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The problem of Apollonius in the Urbino School 乌尔比诺学派中的阿波罗尼乌斯问题
IF 0.7 2区 哲学
Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-024-00339-z
Argante Ciocci
{"title":"The problem of Apollonius in the Urbino School","authors":"Argante Ciocci","doi":"10.1007/s00407-024-00339-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-024-00339-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the Renaissance, several scholars worked to revive the contents and methods developed by the ancient Greek mathematicians. They began their research by studying the Latin editions of the Greek classics. The problem of Apollonius is a significant case study that sheds light on the recovery and re-appropriation of the solution methods employed by Greek mathematics. In this article, I will explore both the manuscript sources and the printed editions used by the Urbino School (Federico Commandino and Guidobaldo del Monte) to solve the problem of Apollonius.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Felix Klein and Sophus Lie on quartic surfaces in line geometry 费利克斯-克莱因和索菲斯-李论线几何学中的四曲面
IF 0.7 2区 哲学
Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-024-00335-3
David E. Rowe
{"title":"Felix Klein and Sophus Lie on quartic surfaces in line geometry","authors":"David E. Rowe","doi":"10.1007/s00407-024-00335-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-024-00335-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although rarely appreciated, the collaboration that brought Felix Klein and Sophus Lie together in 1869 had mainly to do with their common interests in the new field of line geometry. As mathematicians, Klein and Lie identified with the latest currents in geometry. Not long before, Klein’s mentor Julius Plücker launched the study of first- and second-degree line complexes, which provided much inspiration for Klein and Lie, though both were busy exploring a broad range of problems and theories. Klein used invariant theory and other algebraic methods to study the properties of line complexes, whereas Lie set his eyes on those aspects related to analysis and differential equations. Much later, historians and mathematicians came to treat the collaboration between Klein and Lie as a famous early chapter in the history of transformation groups, a development often identified with Klein’s “Erlangen Program” from 1872. The present detailed account of their joint work and mutual interests provides a very different picture of their early research, which had relatively little to do with group theory. This essay shows how the geometrical interests of Klein and Lie reflected contemporary trends by focusing on the central importance of quartic surfaces in line geometry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 6","pages":"763 - 832"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Einstein–Perrin dilemma on the Brownian motion (Avogadro’s number) resolved? 关于布朗运动（阿伏加德罗数）的爱因斯坦-佩林难题解决了吗？
IF 0.7 2区 哲学
Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-024-00337-1
Jiří Škvarla
{"title":"Einstein–Perrin dilemma on the Brownian motion (Avogadro’s number) resolved?","authors":"Jiří Škvarla","doi":"10.1007/s00407-024-00337-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-024-00337-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The general recognition of the existence of atoms and molecules occurred only at the beginning of the twentieth century. Many researchers contributed to this, but the ultimate proof of the molecular nature of matter that convinced even the last sceptics was the confirmation of Albert Einstein’s statistical-fluctuation theory of Brownian motion, a part of his comprehension of interdisciplinary atomism, by Jean Perrin’s experiments on colloidal gamboge particles. Einstein noticed a difference between the values of Avogadro’s constant derived from Perrin’s experiments and Planck’s calculation from black-body radiation. Einstein assumed the incorrectly evaluated size of the gamboge spherules to be a culprit of the difference and asked Perrin to check the assumption with additional experiments and using the viscosity formula introduced in his own dissertation. The result was a discrepancy that neither Einstein nor Perrin settled any further. In this communication, based on the survey of developments in colloid and polymer science and their comparison with relevant experiments, an explanation of the dilemma is given that now, after more than a century, proves Einstein correct. The comparison was de facto possible during his lifetime.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 6","pages":"833 - 881"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00407-024-00337-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142518421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Some remarks on the history of Ricci’s absolute differential calculus 关于利玛窦绝对微分学历史的一些评论
IF 0.7 2区 哲学
Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-024-00336-2
Alberto Cogliati
{"title":"Some remarks on the history of Ricci’s absolute differential calculus","authors":"Alberto Cogliati","doi":"10.1007/s00407-024-00336-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-024-00336-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article offers a general account of the genesis of the absolute differential calculus (ADC), paying special attention to its links with the history of differential geometry. In relatively recent times, several historians have described the development of the ADC as a direct outgrowth either of the theory of algebraic and differential invariants or as a product of analytical investigations, thus minimizing the role of Riemann’s geometry in the process leading to its discovery. Our principal aim consists in challenging this historiographical tenet and analyzing the intimate connection between the development of Riemannian geometry and the birth of tensor calculus.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 6","pages":"717 - 761"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00407-024-00336-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142518352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Archimedean solids in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries 十五和十六世纪的阿基米德实体
IF 0.7 2区 哲学
Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-024-00331-7
Vera Viana
{"title":"Archimedean solids in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries","authors":"Vera Viana","doi":"10.1007/s00407-024-00331-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-024-00331-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Several artists, artisans, and mathematicians described fascinating solid bodies in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The knowledge they developed on the subject was so progressive that it is considered a milestone in the history of polyhedra. In the first part of this study we analyze, from a chronological and comparative perspective, the consistent studies developed between 1460 and 1583 on those that came to be recognized as Archimedean Solids. The authors who engaged in such studies were Piero della Francesca, Luca Pacioli, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Augustin Hirschvogel, an Anonymous Author who accomplished remarkable studies between 1538 and 1556, Wentzel Jamnitzer, Daniele Barbaro, Lorenz Stöer, Rafael Bombelli, and Simon Stevin. In the second part, we discuss how the revolutionary method of describing solid bodies with planar nets contributed to the rediscovery of the Archimedean Solids. We also present our interpretation of some of the studies by the Anonymous Author and our conclusions on his identity and influence on other authors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 6","pages":"631 - 715"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00407-024-00331-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142518733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantum mechanics, radiation, and the equivalence proof 量子力学、辐射和等效证明
IF 0.7 2区 哲学
Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-024-00334-4
Alexander Blum, Martin Jähnert
{"title":"Quantum mechanics, radiation, and the equivalence proof","authors":"Alexander Blum,&nbsp;Martin Jähnert","doi":"10.1007/s00407-024-00334-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-024-00334-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper re-evaluates the formative year of quantum mechanics—from Heisenberg’s first paper on matrix mechanics to Schrödinger’s equivalence proof—by focusing on the role of radiation in the emerging theory. We argue that the radiation problem played a key role in early quantum mechanics, a role that has not been taken into account in the standard histories. Radiation was perceived by the main protagonists of matrix and wave mechanics as a central lacuna in these emerging theories and continued to contribute to the theoretical development and conceptual clarification of quantum mechanics. Studying the interplay between quantum mechanics and radiation, the paper provides an account of (a) how quantum mechanics was able to connect to its empirical basis in spectroscopy and (b) how Schrödinger’s equivalence proof emerged from his explorative calculations on the emission of radiation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 5","pages":"567 - 616"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00407-024-00334-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141550235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The turbulence theory of P. Wehrlé and G. Dedebant (1934–1948): a forgotten probabilistic approach? P. Wehrlé 和 G. Dedebant 的湍流理论（1934-1948 年）：被遗忘的概率方法？
IF 0.7 2区 哲学
Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-024-00332-6
Antonietta Demuro
{"title":"The turbulence theory of P. Wehrlé and G. Dedebant (1934–1948): a forgotten probabilistic approach?","authors":"Antonietta Demuro","doi":"10.1007/s00407-024-00332-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-024-00332-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of the statistical theory of turbulence mainly take places between 1920 and 1940, in a context where emerging theories in fluid mechanics are striving to provide results closer to experimentation and applicable to practical fluid problems. The secondary literature on the history of fluid mechanics has often emphasized the importance of the contributions of Prandtl, Taylor, and von Kármán to the closure problem of Reynolds equations for a turbulent fluid confined by walls and to the statistical description of an isotropic and homogeneous turbulent flow. During the same period, a new theory of turbulence also surfaces in France. This theory is formulated by a group of researchers led by Philippe Wehrlé (1890–1965), the director of the French National Meteorological Office (Office national météorologique, ONM), and Georges Dedebant (1902–1965), the head of ONM’s Scientific Service. Their objective is to mathematically formalize the turbulence, taking into account the atmospheric turbulence and using a theory of random functions defined from experimental concepts. However, this French theory of turbulence gradually loses international recognition after World War II. After introducing the key figures and the fundamental components of their theory, the article explores various scientific factors why their contribution was increasingly forgotten after the Second World War.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 5","pages":"523 - 566"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A quantitative analysis of David Fabricius’ astronomical observations 对大卫-法布里奇乌斯天文观测数据的定量分析
IF 0.7 2区 哲学
Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-024-00333-5
Hernán E. Grecco, Christián C. Carman
{"title":"A quantitative analysis of David Fabricius’ astronomical observations","authors":"Hernán E. Grecco,&nbsp;Christián C. Carman","doi":"10.1007/s00407-024-00333-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-024-00333-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>David Fabricius, a Reformed pastor in Ostfriesland, was highly regarded by Kepler as an exceptional observer, second only to Tycho Brahe. From 1596 to 1609, Fabricius engaged in extensive correspondence, exchanging numerous letters with Brahe and subsequently with Kepler. These communications also provided values for direct observations on meridian altitudes of planets and stars, as well as elongations between a planet and a star or between two stars. We provide a detailed summary of Fabricius’s observations and compare them with the prediction of twenty-first-century models. The analysis indicates that under specific conditions, his observations exhibit sub-arcminute deviations in relation to those calculated from modern theories. Our findings preliminarily indicate that Fabricius’ astronomical observational abilities were comparable to, an occasionally superior to, those of Brahe himself. We provide machine-readable tables of his observations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 6","pages":"617 - 630"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141337756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Free-energy calculations in condensed matter: from early challenges to the advent of umbrella sampling 凝聚态物质的自由能计算：从早期挑战到伞状取样的出现
IF 0.7 2区 哲学
Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-024-00327-3
Daniele Macuglia
{"title":"Free-energy calculations in condensed matter: from early challenges to the advent of umbrella sampling","authors":"Daniele Macuglia","doi":"10.1007/s00407-024-00327-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-024-00327-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The investigation of condensed matter transformations hinges on the precision of free-energy calculations. This article charts the evolution of molecular simulations, tracing their development from the techniques of the early 1960s, through the emergence of free-energy calculations toward the end of the decade, and leading to the advent of umbrella sampling in 1977. The discussion explores the inherent challenges and limitations of early simulational endeavors, such as the struggle with accurate phase-space sampling and the need for innovative solutions like importance sampling and multistage sampling methods. Taken together, the initial hurdles and subsequent adoption of advanced techniques exemplify the leap from analytical methods to effective computational strategies that enabled more reliable simulations. Further analysis of this narrative reveals the methodological breakthroughs as well as the setbacks that transformed the theoretical and practical understanding of condensed matter phenomena. A follow-up study will examine the shifts in free-energy calculations from the late 1970s into the 1980s.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 5","pages":"479 - 522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00407-024-00327-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141353759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The practice of principles: Planck’s vision of a relativistic general dynamics 原则的实践：普朗克的相对论广义动力学构想
IF 0.7 2区 哲学
Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-024-00326-4
Marco Giovanelli
{"title":"The practice of principles: Planck’s vision of a relativistic general dynamics","authors":"Marco Giovanelli","doi":"10.1007/s00407-024-00326-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-024-00326-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Planck’s pioneering contributions to special relativity have received less consideration than one might expect in the historiography and philosophy of physics. Although they are celebrated in isolation, they are mostly not understood as integral to an overarching project. This paper aims (a) to provide a historically accurate overview of Planck’s contributions to the early history of relativity that is reasonably accessible to today’s reader, (b) to demonstrate how these contributions can be presented against the background of Planck’s ‘Helmholtzian’ vision of relativistic general dynamics based on the principle of relativity and principle of least action, and (c) to argue that Planck’s general dynamics serves as an illuminating example of the use of ‘principles’ in physics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 3","pages":"305 - 360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00407-024-00326-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141193314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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