Archive for History of Exact Sciences最新文献_第10页

An unpublished manuscript of John von Neumann on shock waves in boostered detonations: historical context and mathematical analysis 一份未发表的约翰·冯·诺伊曼关于助推爆炸冲击波的手稿:历史背景和数学分析

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9

Molly Riley Knoedler, Julianna C. Kostas, Caroline Mary Hogan, Harper Kerkhoff, Chad M. Topaz

{"title":"An unpublished manuscript of John von Neumann on shock waves in boostered detonations: historical context and mathematical analysis","authors":"Molly Riley Knoedler, Julianna C. Kostas, Caroline Mary Hogan, Harper Kerkhoff, Chad M. Topaz","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report on an unpublished and previously unknown manuscript of John von Neumann and contextualize it within the development of the theory of shock waves and detonations during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Von Neumann studies bombs comprising a primary explosive charge along with explosive booster material. His goal is to calculate the minimal amount of booster needed to create a sustainable detonation, presumably because booster material is often more expensive and more volatile. In service of this goal, he formulates and analyzes a partial differential equation-based model describing a moving shock wave at the interface of detonated and undetonated material. We provide a complete transcription of von Neumann’s work and give our own accompanying explanations and analyses, including the correction of two small errors in his calculations. Today, detonations are typically modeled using a combination of experimental results and numerical simulations particular to the shape and materials of the explosive, as the complex three dimensional dynamics of detonations are analytically intractable. Although von Neumann’s manuscript will not revolutionize our modern understanding of detonations, the document is a valuable historical record of the state of hydrodynamics research during and after World War II.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"83 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48891196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Maurice Janet’s algorithms on systems of linear partial differential equations 线性偏微分方程组的Maurice Janet算法

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y

Kenji Iohara, Philippe Malbos

{"title":"Maurice Janet’s algorithms on systems of linear partial differential equations","authors":"Kenji Iohara, Philippe Malbos","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article describes the emergence of formal methods in theory of partial differential equations (PDE) in the French school of mathematics through Janet’s work in the period 1913–1930. In his thesis and in a series of articles published during this period, Janet introduced an original formal approach to deal with the solvability of the problem of initial conditions for finite linear PDE systems. His constructions implicitly used an interpretation of a monomial PDE system as a generating family of a multiplicative set of monomials. He introduced an algorithmic method on multiplicative sets to compute compatibility conditions, and to study the problem of the existence and the uniqueness of a solution to a linear PDE system with given initial conditions. The compatibility conditions are formulated using a refinement of the division operation on monomials defined with respect to a partition of the set of variables into multiplicative and non-multiplicative variables. Janet was a pioneer in the development of these algorithmic methods, and the completion procedure that he introduced on polynomials was the first one in a long and rich series of works on completion methods which appeared independently throughout the twentieth-century in various algebraic contexts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"43 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50467903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Babylonian astronomy: a new understanding of column Φ 巴比伦天文学：对Φ柱的新认识

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00254-z

Lis Brack-Bernsen

引用次数: 1

On the making of Ptolemy’s star catalog 关于托勒密星表的制作

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00257-w

Christian Marx

引用次数: 2

Tycho Brahe’s Calculi ad Corrigenda Elementa Orbitae Saturni and the technical aspects of his planetary model of Saturn 第谷·布拉赫的《土星轨道元素计算》及其土星行星模型的技术方面

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-04 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00253-0

Christián C. Carman

{"title":"Tycho Brahe’s Calculi ad Corrigenda Elementa Orbitae Saturni and the technical aspects of his planetary model of Saturn","authors":"Christián C. Carman","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00253-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00253-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tycho Brahe was not just an observer; he was a skilled theoretical astronomer, as his lunar and solar models show. Still, even if he is recognized for proposing the Geoheliocentric system, little do we know of the technical details of his planetary models, probably because he died before publishing the last two volumes of his <i>Astronomiae Instaurandae Progymnasmata</i>, which he planned to devote to the planets. As it happens, however, there are some extant drafts of his calculations in Dreyer’s edition of Tycho’s <i>Opera Omnia</i> under the name <i>Calculi ad Corrigenda Elementa orbitae Saturni</i>, which, to the best of my knowledge, have not yet been analyzed before. In these manuscripts, Tycho starts with calculations based on the Prutenic Tables and makes a series of adjustments to the mean longitude, the longitude of the apogee, and the eccentricity to fit a series of observations of oppositions. In doing that, Tycho (1) describes and applies a new method for obtaining accurate values for the parameters of the superior planets, he (2) develops a divided eccentricity (not bisected) model of Saturn, similar to the one we know Longomontanus and Kepler applied to Mars, and finally (3) he realizes that the true position of the Sun somehow affects the motion of Saturn around the zodiac and develops a method to correct the position of Saturn as a function of solar equation of anomaly. So, a close analysis of the calculations reveals details of the Tychonic planetary models unknown until now. The present study analyzes these drafts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"74 6","pages":"565 - 586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00253-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45325011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Babylonian observations of a unique planetary configuration 巴比伦人对独特行星结构的观察

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-03 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00252-1

Teije de Jong, Hermann Hunger

{"title":"Babylonian observations of a unique planetary configuration","authors":"Teije de Jong, Hermann Hunger","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00252-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00252-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we discuss Babylonian observations of a “massing of the planets” reported in two <i>Astronomical Diaries</i>, BM 32562 and BM 46051. This extremely rare astronomical phenomenon was observed in Babylon between 20 and 30 March 185 BC shortly before sunrise when all five planets were simultaneously visible for about 10 to 15 min close to the horizon in the eastern morning sky. These two observational texts are not only interesting as records of an extremely rare planetary configuration, but also because (1) the observers appear to be confused by the presence of all planets simultaneously and mix them up in their reports, and (2) the two reports of the same observations are so different that we are forced to conclude that they were carried out by two different observers. There is an additional astronomical event which makes this planetary configuration even more unique: the exact conjunction of the planets Mars and Jupiter in the afternoon of 25 March 185 BC. An exact conjunction, where two planets are so close together that they appear as one object in the sky, is also extremely rare. Although this exact conjunction between Mars and Jupiter occurred during the day so that it was not observable, it was correctly predicted by the Babylonian scholars: a remarkable achievement and a nice illustration of their astronomical craftsmanship. Finally, our study clearly exposes one of the limitations of Babylonian naked-eye astronomy. When first appearances of the planets Mercury, Mars and Saturn are expected around the same date, it is nearly impossible to correctly identify them because their expected positions are only approximately known while they have about the same visual magnitude so that they become visible at about the same altitude above the horizon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"74 6","pages":"587 - 603"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00252-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45516985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On Peirce’s 1878 article ‘The probability of induction’: a conceptualistic appraisal 论皮尔斯1878年的文章《归纳的可能性》：一种概念性的评价

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00256-x

G. A. Kyriazis

{"title":"On Peirce’s 1878 article ‘The probability of induction’: a conceptualistic appraisal","authors":"G. A. Kyriazis","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00256-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00256-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Charles Sanders Peirce wrote the article ‘The probability of induction’ in 1878. It was the fourth article of the series ‘Illustrations of the Logic of Science’ which comprised a total of six articles. According to Peirce, to get a clear idea of the conception of probability, one has ‘to consider what real and sensible difference there is between one degree of probability and another.’ He endorsed what John Venn had called the ‘materialistic view’ of the subject, namely that probability is the proportion of times in which an occurrence of one kind is accompanied by an occurrence of another kind. On the other hand, Peirce recognized the existence of a different interpretation of probability, which was termed by Venn the ‘conceptualistic view,’ namely the degree of belief that ought to be attached to a proposition. Peirce’s intent on writing this article seems to be to inquire about the claims of the conceptualists concerning the problem of induction. After reasoning on some examples, he concluded on the impossibility of assigning probability for induction. We show here that the arguments advanced in his article are not sufficient to support such conclusion. Peirce’s thoughts on the probability of induction surely may have influenced statisticians and research scientists of the twentieth century in shaping data analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00256-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50521218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On Peirce’s 1878 article ‘The probability of induction’: a conceptualistic appraisal 论皮尔斯1878年的文章《归纳法的概率》:一个概念主义的评价

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00256-x

G. Kyriazis

引用次数: 0

Pascal’s mystic hexagram, and a conjectural restoration of his lost treatise on conic sections 帕斯卡神秘的六进制，以及他遗失的圆锥曲线论文的推测性恢复

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-07-08 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00251-2

Andrea Del Centina

引用次数: 8

Polygons of Petrović and Fine, algebraic ODEs, and contemporary mathematics Petrović和Fine的多边形、代数常微分方程和当代数学