Archive for History of Exact Sciences最新文献_第10页

Hobbes’s model of refraction and derivation of the sine law 霍布斯折射模型及正弦定律的推导

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00265-w

Hao Dong

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引用次数: 2

Operator calculus: the lost formulation of quantum mechanics 算子演算：量子力学的遗失公式

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00262-z

Gonzalo Gimeno, Mercedes Xipell, Marià Baig

引用次数: 2

Pipe flow: a gateway to turbulence 管道流动:湍流的入口

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00263-y

Michael Eckert

{"title":"Pipe flow: a gateway to turbulence","authors":"Michael Eckert","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00263-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00263-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pipe flow has been a challenge that gave rise to investigations on turbulence—long before turbulence was discerned as a research problem in its own right. The discharge of water from elevated reservoirs through long conduits such as for the fountains at Versailles suggested investigations about the resistance in relation to the different diameters and lengths of the pipes as well as the speed of flow. Despite numerous measurements of hydraulic engineers, the data could not be reproduced by a commonly accepted formula, not to mention a theoretical derivation. The resistance of air flow in long pipes for the supply of blast furnaces or mine air appeared even more inaccessible to rational elaboration. In the nineteenth century, it became gradually clear that there were two modes of pipe flow, laminar and turbulent. While the former could be accommodated under the roof of hydrodynamic theory, the latter proved elusive. When the wealth of turbulent pipe flow data in smooth tubes was displayed as a function of the Reynolds number, the empirically observed friction factor served as a guide for the search of a fundamental law about turbulent skin friction. By 1930, a logarithmic “wall law” seemed to resolve this quest. Yet pipe flow has not been exhausted as a research subject. It still ranks high on the agenda of turbulence research—both the transition from laminar to turbulent flow and fully developed turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 3","pages":"249 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00263-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42320230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

What Heinrich Hertz discovered about electric waves in 1887–1888 海因里希·赫兹在1887年至1888年发现了电磁波

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00260-1

J. Buchwald, C. Yeang, Noah Stemeroff, Jenifer Barton, Quinn Harrington

引用次数: 0

What Heinrich Hertz discovered about electric waves in 1887–1888 海因里希·赫兹在1887年至1888年对电波的发现

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00260-1

Jed Buchwald, Chen-Pang Yeang, Noah Stemeroff, Jenifer Barton, Quinn Harrington

{"title":"What Heinrich Hertz discovered about electric waves in 1887–1888","authors":"Jed Buchwald, Chen-Pang Yeang, Noah Stemeroff, Jenifer Barton, Quinn Harrington","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00260-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00260-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Among the most influential and well-known experiments of the 19th century was the generation and detection of electromagnetic radiation by Heinrich Hertz in 1887–1888, work that bears favorable comparison for experimental ingenuity and influence with that by Michael Faraday in the 1830s and 1840s. In what follows, we pursue issues raised by what Hertz did in his experimental space to produce and to detect what proved to be an extraordinarily subtle effect. Though he did provide evidence for the existence of such radiation that other investigators found compelling, nevertheless Hertz’s data and the conclusions he drew from it ran counter to the claim of Maxwell’s electrodynamics that electric waves in air and wires travel at the same speed. Since subsequent experiments eventually suggested otherwise, the question arises of just what took place in Hertz’s. The difficulties attendant on designing, deploying, and interpreting novel apparatus go far in explaining his results, which were nevertheless sufficiently convincing that other investigators, and Hertz himself, soon took up the challenge of further investigation based on his initial designs.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 2","pages":"125 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00260-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50514568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Before the end of an error: Giovanni Bianchini’s original flawed treatise on the conversion of stellar coordinates 在错误结束之前：Giovanni Bianchini关于恒星坐标转换的原始有缺陷的论文

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-24 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00261-0

Glen Van Brummelen

引用次数: 2

Impact of Gibbs’ and Duhem’s approaches to thermodynamics on the development of chemical thermodynamics 吉布斯和迪昂的热力学方法对化学热力学发展的影响

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00259-8

Photis Dais

{"title":"Impact of Gibbs’ and Duhem’s approaches to thermodynamics on the development of chemical thermodynamics","authors":"Photis Dais","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00259-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00259-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>From 1873 to 1878, the American physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs offered to the scientific community three great articles that proved to be a milestone for the science of thermodynamics. On the other hand, between 1886 and 1896, the French physicist Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem translated thermodynamics into the language of Lagrange’s analytical mechanics. At the same time, he expanded its scope to include thermal phenomena, electromagnetic phenomena, and all kinds of irreversible processes. Duhem formulated a version of thermodynamics characterized by the conceptual unification of mechanics, physics, and chemistry. Overall, the work of both physicists on thermodynamics is tremendous, full of axioms, theorems, corollaries, proofs, and hundreds of equations. Therefore, it would be a utopian aim to provide a short analysis of their work. Instead, the present study will attempt to give a brief outline of the main tools and concepts used by the two physicists. I will argue that each scientist approaches thermodynamics in a new and unique way, which reveals their scientific styles as reflected in their personalities, the writing styles, their behavior toward publicity, and their inclination for publication. Finally, I will examine the influence of their theories on the development of chemical thermodynamics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 2","pages":"175 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00259-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43595441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

An unpublished manuscript of John von Neumann on shock waves in boostered detonations: historical context and mathematical analysis 一份未发表的约翰·冯·诺伊曼关于助推爆炸冲击波的手稿:历史背景和数学分析

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9

Molly Riley Knoedler, Julianna C. Kostas, Caroline Mary Hogan, Harper Kerkhoff, Chad M. Topaz

{"title":"An unpublished manuscript of John von Neumann on shock waves in boostered detonations: historical context and mathematical analysis","authors":"Molly Riley Knoedler, Julianna C. Kostas, Caroline Mary Hogan, Harper Kerkhoff, Chad M. Topaz","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report on an unpublished and previously unknown manuscript of John von Neumann and contextualize it within the development of the theory of shock waves and detonations during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Von Neumann studies bombs comprising a primary explosive charge along with explosive booster material. His goal is to calculate the minimal amount of booster needed to create a sustainable detonation, presumably because booster material is often more expensive and more volatile. In service of this goal, he formulates and analyzes a partial differential equation-based model describing a moving shock wave at the interface of detonated and undetonated material. We provide a complete transcription of von Neumann’s work and give our own accompanying explanations and analyses, including the correction of two small errors in his calculations. Today, detonations are typically modeled using a combination of experimental results and numerical simulations particular to the shape and materials of the explosive, as the complex three dimensional dynamics of detonations are analytically intractable. Although von Neumann’s manuscript will not revolutionize our modern understanding of detonations, the document is a valuable historical record of the state of hydrodynamics research during and after World War II.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"83 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48891196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Maurice Janet’s algorithms on systems of linear partial differential equations 线性偏微分方程组的Maurice Janet算法

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y

Kenji Iohara, Philippe Malbos

{"title":"Maurice Janet’s algorithms on systems of linear partial differential equations","authors":"Kenji Iohara, Philippe Malbos","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article describes the emergence of formal methods in theory of partial differential equations (PDE) in the French school of mathematics through Janet’s work in the period 1913–1930. In his thesis and in a series of articles published during this period, Janet introduced an original formal approach to deal with the solvability of the problem of initial conditions for finite linear PDE systems. His constructions implicitly used an interpretation of a monomial PDE system as a generating family of a multiplicative set of monomials. He introduced an algorithmic method on multiplicative sets to compute compatibility conditions, and to study the problem of the existence and the uniqueness of a solution to a linear PDE system with given initial conditions. The compatibility conditions are formulated using a refinement of the division operation on monomials defined with respect to a partition of the set of variables into multiplicative and non-multiplicative variables. Janet was a pioneer in the development of these algorithmic methods, and the completion procedure that he introduced on polynomials was the first one in a long and rich series of works on completion methods which appeared independently throughout the twentieth-century in various algebraic contexts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"43 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50467903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Babylonian astronomy: a new understanding of column Φ 巴比伦天文学：对Φ柱的新认识

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00254-z

Lis Brack-Bernsen

引用次数: 1