Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology最新文献

{"title":"The morphology of the oval window in Paranthropus robustus compared to humans and other modern primates.","authors":"Ruy Fernandez, José Braga","doi":"10.1002/ar.25644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The oval window (OW) is an opening connecting the inner and middle ear. Its area has been shown to consistently scale with body mass (BM) in primates, and has been used alongside semi-circular canal (SCC) size to differentiate Homo sapiens and fossil hominins, including Paranthropus robustus. However, while the morphology of other inner ear elements, such as cochlea and SCCs, has been extensively studied in primates, OW shape has received little attention. In this study, we assess OW morphological variability in extant primates, and compare P. robustus to extant hominids. The potential of OW size to predict BM is also assessed. For this, measurements were performed on 3D scans from extant primate species and of P. robustus from the sites of Kromdraai, Swartkrans, and Drimolen. Size was assessed using perimeter (OWP), area (OWA), and centroid size (OWCS). Shape was assessed using geometric morphometric methods. The OW has no sexual dimorphism; there is no size difference between juveniles and adults, but there is a slight shape difference between human juveniles and adults, with a seemingly opposite ontogenetic trajectory compared to other primates. P. robustus has an intermediary OW shape between apes and humans, with more ape-like specimens from Kromdraai and more human-like ones from Drimolen. Overall, OW morphology discriminates primate species well enough, especially H. sapiens. BM is well explained by OWA, but OWA is not reliable as a BM proxy due to high prediction errors. Nonetheless, the OWA of P. robustus suggests a BM close to that of a chimpanzee.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foot arch height, arch stiffness, and intrinsic muscle size are not strongly associated with daily physical activity levels in a cross-sectional study of adults in the United States.","authors":"Chloé Lauer, Nicholas B Holowka, Steven Worthington, Thomas S Kraft, Ian J Wallace","doi":"10.1002/ar.25639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The feet of people in non-industrial societies often have higher, stiffer longitudinal arches (LAs) and larger intrinsic muscles than those of many people in post-industrial societies. The prevailing explanation for this phenomenon is that people in post-industrial societies commonly wear shoes that restrict foot mobility, while people in non-industrial societies are often habitually barefoot or minimally shod. However, people in post-industrial societies also tend to be less physically active than in non-industrial societies, and it is possible that this, too, is a major determinant of their foot form and function. Here, we test the hypothesis that among people in post-industrial societies, lower physical activity levels are associated with lower, less stiff LAs and smaller intrinsic muscles. In a cross-sectional analysis of 40 adults in the United States, none of whom were habitually barefoot or minimally shod, we measured daily physical activity using accelerometry, LA height and static stiffness using photography, LA dynamic stiffness using kinematic and kinetic data, and intrinsic muscle size using ultrasound. Using Bayesian models, we found very low probabilities of positive associations between physical activity (step count, time spent in moderate-to-vigorous activity) and LA height, LA static stiffness, and muscle size. For LA dynamic stiffness, we found small to moderate probabilities of positive associations with physical activity variables. These findings suggest that physical activity is unlikely a major determinant of variation in LA and intrinsic muscle form and function among post-industrial societies. It remains possible that physical activity affects LA and intrinsic muscle traits, but perhaps primarily among people who are habitually barefoot or minimally shod.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability of jaw muscles in Tunisian street dogs and adaptation to skull shape.","authors":"Colline Brassard, Lobna Wertani, Anthony Herrel, Hassen Jerbi","doi":"10.1002/ar.25638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of artificial selection on the masticatory apparatus of dogs has been poorly studied, and comparative data with dogs subjected to more natural constraints are lacking. This study explores the jaw musculature of Tunisian street dogs, which are largely free from the influence of breed-specific selection. The masticatory muscles (digastric, masseter, temporalis, and pterygoid) of 27 adult dogs were dissected and muscle mass and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) were quantified, providing a baseline for comparisons between dogs from more natural versus more controlled environments. Our findings reveal that the morphology of the jaw adductor muscles is remarkably conserved among dogs, despite significant variation in skull shape. Additionally, all masticatory muscles scale isometrically with body mass. Notably, females exhibit functional adaptations that optimize muscle strength, particularly in the temporalis muscle, despite showing smaller overall muscle volumes compared to males. This could be linked to differences in predation, competition for food, or factors related to sexual behavior. Preliminary evidence suggests that captivity may limit the development of muscle mass and PCSA in the temporalis muscle, likely due to changes in lifestyle and diet. Significant relationships were also observed between skull shape and muscle data, particularly in the mandible, indicating that skull variability reflects jaw adductor muscle anatomy to some degree. This study enhances our understanding of jaw muscle morphology and function in feral dog populations and offers insights into the adaptation of the masticatory apparatus in dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143450898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the inference of red blood cell size from fossils.","authors":"Ion Udroiu","doi":"10.1002/ar.25645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25645","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143416178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary sulci formation in human cerebral cortex development.","authors":"Miyu Kumagai, Toru Kanahashi, Jun Matsubayashi, Hirohiko Imai, Hiroki Otani, Tetsuya Takakuwa","doi":"10.1002/ar.25637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We aimed to determine the timing of appearance and the morphologic and morphometric features of the initial human cerebral sulcal formation. Using high-resolution magnetic resonance images obtained from 33 samples between 11 and 16 weeks (w) of gestation (crown-rump length <130 mm), the cerebral surface and internal structures on serial two-dimensional planes and all possible sulci on three-dimensional reconstructions were marked, allowing comparison of the positions of the sulci in the samples and inter-samples. Our method provided accurate conclusions regarding the timing of sulcal formation. Detection timing was as early as and earlier than those in previous studies using anatomical dissection and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively: <12 w for the callosum, <13 w for the hippocampal, calcarine, and parieto-occipital sulci, and < 15 w for the lateral sulcus. Occasionally, an olfactory sulcus was detected. However, the cingulate sulcus could not be definitely identified. The lateral sulcus gradually appeared and changed shape. The lengths of the left and right sides of the olfactory sulci and the left side of the hippocampal sulcus increased linearly with the CRL. The length of the right side of the hippocampal sulcus and the left and right sides of the calcarine, parieto-occipital, and not determined_a sulci did not increase with the CRL The depth of the all sulci, except for the parieto-occipital sulci, increased linearly with the CRL. The sulci might not arise as if they elongate gradually but arise simultaneously over some distance. We determined the timing of the initial sulcal formation using high-resolution MRI. Our findings may significantly impact prenatal diagnosis and research on neurodevelopmental disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143400675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive cycles of the arboreal and viviparous snake Corallus hortulana (Serpentes, Boidae) from the Brazilian Amazon.","authors":"Karina M P Silva, Lígia Pizzatto, Luciana Frazão, Selma M Almeida-Santos, Maria Ermelinda Oliveira","doi":"10.1002/ar.25634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the reproduction of some Boidae snakes has been studied through the macroscopic anatomy of the gonads, without microscopic morphology, there is little precision in describing reproductive cycles, especially for males. The relationship between the reproductive cycle-gametogenesis and reproductive seasonality throughout the year-has yet to be detailed for many Boidae species. We present macroscopic and histological data on the reproductive tracts of both male and viviparous female Corallus hortulana (Linnaeus 1758) (Amazon Tree Boa) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. Males present spermiogenesis and spermiation mainly during January and June (wet season to beginning-dry season). Contrary to common assumption, we speculate that sperm production in C. hortulana, even in the tropical Amazon, is likely energetically demanding, influenced by rainfall, given that testicular involution occurred between May and November (most of the driest months of the year). Females present ovarian follicles in processes of vitellogenesis from December to August (wet season and part of the dry season). However, newborns are found in the wild mainly in the wet season, characterizing the cycle of female C. hortulana as seasonal. Unprecedentedly, we present the first microscopic description of the pouch and non-glandular uterus in a Boidae species. The cells that compose the epithelial tissue of the non-glandular uterus have been suggested for maintaining and supporting spermatozoa (sperm storage) in snakes, but we found no evidence that sperm storage occurs in this portion of the oviduct in C. hortulana. This study not only improves our understanding of reproductive biology in a boid, but because several aspects of reproductive cycles are conservative in the family (e.g., season of birth of newborn snakes), it aids in the development of effective conservation policies for endangered species such as Corallus cropanii, the rarest Boidae in the Americas.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143400680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The aging human larynx, presbyphonia, and voice quality: The evolutionary and social effects on listeners.","authors":"Benjamin M Laitman, Jeffrey T Laitman","doi":"10.1002/ar.25632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human voice is a major signal transmission modality for our species. Accordingly, perception of its quality serves as an intraspecific window into the status of an individual's health, robusticity, and even stature in the group. Diminished quality-as may occur in aging or certain diseases-is a major feature in the lessening of an individual's communication modality. Here, we review the underlying anatomy and function that comprise the voice producing elements-the vocal tract sensu lato-from the lungs through the larynx and supralaryngeal modifying elements. Aspects of the aging larynx and constituent elements such as the vocal folds (\"true vocal cords\") and intrinsic laryngeal joints, are discussed within the context of how their aging or disease degradation may affect an individual's speech and concomitant perception and interpretation by listeners. The aging voice is considered within the context of the overall effects of aging sensory systems in both humans and other mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is cranial anatomy indicative of fossoriality? A case study of the mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui.","authors":"Molly Tumelty, Stephan Lautenschlager","doi":"10.1002/ar.25630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Determining the ecology of fossil species presents considerable challenges due to the often fragmentary preservation of specimens. The mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui from the Jurassic of China is known only from the cranium and mandible but may have had a fossorial lifestyle. It shares morphological similarities with talpid moles and soricid shrews and is closely related to other fossorial mammaliaforms. However, the lack of postcranial elements has so far precluded a definitive assessment regarding its fossorial behavior. Using a combination of geometric morphometric analysis of the lower mandible and finite element analyses of the cranium, comparisons between H. wui and extant groups are made. H. wui resembles talpid moles more closely than shrews in mandible shape. However, there are more similarities between H. wui and semi-fossorial/semi-aquatic moles than fully fossorial moles. The skull of H. wui is particularly weak in every tested biomechanical scenario when compared to the related mammaliaform Morganucodon oehleri and talpid moles. This weakness is potentially a result of the reduction in thickness of the zygomatic arch. In contrast, the shrew crania show similar stress magnitudes and distribution. These results imply that H. wui was not fully fossorial and fed on a diet of softer invertebrates. Skull morphology may therefore not be sufficient to infer fossoriality in forelimb-digging species.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of ectochondral bone and the role of membranes in shaping endochondral bones of the skull.","authors":"Valerie B DeLeon, Timothy D Smith","doi":"10.1002/ar.25614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bones of the skull are traditionally categorized as derived from either endochondral or intramembranous bone. In our previous work, we have observed the interaction of different tissue types in growth of the skull. We find the dichotomy of intramembranous and endochondral bone to be too restrictive, limiting our interpretation of sources of biological variation. Here, we advocate for the use of the term ectochondral bone to describe bone that originates from an endochondral model but is directed in its subsequent growth by membranes and other fascial attachments. Growth of the alisphenoid and orbitosphenoid are described as two examples of ectochondral bone, influenced in their shape primarily by the surrounding soft tissues. Ectochondral bone may be an ideal mechanism for rapidly evolving new phenotypes. Instead of evolving novelties by altering morphology of the cartilage template, novel features may be formed by ectochondral ossification, a more direct and rapid mode of osteogenesis than that of the cartilage template.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nothing “pseudo” about the Pseudosuchia—members of this extraordinary clade thunder again into the pages of The Anatomical Record","authors":"Jeffrey T. Laitman,&nbsp;Heather F. Smith","doi":"10.1002/ar.25615","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25615","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Some animal groups have the right to ask the press for a do-over: “killer” whales, while clearly not vegans, are family-oriented giants who show caring and compassion; guinea “pigs,” while a bit pudgy in appearance, are rodents and in no evolutionary way cousins of pigs; likewise, prairie “dogs” are not related to a human's best friend and are rather cousins of New York City's formidable sewer rats; and the only flying “foxes” are probably the poor critters that were scared to death being hunted by hordes of English nobles, with such animals actually being fruit bats of the order Chiroptera. And, Pseudosuchia is also disrespectfully named, damning a host of varied reptiles to be labeled as some sort of “less than” or “false” relatives of crocodiles when they are not.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;First off, a disclaimer: the authors of this editorial were weaned in the study of primates, that is, humans and our kin, monkeys, apes, and all historical relatives. Studying their history is, truthfully, not that difficult. Basically, everything revolves around us and who is most like us. Direct human-like relatives started to come about likely during the Miocene epoch, some 8–10 mya, and all of our primate-like relatives came creeping out from under tree stumps when the non-avian dinosaurs died out and mammals took over around 65 mya in the late Cretaceous. Easy stuff, really.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now, when it gets to who's who in the world of reptiles and their relatives—that is another story, and one you really have to be “in-the-know” to really know. Reptiles and the varied cousins began their path sometime in the remarkable Triassic period of the Mesozoic era that started some 251 million years ago (mya) at the end of the Permian Period of the Paleozoic Era (for a glimpse into the extraordinary diversity of life forms in the Triassic see the recent &lt;i&gt;Anatomical Record&lt;/i&gt; Special Issue, “The Dawn of an Era: New Contributions on Comparative and Functional Anatomy of Triassic Tetrapods,” Pinheiro, Pretto, Kerber, &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;; Laitman &amp; Smith, &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;). The term “Pseudosuchia” was created by German paleontologist Karl Alfred von Zittel in 1887–1890 (see Von Zittel, &lt;span&gt;1901&lt;/span&gt;) and used to identify a grouping of somewhat, or superficially, “crocodile-like” (&lt;i&gt;pseudos&lt;/i&gt; meaning false, &lt;i&gt;souchos&lt;/i&gt; meaning crocodile in ancient Greek) prehistoric Triassic reptiles of the clade Archosauria. The term Pseudosuchia was used to differentiate these superficially “crocodile-like” archosaurs from the more “bird-like” archosaurs often referred to as Avemetatarsalia. Over the years since the clade was anointed, numerous changes have occurred in fossil reptilian taxonomy and phylogeny. Groups have crept in and swam out; indeed, today, true crocodilians are frequently defined as a subset of Pseudosuchia (for a detailed dining experience on all things crocodilian, see the recent &lt;i&gt;Anatomical Record&lt;/i&gt; Special Issue, The Age of Crocodilians and their kin: Their Anatomy","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 2","pages":"235-237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}