Clinical Biomechanics最新文献

{"title":"Obstacle crossing behaviour in transfemoral prosthesis users: The effect of prosthetic componentry","authors":"L.D. Hughes ,&nbsp;A.E. Hafesji-Wade ,&nbsp;J.L. Levick ,&nbsp;M. Bisele ,&nbsp;C.T. Barnett","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Functionally advanced prosthetic ankle-foot and knee components have separately been shown to positively affect obstacle crossing in individuals with a transfemoral amputation. It is unknown, however, what effect combining functionally advanced components has on transfemoral prosthesis users' obstacle-crossing strategies. The study aimed to assess how different knee and ankle-foot prosthetic components influence obstacle-crossing strategies in unilateral transfemoral prosthesis users.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Individuals with a unilateral transfemoral amputation (<em>n</em> = 9) crossed an obstacle (30 cm × 10 cm × 8 cm) placed along an 8.3 m walkway. This was completed in four different prosthetic conditions: a combination of two different knee components (microprocessor and non-microprocessor) with one of two ankle-foot components (rigidly or hydraulically articulating ankles). Full-body kinematics were recorded as participants crossed the obstacles.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Obstacle-crossing strategies were not influenced by the prosthetic component combination. Although small changes were observed in kinematics (joint angles and centre of mass movement) and outcomes such as toe clearance and foot placement, these differences were not statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>When using different combinations of prosthetic ankle-foot and knee components, lower limb transfemoral prosthesis users make very small changes to movements during obstacle crossing. Obstacle-crossing strategies and outcomes are also not highly influenced by manipulating component use, suggesting relatively high neuromotor flexibility in established unilateral transfemoral prosthesis users when crossing a small obstacle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50992,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 106649"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does artificial intelligence feedback result in different kinematic and muscle excitation patterns compared to physiotherapist feedback during lower-limb rehabilitation exercises?","authors":"Devon Amos ,&nbsp;Isobel Godfrey ,&nbsp;Sam Tehranchi ,&nbsp;Stuart Miller ,&nbsp;Simon Lack","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Lower-limb rehabilitation exercises often require supervised feedback to ensure correct technique and muscle engagement. Artificial intelligence systems could provide an alternative to physiotherapy supervision, offering real-time feedback. This study aimed to compare effects of artificial intelligence-based feedback with physiotherapy feedback on kinematic and electromyographic outcomes during lower-limb exercises in healthy participants.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A repeated-measures design was employed, with uninjured participants performing four hip and knee exercises under physiotherapy and artificial intelligence (Merlin Ltd) feedback conditions. Kinematic data of the hip and knee were collected using an active infrared marker system. Muscle excitation was measured using surface electromyography for seven lower-limb muscles. Paired <em>t</em>-tests and two one-sided t-tests were used to assess differences and equivalence between conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Among 11 participants (45 % females, mean age 24.1 years ±4.1, height 173.0 cm ± 9.2, mass 69.3 kg ± 13.7, Tegner Activity Scale 5.7 ± 1.4) no consistent significant differences were observed between physiotherapy and artificial intelligence feedback across exercises for kinematic and electromyographic outcomes. Equivalence in range of motion was observed for 58 % of all hip angles and 67 % of all knee angles; however, significant variability existed for minimum and maximum joint angles. Peak and root mean square amplitudes were mostly non-equivalent between conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>While artificial intelligence feedback demonstrated potential for guiding rehabilitation exercises, it lacked consistency with physiotherapy feedback for certain electromyographic and kinematic parameters due to limitations in evaluating multi-planar movements. Despite these limitations, artificial intelligence could serve as a supplementary tool, enhancing adherence and technique between physiotherapy sessions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50992,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 106648"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of femoral greater trochanter compression on chair-sitting difficulty due to sacroiliac joint disorder: A clinical and numerical study","authors":"Takeshi Sasaki ,&nbsp;Daisuke Kurosawa ,&nbsp;Ryota Toyohara ,&nbsp;Tomoya Takahashi ,&nbsp;Yukiko Endo ,&nbsp;Asagi Sato ,&nbsp;Toshiro Ohashi ,&nbsp;Eiichi Murakami","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sacroiliac joint disorder commonly causes low back pain, aggravated by sitting, thereby affecting daily activities. Although clinical observations suggest that compression of the greater trochanter may improve sacroiliac joint pain while sitting, the biomechanical effects remain unknown. We investigated their clinical effects and validated them through in silico analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We included five patients with sacroiliac joint disorder and one with discogenic pain, all of whom experienced severe pain while sitting. A handmade seating orthosis was used to compress the greater trochanters. We investigated the maximum sitting time with and without the orthosis and the patients' daily activities. Additionally, we visualized pelvic stress distribution under greater trochanter compression using finite element analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Sitting time improved from a mean of 12.0 ± 5.7 min to 46.3 ± 11.1 with the use of the orthosis (<em>p</em> = 0.0054). Daily activity function also improved. Mean equivalent and minimum principal stresses on the sacroiliac joint surface during sitting increased under compression parallel to the long axis of the femoral neck and decreased with horizontal compression. Ligament loads under each loading condition were consistent across all scenarios, with a decrease in the load on the sacrotuberous, sacrospinous, anterior sacroiliac, and pubic ligaments.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>This study demonstrated the clinical efficacy of the seating orthosis and showed that biomechanical effects on the sacroiliac joint surface varied with the direction of applied pressure to the greater trochanter during sitting, based on in silico analysis. These findings may help classify the mechanisms underlying sitting-related sacroiliac joint pain and inform more targeted treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50992,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 106647"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of lower limb joint stiffness and optimization of anthropometric parameters in countermovement jump using an anthropometry-informed neural network","authors":"Parisa Hejazi Dinan ,&nbsp;Hamed Nazemi ,&nbsp;Amirhossein Emamian","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Countermovement Jump (CMJ) test, widely used to assess athletes' musculoskeletal and neuromuscular readiness, hinges on the performance of the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Despite extensive research, there is no consensus on which joint is most critical for CMJ performance. This study aims to identify the primary lower limb joint contributing to CMJ execution by analyzing maximum energy production and peak stiffness. Additionally, a novel neural network model was developed to predict joint stiffness during CMJ based on jump height and detailed anthropometric parameters, including body fat mass, lower body mass, upper body mass, and skeletal muscle mass ratios. Finally, a genetic algorithm was employed to optimize these parameters, maximizing joint stiffness and energy output.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twelve male athletes performed CMJs, with data cleaning applied to their trials. Energy production and stiffness of the hip, knee, and ankle joints were calculated. The neural network, trained on joint stiffness data, facilitated two optimization problems solved via a genetic algorithm to determine optimal anthropometric parameters for maximizing joint peak stiffness and energy.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The hip joint was identified as the primary energy contributor (4.75 ± 1.71 J/kg), while the knee exhibited the highest peak stiffness (0.37 ± 0.04 N.m/°kg). The knee outperformed the hip (0.29 ± 0.02 N.m/°kg) and ankle (0.25 ± 0.04 N.m/°kg) in stiffness.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>The hip generates the most energy during CMJ, while knee stiffness is crucial. Jump height, body fat, and skeletal muscle mass ratios significantly influence joint stiffness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50992,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 106646"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144828407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathways of load transfer in custom accommodative insoles for people with diabetes","authors":"Dylan J. Heino ,&nbsp;Scott Telfer ,&nbsp;Kimberly A. Nickerson ,&nbsp;Christina Carranza ,&nbsp;Mathew Sunil Varre ,&nbsp;Avocet Nagle-Christensen ,&nbsp;William R. Ledoux ,&nbsp;Brittney C. Muir","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Custom accommodative insoles help reduce plantar pressures in people with diabetes who are at risk of developing foot ulcers. We have developed 3D printed custom accommodative insoles with patient-specific geometry and material properties that improve offloading performance compared to traditional insoles. While effective at offloading forefoot pressure, their load redistribution mechanisms across the full foot remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to compare the load redistribution mechanisms and pathways across nine plantar regions between standard and 3D printed insoles using a load transfer algorithm.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-six feet from 17 individuals with diabetes and high forefoot plantar pressure were included. Each participant received three pairs of custom accommodative insoles: standard of care, finite element optimized 3D printed, and pressure-based 3D printed. Peak plantar pressure and force-time-integral were recorded during walking, and a load transfer algorithm was used to map redistribution.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The main pathway of load transfer across all insoles was from the metatarsal heads to the midfoot, particularly from the first metatarsal head to the medial midfoot. The finite element optimized 3D printed custom accommodative insoles had the largest load transfers away from the metatarsal heads compared to the other insole conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>Design elements like arch height, metatarsal bars, and offloading zones influenced load transfer pathways. These results underscore the potential of custom accommodative insole designs to offload high-risk areas and adds an additional perspective to quantify insole performance, though subject-specific variability remains an important factor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50992,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 106645"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Comparison of the Hara, Harrington, and Davis hip joint center regression equations for gait analysis in children with cerebral palsy” [Clinical Biomechanics volume 126 (2025) 106565]","authors":"Reiko Hara ,&nbsp;Tishya A.L. Wren","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106572","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50992,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 106572"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144235892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gait after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction fails to exhibit task-sensitive modulations of dynamic stability: A preliminary analysis","authors":"Jamie M. Kronenberg ,&nbsp;Elanna K. Arhos ,&nbsp;Michael A. Riley ,&nbsp;Nikita Kuznetsov ,&nbsp;Susanne M. Morton ,&nbsp;Karin Grävare Silbernagel ,&nbsp;Laura C. Schmitt","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction would demonstrate altered movement variability during walking on a split-belt treadmill, where the belts can move at the same speed or two different speeds, compared to uninjured control individuals.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants (14 with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (8 females; average age 21.3 years) and 14 matched controls) completed a split-belt treadmill paradigm of two conditions: baseline (3 min) and split (12 min; 2:1 belt speed ratio with test limb at 50 % of baseline speed). Time points of interest were the last minute of baseline (baseline period) and the first (initial response period) and last minute (sustained response period) of split. Recurrence quantification analysis of bilateral sagittal plane knee angle time series was completed to assess movement variability (Percent Determinism, Mean Line, Max Line) across all three periods of interest.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>There was a statistically significant interaction of period and group on test limb Max Line (F(2,52) = 3.187, <em>P</em> = 0.049, partial ƞ² = 0.109). There was a large, statistically significant effect of period for the control group (F(2,26) = 16.785, <em>P</em> = 0.003, η² = 0.358). There was a small, not statistically significant effect of period for the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction group <em>(</em>F (2,26) = 0.456 <em>P</em> <em>=</em> 0.639, partial η ^<em>2</em> <em>=</em> 0.034). There was no difference in test limb Max Line between groups during any period of interest (<em>P</em> = 0.036–0.731).</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>Altered movement variability observed during the split-belt treadmill paradigm suggests that individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may demonstrate a less responsive movement system compared to uninjured individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50992,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 106634"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex and gender reporting in gait literature: A scoping review","authors":"Molly C. Gries ,&nbsp;Gretchen Deutschlander ,&nbsp;Brianna Durand ,&nbsp;Laura Johnstone","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sex and gender are commonly reported in gait literature, but terminology is often poorly defined or conflated, making findings difficult to interpret. Improving reporting will support a more nuanced interpretation of sex and gender in gait research. The guiding research question was: How are sex and gender being reported by authors in gait literature?</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A scoping review was conducted using a title, abstract, and keyword search of the PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases. Included studies were in English, included adults over 18, and reported at least one defined spatiotemporal gait parameter. Sex and gender reporting was assessed for consistency of overall reporting and adherence to the Sex and gender equity reporting (SAGER) guidelines. Key gait parameter findings were summarized</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>41 articles were included; only 6 consistently and accurately reported sex and/or gender. None defined sex or gender in the methods. Most discussed previous sex/gender differences in their findings (<em>n</em> = 33, 80.5 %), why sex/gender are important to consider, and the expected differences (n = 33, 80.5 %), and the potential implications of the sex/gender findings (<em>n</em> = 38, 92.6 %). Gait speed was the most reported gait parameter, with half of the studies reporting only gait speed</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>This study highlights that sex and gender terminology in the gait literature are reported inconsistently and often conflated, which may limit clarity regarding study populations and results. Clear definitions and consistent reporting can support a more nuanced understanding of the influences of sex- and gender-related factors on the gait literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50992,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 106635"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144814072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability and educational potential of a computational model of vacuum-assisted delivery on a birth simulator","authors":"Y. Vallet ,&nbsp;J. Lefebvre ,&nbsp;C. Bertholdt ,&nbsp;A. Baldit ,&nbsp;R. Rahouadj ,&nbsp;O. Morel ,&nbsp;C. Laurent","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Vacuum-assisted delivery is widely used in operative vaginal deliveries but carries a risk of rare yet severe complications. Computational simulations offer a promising way to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these injuries. However, these simulations remain insufficiently validated experimentally and have not yet been applied to vacuum extraction. This study aims to evaluate the reliability of these methods using a simplified training dummy and to demonstrate their educational potential by analyzing key parameters of the clinical procedure.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Reliability was assessed using a birth simulator by comparing predicted extraction forces (derived from computational simulations using the finite element method) with experimental measurements obtained from vacuum extractions performed using a Kiwi® cup on a training dummy mounted on a force platform (<em>N</em> = 16). The model was then used to investigate how prescribed trajectory, suction cup position, and fetal head size influence both extraction forces and maximum strain in external deformable tissues.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The maximal extraction force predicted by computational simulations was 42.3 N, while it ranged between 46.1 N and 85.3 N (mean 67.5 ± 13.3 N, <em>N</em> = 16) experimentally. Similar trends in the force components were obtained through the whole extraction trajectory. The most downward trajectory was shown to minimize extraction force and maximal perineal tissue strain, as well as achieving the most occipital cup placement, in line with reported recommendations.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>Results demonstrated that computational simulations could reliably predict extraction forces during birth simulations on a training dummy, while also revealing associated uncertainties and a tendency to underestimate extraction forces. Simulations of various scenarios provided valuable insights that could enhance obstetrics training and complement existing methods. Although not intended for direct clinical translation, this study evaluates the relevance of computational modelling in a controlled, simulation-based training context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50992,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 106633"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in patellar tendon stiffness and mechanical strength test using collagenase injection: Verification ex vivo experiment using porcine model","authors":"Wataru Kurashina ,&nbsp;Tsuneari Takahashi ,&nbsp;Hideyuki Sasanuma ,&nbsp;Katsushi Takeshita","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Patellar tendinopathy is accompanied by chronic pain that can cause athletes to abandon their careers. Although effective treatment methods are essential, research on patellar tendinopathy treatment is insufficient. We aimed to investigate changes in the stiffness and mechanical strength of porcine patellar tendons (PT) that were artificially altered by a collagenase injection. We hypothesized that collagenase injection would lead to reflecting tendinopathy-like degeneration.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-seven porcine PTs were used. To mimic tendinopathy-induced changes in the mechanical properties of tendons, PTs were injected with collagenase via collagen digestion using a chemical solution. The PTs were sequentially assigned to two groups: a phosphate-buffered saline control group (<em>n</em> = 13) and a collagenase group (<em>n</em> = 14) as an experimental group. Each injection was administered into the central PT. After incubation at 37 °C for 7 h, PT stiffness measurements were performed using a handheld device, and mechanical strength testing was performed. The failure modes and structural properties (upper yield load, maximum load, linear stiffness, elongation at failure, and length change) were determined.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>PT stiffness was higher in the experimental group than the control group (880.5 ± 95 vs. 735.4 ± 110 N/m; <em>P</em> = 0.008). Significant differences in failure modes were observed between the two groups. Half of the experimental group were torn at the mid-substance of the PT, whereas most of the control group were not (<em>P</em> = 0.033). The structural properties were not significantly different between the two groups (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>Collagenase injection changes the stiffness and fragility of porcine PT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50992,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 106632"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}