Archive for History of Exact Sciences最新文献_第9页

What Heinrich Hertz discovered about electric waves in 1887–1888 海因里希·赫兹在1887年至1888年发现了电磁波

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00260-1

J. Buchwald, C. Yeang, Noah Stemeroff, Jenifer Barton, Quinn Harrington

引用次数: 0

What Heinrich Hertz discovered about electric waves in 1887–1888 海因里希·赫兹在1887年至1888年对电波的发现

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00260-1

Jed Buchwald, Chen-Pang Yeang, Noah Stemeroff, Jenifer Barton, Quinn Harrington

{"title":"What Heinrich Hertz discovered about electric waves in 1887–1888","authors":"Jed Buchwald, Chen-Pang Yeang, Noah Stemeroff, Jenifer Barton, Quinn Harrington","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00260-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00260-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Among the most influential and well-known experiments of the 19th century was the generation and detection of electromagnetic radiation by Heinrich Hertz in 1887–1888, work that bears favorable comparison for experimental ingenuity and influence with that by Michael Faraday in the 1830s and 1840s. In what follows, we pursue issues raised by what Hertz did in his experimental space to produce and to detect what proved to be an extraordinarily subtle effect. Though he did provide evidence for the existence of such radiation that other investigators found compelling, nevertheless Hertz’s data and the conclusions he drew from it ran counter to the claim of Maxwell’s electrodynamics that electric waves in air and wires travel at the same speed. Since subsequent experiments eventually suggested otherwise, the question arises of just what took place in Hertz’s. The difficulties attendant on designing, deploying, and interpreting novel apparatus go far in explaining his results, which were nevertheless sufficiently convincing that other investigators, and Hertz himself, soon took up the challenge of further investigation based on his initial designs.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 2","pages":"125 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00260-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50514568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Before the end of an error: Giovanni Bianchini’s original flawed treatise on the conversion of stellar coordinates 在错误结束之前：Giovanni Bianchini关于恒星坐标转换的原始有缺陷的论文

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-24 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00261-0

Glen Van Brummelen

引用次数: 2

Impact of Gibbs’ and Duhem’s approaches to thermodynamics on the development of chemical thermodynamics 吉布斯和迪昂的热力学方法对化学热力学发展的影响

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00259-8

Photis Dais

{"title":"Impact of Gibbs’ and Duhem’s approaches to thermodynamics on the development of chemical thermodynamics","authors":"Photis Dais","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00259-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00259-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>From 1873 to 1878, the American physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs offered to the scientific community three great articles that proved to be a milestone for the science of thermodynamics. On the other hand, between 1886 and 1896, the French physicist Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem translated thermodynamics into the language of Lagrange’s analytical mechanics. At the same time, he expanded its scope to include thermal phenomena, electromagnetic phenomena, and all kinds of irreversible processes. Duhem formulated a version of thermodynamics characterized by the conceptual unification of mechanics, physics, and chemistry. Overall, the work of both physicists on thermodynamics is tremendous, full of axioms, theorems, corollaries, proofs, and hundreds of equations. Therefore, it would be a utopian aim to provide a short analysis of their work. Instead, the present study will attempt to give a brief outline of the main tools and concepts used by the two physicists. I will argue that each scientist approaches thermodynamics in a new and unique way, which reveals their scientific styles as reflected in their personalities, the writing styles, their behavior toward publicity, and their inclination for publication. Finally, I will examine the influence of their theories on the development of chemical thermodynamics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 2","pages":"175 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00259-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43595441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

An unpublished manuscript of John von Neumann on shock waves in boostered detonations: historical context and mathematical analysis 一份未发表的约翰·冯·诺伊曼关于助推爆炸冲击波的手稿:历史背景和数学分析

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9

Molly Riley Knoedler, Julianna C. Kostas, Caroline Mary Hogan, Harper Kerkhoff, Chad M. Topaz

{"title":"An unpublished manuscript of John von Neumann on shock waves in boostered detonations: historical context and mathematical analysis","authors":"Molly Riley Knoedler, Julianna C. Kostas, Caroline Mary Hogan, Harper Kerkhoff, Chad M. Topaz","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report on an unpublished and previously unknown manuscript of John von Neumann and contextualize it within the development of the theory of shock waves and detonations during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Von Neumann studies bombs comprising a primary explosive charge along with explosive booster material. His goal is to calculate the minimal amount of booster needed to create a sustainable detonation, presumably because booster material is often more expensive and more volatile. In service of this goal, he formulates and analyzes a partial differential equation-based model describing a moving shock wave at the interface of detonated and undetonated material. We provide a complete transcription of von Neumann’s work and give our own accompanying explanations and analyses, including the correction of two small errors in his calculations. Today, detonations are typically modeled using a combination of experimental results and numerical simulations particular to the shape and materials of the explosive, as the complex three dimensional dynamics of detonations are analytically intractable. Although von Neumann’s manuscript will not revolutionize our modern understanding of detonations, the document is a valuable historical record of the state of hydrodynamics research during and after World War II.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"83 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00258-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48891196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Maurice Janet’s algorithms on systems of linear partial differential equations 线性偏微分方程组的Maurice Janet算法

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y

Kenji Iohara, Philippe Malbos

{"title":"Maurice Janet’s algorithms on systems of linear partial differential equations","authors":"Kenji Iohara, Philippe Malbos","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article describes the emergence of formal methods in theory of partial differential equations (PDE) in the French school of mathematics through Janet’s work in the period 1913–1930. In his thesis and in a series of articles published during this period, Janet introduced an original formal approach to deal with the solvability of the problem of initial conditions for finite linear PDE systems. His constructions implicitly used an interpretation of a monomial PDE system as a generating family of a multiplicative set of monomials. He introduced an algorithmic method on multiplicative sets to compute compatibility conditions, and to study the problem of the existence and the uniqueness of a solution to a linear PDE system with given initial conditions. The compatibility conditions are formulated using a refinement of the division operation on monomials defined with respect to a partition of the set of variables into multiplicative and non-multiplicative variables. Janet was a pioneer in the development of these algorithmic methods, and the completion procedure that he introduced on polynomials was the first one in a long and rich series of works on completion methods which appeared independently throughout the twentieth-century in various algebraic contexts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"43 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00255-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50467903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Babylonian astronomy: a new understanding of column Φ 巴比伦天文学：对Φ柱的新认识

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00254-z

Lis Brack-Bernsen

引用次数: 1

On the making of Ptolemy’s star catalog 关于托勒密星表的制作

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00257-w

Christian Marx

引用次数: 2

Tycho Brahe’s Calculi ad Corrigenda Elementa Orbitae Saturni and the technical aspects of his planetary model of Saturn 第谷·布拉赫的《土星轨道元素计算》及其土星行星模型的技术方面

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-04 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00253-0

Christián C. Carman

{"title":"Tycho Brahe’s Calculi ad Corrigenda Elementa Orbitae Saturni and the technical aspects of his planetary model of Saturn","authors":"Christián C. Carman","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00253-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00253-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tycho Brahe was not just an observer; he was a skilled theoretical astronomer, as his lunar and solar models show. Still, even if he is recognized for proposing the Geoheliocentric system, little do we know of the technical details of his planetary models, probably because he died before publishing the last two volumes of his <i>Astronomiae Instaurandae Progymnasmata</i>, which he planned to devote to the planets. As it happens, however, there are some extant drafts of his calculations in Dreyer’s edition of Tycho’s <i>Opera Omnia</i> under the name <i>Calculi ad Corrigenda Elementa orbitae Saturni</i>, which, to the best of my knowledge, have not yet been analyzed before. In these manuscripts, Tycho starts with calculations based on the Prutenic Tables and makes a series of adjustments to the mean longitude, the longitude of the apogee, and the eccentricity to fit a series of observations of oppositions. In doing that, Tycho (1) describes and applies a new method for obtaining accurate values for the parameters of the superior planets, he (2) develops a divided eccentricity (not bisected) model of Saturn, similar to the one we know Longomontanus and Kepler applied to Mars, and finally (3) he realizes that the true position of the Sun somehow affects the motion of Saturn around the zodiac and develops a method to correct the position of Saturn as a function of solar equation of anomaly. So, a close analysis of the calculations reveals details of the Tychonic planetary models unknown until now. The present study analyzes these drafts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"74 6","pages":"565 - 586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00253-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45325011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Babylonian observations of a unique planetary configuration 巴比伦人对独特行星结构的观察

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2020-08-03 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-020-00252-1

Teije de Jong, Hermann Hunger

{"title":"Babylonian observations of a unique planetary configuration","authors":"Teije de Jong, Hermann Hunger","doi":"10.1007/s00407-020-00252-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-020-00252-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we discuss Babylonian observations of a “massing of the planets” reported in two <i>Astronomical Diaries</i>, BM 32562 and BM 46051. This extremely rare astronomical phenomenon was observed in Babylon between 20 and 30 March 185 BC shortly before sunrise when all five planets were simultaneously visible for about 10 to 15 min close to the horizon in the eastern morning sky. These two observational texts are not only interesting as records of an extremely rare planetary configuration, but also because (1) the observers appear to be confused by the presence of all planets simultaneously and mix them up in their reports, and (2) the two reports of the same observations are so different that we are forced to conclude that they were carried out by two different observers. There is an additional astronomical event which makes this planetary configuration even more unique: the exact conjunction of the planets Mars and Jupiter in the afternoon of 25 March 185 BC. An exact conjunction, where two planets are so close together that they appear as one object in the sky, is also extremely rare. Although this exact conjunction between Mars and Jupiter occurred during the day so that it was not observable, it was correctly predicted by the Babylonian scholars: a remarkable achievement and a nice illustration of their astronomical craftsmanship. Finally, our study clearly exposes one of the limitations of Babylonian naked-eye astronomy. When first appearances of the planets Mercury, Mars and Saturn are expected around the same date, it is nearly impossible to correctly identify them because their expected positions are only approximately known while they have about the same visual magnitude so that they become visible at about the same altitude above the horizon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"74 6","pages":"587 - 603"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00407-020-00252-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45516985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0