管道流动:湍流的入口

IF 0.7 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Michael Eckert
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引用次数: 7

摘要

管道流动一直是一个挑战,它引发了对湍流的研究——早在湍流本身被认为是一个研究问题之前。高架蓄水池通过长管道(如凡尔赛喷泉)排水,这表明需要对管道的不同直径和长度以及流速的阻力进行调查。尽管液压工程师进行了大量测量,但数据无法通过一个普遍接受的公式重现,更不用说理论推导了。高炉或矿井空气供应用长管道中的气流阻力似乎更难以合理阐述。在19世纪,人们逐渐清楚地发现,管道流动有两种模式,层流和湍流。虽然前者可以放在流体动力学理论的屋顶下,但后者被证明是难以捉摸的。当光滑管道中丰富的湍流管道流动数据显示为雷诺数的函数时,经验观察到的摩擦系数可作为寻找湍流表面摩擦基本定律的指南。到1930年,对数“墙定律”似乎解决了这一问题。然而,管流作为一个研究课题并没有被穷尽。它仍然是湍流研究的重要议程——从层流到湍流的过渡,以及在很大雷诺数下充分发展的湍流。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Pipe flow: a gateway to turbulence

Pipe flow has been a challenge that gave rise to investigations on turbulence—long before turbulence was discerned as a research problem in its own right. The discharge of water from elevated reservoirs through long conduits such as for the fountains at Versailles suggested investigations about the resistance in relation to the different diameters and lengths of the pipes as well as the speed of flow. Despite numerous measurements of hydraulic engineers, the data could not be reproduced by a commonly accepted formula, not to mention a theoretical derivation. The resistance of air flow in long pipes for the supply of blast furnaces or mine air appeared even more inaccessible to rational elaboration. In the nineteenth century, it became gradually clear that there were two modes of pipe flow, laminar and turbulent. While the former could be accommodated under the roof of hydrodynamic theory, the latter proved elusive. When the wealth of turbulent pipe flow data in smooth tubes was displayed as a function of the Reynolds number, the empirically observed friction factor served as a guide for the search of a fundamental law about turbulent skin friction. By 1930, a logarithmic “wall law” seemed to resolve this quest. Yet pipe flow has not been exhausted as a research subject. It still ranks high on the agenda of turbulence research—both the transition from laminar to turbulent flow and fully developed turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers.

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来源期刊
Archive for History of Exact Sciences
Archive for History of Exact Sciences 管理科学-科学史与科学哲学
CiteScore
1.30
自引率
20.00%
发文量
16
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Archive for History of Exact Sciences casts light upon the conceptual groundwork of the sciences by analyzing the historical course of rigorous quantitative thought and the precise theory of nature in the fields of mathematics, physics, technical chemistry, computer science, astronomy, and the biological sciences, embracing as well their connections to experiment. This journal nourishes historical research meeting the standards of the mathematical sciences. Its aim is to give rapid and full publication to writings of exceptional depth, scope, and permanence.
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