Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology最新文献

{"title":"Of tusks and trunks: A review of craniofacial evolutionary anatomy in elephants and extinct Proboscidea","authors":"Ali Nabavizadeh","doi":"10.1002/ar.25578","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25578","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While being the largest living terrestrial mammals, elephants are best known for their highly modified and uniquely elaborate craniofacial anatomy—most notably with respect to their often-massive tusks and intricately muscular, multifunctional proboscis (i.e., trunk). For over a century, studies of extinct proboscidean relatives of today's elephants have presented hypotheses regarding the evolutionary history of the crania and tusks of these animals and their bearing on the evolution of the proboscis. Herein, I explore major functional characteristics of the proboscidean head. I give a brief review of the anatomy of tusks and dentition, the feeding apparatus, and proboscis in extant elephants and explore their overall bearing in elephant feeding behavior as well as other aspects of their ecology. I also review the evolution of the proboscidean head, with a synthetic analysis of studies and further speculation exploring the interconnected evolutionary roles of tusk morphology and use, feeding anatomy and functional implications thereof, and proboscis anatomy and use in the ancestry of elephants. Notable emphasis is given to the evolutionary role of initial elongation of the mandibular symphysis in the development of the proboscis in many proboscideans. Subsequent secondary shortening of the symphysis and elevation of the temporal region and occiput allowed for a pendulous trunk and proal feeding in living elephants and other proboscidean groups with highly lophodont dentition.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 11","pages":"2843-2862"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142395018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of meningeal transcriptomes in birds: Potential pathways of resilience to repeated impacts.","authors":"Abby E Beatty, Tara M Barnes-Tompkins, Kira M Long, Daniel J Tobiansky","doi":"10.1002/ar.25583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The meninges and associated vasculature (MAV) play a crucial role in maintaining cerebral integrity and homeostasis. Recent advances in transcriptomic analysis have illuminated the significance of the MAV in understanding the complex physiological interactions at the interface between the skull and the brain after exposure to mechanical stress. To investigate how physiological responses may confer resilience against repetitive mechanical stress, we performed the first transcriptomic analysis of avian MAV tissues using the Downy Woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens) and Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) as the comparison species. Our findings reveal divergences in gene expression profiles related to immune response, cellular stress management, and protein translation machinery. The male woodpeckers exhibit a tailored immune modulation strategy that potentially dampens neuroinflammation while preserving protective immunity. Overrepresented genes involved in cellular stress responses suggest enhanced mechanisms for mitigating damage and promoting repair. Additionally, the enrichment of translation-associated pathways hints at increased capacity for protein turnover and cellular remodeling vital for recovery. Our study not only fills a critical gap in avian neurobiology but also lays the groundwork for research in comparative neuroprotection.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142395017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating mechanoreceptor variability and morphometric proxies in Rhesus Macaques: Implications for primate precision touch studies.","authors":"Brandon Vera Covarrubias, Jordan M Kamminga, M N Muchlinski, R A Munds, V Villero Núñez, S Bauman Surratt, M I Martinez, M J Montague, J P Higham, A D Melin, C C Veilleux","doi":"10.1002/ar.25587","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The origin of primates has long been associated with an increased emphasis on manual grasping and touch. Precision touch, facilitated by specialized mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin, provides critical sensory feedback for grasping-related tasks and perception of ecologically-relevant stimuli. Despite its importance, studies of mechanoreceptors in primate hands are limited, in part due to challenges of sample availability and histological methods. Dermatoglyphs have been proposed as alternative proxies of mechanoreceptor density. We investigated the relationships between mechanoreceptors (Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles), dermatoglyphs, and demography in the apical finger pads of 15 juvenile to adult rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from a free-ranging population at Cayo Santiago Primate Field Station (Puerto Rico). Our results indicate substantial interindividual variation in mechanoreceptor density (Meissner corpuscles: 11.9-43.3 corpuscles/mm²; Pacinian corpuscles: 0-4.5 corpuscles/mm²). While sex and digit were generally not associated with variation, there was strong evidence of a developmental effect. Specifically, apical pad length, Meissner corpuscle size, and Pacinian corpuscle depth increased while mechanoreceptor densities decreased throughout juvenescence, suggesting that primate mechanoreceptors change as fingers grow during adolescence and then stabilize at physical maturity. We also found Meissner corpuscle density was significantly associated with dermatoglyph ridge width and spacing, such that density predicted by a dermatoglyph model was strongly correlated with observed values. Dermatoglyphs thus offer a useful proxy of relative Meissner corpuscle density in primates, which opens exciting avenues of noninvasive research. Finally, our results underscore the importance of considering demographic factors and methodology in comparative studies of primate touch.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11968448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertebral morphology and intracolumnar variation of the iconic African viperid snake Atheris (Serpentes, Viperidae)","authors":"Kacper Węgrzyn,&nbsp;Olivier S. G. Pauwels,&nbsp;Jonathan Brecko,&nbsp;Georgios L. Georgalis","doi":"10.1002/ar.25579","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25579","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We here provide a detailed description of the vertebral morphology of the African arboreal viperid snakes of the genus <i>Atheris</i>. Vertebrae of three different species of the genus, i.e., <i>Atheris desaixi</i>, <i>Atheris hispida</i>, and <i>Atheris katangensis</i>, were investigated via the aid of μCT (micro-computed tomography) scanning. We describe several vertebrae from different regions of the vertebral column for all three species, starting from the atlas-axis complex to the caudal tip, in order to demonstrate important differences regarding the intracolumnar variation. Comparison of these three species shows an overall similar general morphology of the trunk vertebrae among the <i>Atheris</i> species. We extensively compare <i>Atheris</i> with other known viperids. As the sole arboreal genus of Viperinae the prehensile nature of the tail of <i>Atheris</i> is reflected in its caudal vertebral morphology, which is characterized by a high number of caudal vertebrae but also robust and anteroventrally oriented pleurapophyses as a skeletal adaptation, linked with the myology of the tail, to an arboreal lifestyle. We anticipate that the extensive figuring of these viperid specimens will also aid identifications in paleontology.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 8","pages":"2076-2112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142367326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary divergence of facial muscle physiology between domestic dogs and wolves","authors":"Anne M. Burrows,&nbsp;Leo W. Smith,&nbsp;Sarah E. Downing,&nbsp;K. Madisen Omstead,&nbsp;Timothy D. Smith","doi":"10.1002/ar.25580","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25580","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Domestic dogs (<i>Canis familiaris</i>) are descended from gray wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>) populations that inhabited Western Europe and Siberia. The specific timing of dog domestication is debated, but archeological and genetic evidence suggest that it was a multi-phase process that began at least 15,000 years ago. There are many morphological differences between dogs and wolves, including marked divergence in facial muscle morphology, but we know little about the comparative physiology of these muscles. A better understanding of comparative facial muscle physiology between domestic dogs and gray wolves would improve our conceptual framework for the processual mechanisms in dog domestication. To address these issues, we assessed the myosin profiles (type I and type II) from the zygomaticus and orbicularis oris muscles of 6 domestic dogs and 4 gray wolves. Due to small sample sizes, statistical analyses were not done. Results reveal that sampled domestic dogs have almost 100% fast-twitch (type II) muscle fibers while gray wolves have less than 50%, meaning that dog faces can contract fast while wolf faces are able to sustain facial muscle contraction. Sample sizes are limited but the present study indicates that dog domestication is associated with not only a change in facial muscle morphology but a concomitant change in how these muscles function physiologically. Selective pressures in the development of communication between dogs and humans using facial expression may have influenced this evolutionary divergence, but the paedomorphic retention of barking in adult dogs may have also played a role.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 5","pages":"1369-1377"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25580","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142367325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palaeohistology of Macrospondylus bollensis (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia: Teleosauroidea) from the Posidonienschiefer Formation (Toarcian) of Germany, with insights into life history and ecology","authors":"Michela M. Johnson,&nbsp;Torsten M. Scheyer,&nbsp;Aurore Canoville,&nbsp;Erin E. Maxwell","doi":"10.1002/ar.25577","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25577","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Posidonienschiefer Formation of southern Germany has yielded an array of incredible fossil vertebrates. One of the best represented clades therein is Teleosauroidea, a successful thalattosuchian crocodylomorph group that dominated the coastlines. The most abundant teleosauroid, <i>Macrospondylus bollensis</i>, is known from a wide range of body sizes, making it an ideal taxon for histological and ontogenetic investigations. Previous studies examining thalattosuchian histology provide a basic understanding of bone microstructure in teleosauroids, but lack the taxonomic, stratigraphic, and ontogenetic control required to understand growth and palaeobiology within a species. Here, we examine the bone microstructure of three femora and one tibia from three different-sized <i>M. bollensis</i> individuals. We also perform bone compactness analyses to evaluate for ontogenetic and ecological variation. Our results suggests that (1) the smallest specimen was a young, skeletally immature individual with well-vascularized-parallel-fibered bone and limited remodeling in the midshaft periosteal cortex; (2) the intermediate specimen was skeletally immature at death, with vascularized parallel-fibered bone tissue interrupted by at least 10 LAGs, but no clear external fundamental system (EFS), and rather extensive inner cortical bone remodeling; and (3) the largest specimen was skeletally mature, with parallel-fibered bone tissue interrupted by numerous LAGs, a well-developed EFS, and extensive remodeling in the deep cortex. <i>Macrospondylus bollensis</i> grew relatively regularly until reaching adult size, and global bone compactness values fall within the range reported for modern crocodylians. The lifestyle inference models used suggest that <i>M. bollensis</i> was well adapted for an aquatic environment but also retained some ability to move on land. Finally, both larger specimens display a peculiar, localized area of disorganized bone tissue interpreted as pathological.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 2","pages":"342-368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and morphology of serotonin transporter-immunoreactive type I cells in the rat carotid body","authors":"Takuya Yokoyama,&nbsp;Sayed Sharif Abdali,&nbsp;Nobuaki Nakamuta,&nbsp;Yoshio Yamamoto","doi":"10.1002/ar.25575","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25575","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study reexamined the immunolocalization of membranous serotonin transporter (SERT) in the rat carotid body, and demonstrated SERT-immunoreactive cells of unreported morphology. SERT was immunohistochemically localized in a very small population of cell clusters or single type I cells (2.8%) immunoreactive for synaptophysin, the marker of these cells. Intense SERT immunoreactivity outlined the perinuclear cytoplasm and multiple cytoplasmic processes of type I cells. Of SERT-immunoreactive type I cells, 14.6% and 32.6% were immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase, respectively, while 75.9% were immunoreactive for serotonin (5-HT). 5-HT-immunoreactive products were localized in cell bodies rather than cytoplasmic processes. SERT-immunoreactive type I cells were composed of an oval cell body with multiple threads and spherical or elongated cytoplasmic processes. Clusters or single SERT-immunoreactive type I cells were localized between or attached to other TH-immunoreactive type I cells by cell bodies or variform cytoplasmic processes. SERT-immunoreactive type I cells mainly contained bassoon-immunoreactive products in their cell bodies rather than their variform cytoplasmic processes. These results demonstrated the characteristic morphology of SERT-immunoreactive type I cells, which extend multiple cytoplasmic processes with variform terminal parts. Their morphology might be suitable for uptake of 5-HT to control the serotonergic modulation in the carotid body.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 5","pages":"1504-1516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skeletal labyrinth morphology of four species of living elasmobranchs","authors":"Jordyn Neal,&nbsp;Samantha Rodrigues,&nbsp;John S. S. Denton,&nbsp;Allison Bronson","doi":"10.1002/ar.25582","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25582","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite detailed descriptions of cranial anatomy in representatives of most major chondrichthyan groups, the inner ear has been described infrequently and most often from the soft tissue of the membranous labyrinth. However, skeletal labyrinth morphology has been linked with ecology in several groups of vertebrates, and shark skeletal labyrinths bear several specializations for detecting low frequency sounds. Without description of these structures across a broad sample of taxa, future exploration of the ecomorphology of ear shape is not possible. We used high-resolution CT scanning to generate three-dimensional models of the endocranial anatomy in four elasmobranchs: the Nurse Shark (<i>Ginglymostoma cirratum</i>), the Japanese Tope Shark (<i>Hemitriakis japanica</i>), the Horn Shark (<i>Heterodontus francisci</i>), and the Zebra Shark (<i>Stegostoma tigrinum</i>). Major differences are apparent between the skeletal labyrinths of these taxa, which might be ascribed to either phylogenetic history or lifestyle. In particular, the size of the skeletal labyrinth relative to the cranium dramatically differs among these chondrichthyans, as does the diameter and angle of the semicircular canals and the size of the canals relative to the vestibule. Based on the separation of the anterior and posterior semicircular canals, and the lack thereof in <i>S</i>. <i>tigrinum</i>, the degree of specialization for low frequency sound detection may also vary.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 5","pages":"1319-1330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skink systematics inside out: Comparative cranial osteology of the New World Mabuyinae","authors":"Julio C. Ferreira-Junior,&nbsp;Davor Vrcibradic,&nbsp;Paulo Passos","doi":"10.1002/ar.25572","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25572","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Mabuyinae subfamily exhibits remarkable diversity, encompassing 26 genera and 236 currently recognized species. Traditionally, the entire range of the group was attributed to the single genus <i>Mabuya</i>, which had a wide distribution along tropical regions of the Planet. In recent studies, phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular data have identified four major groups, which have been further divided into geographically distinct clades. At least two phylogenetically distinct lineages of Mabuyinae are distributed in the Neotropical Region: <i>Trachylepis atlantica</i> and the remaining 16 genera within the Mabuyinae clade from the mainland and the Caribbean islands. Our understanding of Mabuyinae osteology is still quite limited, particularly concerning interspecific variation. This lack of information hinders our ability to make strong contributions to the phylogenetic relationships within this group or even to confirm the existence of certain new taxa considering their relatively conserved external morphology. This work provides a comprehensive anatomical reference for the adult skull of Neotropical Mabuyinae lizards, highlighting osteological features that might be useful for delimiting each genus. This descriptive guide includes illustrations and employs multiple techniques, such as dry preparation, clearing and staining, and high-resolution computerized microtomography. Our results provide additional diagnostic characteristics that include specific cranial bone arrangements, dental patterns, and cranial adaptations, such as dorsoventral head flattening, and their functional implications for bite force and cranial biomechanics. This study reinforces the importance of cranial morphology in understanding the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trajectories of New World Mabuyinae lizards, advocating for broader morphological sampling to enrich our understanding of these diverse reptiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 8","pages":"2043-2075"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"There are no deciduous molars: A comment on human molariform dental terminology","authors":"Josivaldo Bezerra Soares,&nbsp;Elayne Cristina de Oliveira Ribeiro,&nbsp;José Jailson Costa Do Nascimento,&nbsp;Eulâmpio José Da Silva Neto","doi":"10.1002/ar.25581","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25581","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 5","pages":"1529-1535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}