedlings and attenuating wave energy. The findings provide valuable insights into hydrodynamic interactions between hybrid solutions and incoming waves. Additionally, the presented results offer practical guidance for designing and deploying concrete planters, bridging the gap between academic research and engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104858"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energetics analysis of solitary waves using a multi-layer model","authors":"Hunter Boswell ,&nbsp;Frank D. Han ,&nbsp;Guirong Yan ,&nbsp;Wouter Mostert","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the performance of a vertically-Lagrangian multi-layer model on numerically simulating shoaling and breaking two-dimensional solitary waves during both the breaking and post-breaking processes. The energy dissipation of the breaking event for the multi-layer waves is analyzed and compared to prior direct numerical simulation work with the same bathymetric and wave cases. It shows very similar data collapse to shallow-water inertial theory. For post-breaking behavior, bore characteristics are compared to an experimental study of bores formed from breaking solitary waves and similar results are found. While the multi-layer method was not found to behave sufficiently well for direct force measurement at a vertical wall, the resulting bore characteristic behavior is found to be sufficient for use in theoretical estimations of the impact force on the wall. These findings in this study suggest that vertically-Lagrangian multilayer models resolve propagating bores sufficiently well when trying to estimate dynamic loads on vertical seawalls with minimal model tuning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104868"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of wave-structure interactions with porous artificial reefs using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics","authors":"Jianjun Huang ,&nbsp;Ryan J. Lowe ,&nbsp;Marco Ghisalberti ,&nbsp;Jeff E. Hansen ,&nbsp;Corrado Altomare","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porous artificial reefs are increasingly being used for nature-based coastal protection, given their ability to attenuate waves while providing habitat for marine species. The wave attenuation and ecological functions of porous artificial reefs depend on how wave-driven flows interact with the porous interior structure of a reef; however, these hydrodynamic processes are still relatively poorly understood. To overcome the challenges with resolving the detailed flow-structure interactions within porous artificial reefs at fine (order mm) spatial resolution, this study utilized a mesh-free Computational Fluid Dynamics modelling approach based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) using the DualSPHysics solver. The capability of the SPH model to accurately reproduce the reef hydrodynamics (including wave transformation, hydrodynamic forces acting on the structure, and drag and inertia coefficients) was first validated against three independent experimental datasets of wave-structure interactions. The model was then used in a two-dimensional (2D) numerical investigation of wave-structure interactions with porous artificial reefs, where the 3D geometric parameters of the reef structure were adjusted within the 2D model to properly account for the hydrodynamic forces within the reef (i.e., using a quasi-3D approach). The results reveal how the porous reefs modify the dynamics of wave-induced oscillatory flows within the reef structure that are responsible for generating horizontal and vertical drag forces, wave dissipation, turbulent kinetic energy, and mean currents. Drag coefficients decreased with the Keulegan-Carpenter number, with vertical drag coefficients typically larger than horizontal values. Wave dissipation across the porous reefs was due to a combination of horizontal drag forces and wave breaking, with vertical drag forces playing only a secondary role. Compared to less porous structures, the enhanced drag dissipation in porous artificial reefs enables them to attenuate waves more effectively over a greater range of water levels. Finally, the findings of this study underscore the potential for SPH models to be used as a cost-effective tool to support the design of porous artificial reefs for coastal protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 104871"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}