Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology最新文献

{"title":"The relationship between form and function of the carnivore mandible","authors":"Charles J. Salcido,&nbsp;P. David Polly","doi":"10.1002/ar.25678","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25678","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dietary morphology diversified extensively in Carnivoraformes (living Carnivora and their stem relatives) during the Cenozoic (the last 66 million years) as they evolved to capture, handle, and process new animal and plant diets. We used 3D geometric morphometrics, mechanical advantage, and finite element analysis to test the evolutionary relationship between mandibular form and biomechanical function as subclades independently made the transition from mesocarnivorous diets (50%–70% animal matter) to hypercarnivorous (&gt;70% animal matter) and osteophagous ones (substantial bone processing). We found that mandible shape is correlated with these dietary categories, with mechanical advantage estimates, and with stress and strain caused by the interaction between canine loading and the position of the temporalis relative to the carnassial. The separation of dietary categories is likely related to differences in mandible shape regarding condyle shape, muscle attachment shape, carnassial length, and the length and curvature of the horizontal ramus. This is in turn related to mechanical advantage estimates as the most strongly associated are related to the lengthening of the temporalis lever arm and the shortening of the mandible and the bite point lever arm. The stress and strain differences are likely related to the variation in the distal (or rostral) part of the mandible associated with prey of different sizes (mesocarnivores usually take prey smaller than their own body size, whereas hypercarnivores take prey equal to or larger than themselves). Mesocarnivorous taxa, on average, have higher stress and strain on the mandible than the other diet groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 9","pages":"2487-2506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25678","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth patterns of theoretical bite force and jaw musculature in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)","authors":"Chris J. Law","doi":"10.1002/ar.25665","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25665","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The transition from milk to solid food requires drastic changes in the morphology of the feeding apparatus and its performance. As durophagous mammals, southern sea otters exhibit significant ontogenetic changes in cranial and mandibular morphology to presumably enable them to feed on a variety of hard-shelled invertebrate prey. Juvenile sea otters begin feeding independently by 6–8 months of age, but how quickly they reach sufficient maturity in biting performance remains unknown. Here, I found that the theoretical bite force of southern sea otters does not reach full maturation until during the adult stage at 3.6 and 5.0 years of age in females and males, respectively. The slow maturation of biting performance can be directly attributed to the slow growth and development of the cranium and the primary jaw adductor muscle (i.e., the temporalis) and may ultimately impact the survival of newly weaned juveniles by limiting their ability to process certain hard-shelled prey. Alternative foraging behaviors such as tool use, however, may mitigate the disadvantages of delayed maturation of biting performance. In analyses of sexual dimorphism, I found that female otters reached bite force maturation earlier, whereas male otters exhibit initial rapid growth in bite force—to quickly reach sufficient biting performance needed to process prey early in life—followed by a slower growth phase toward bite force maturation that coincides with sexual maturity. This biphasic growth in bite force suggests that male-to-male competition for resources and mates exhibits strong selection in the growth and development of skull form and function in male otters. Overall, this study demonstrates how the analysis of anatomical data can provide insight on the foraging ecologies and life histories of sea otters across ontogeny.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 9","pages":"2331-2345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative assessment of masticatory muscles based on skull muscle attachment areas in Carnivora","authors":"Kai Ito,&nbsp;Mugino O. Kubo,&nbsp;Ryo Kodera,&nbsp;Sei-ichiro Takeda,&nbsp;Hideki Endo","doi":"10.1002/ar.25599","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25599","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Masticatory muscles are composed of the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles in mammals. Each muscle has a different origin on the skull and insertion on the mandible; thus, all masticatory muscles contract in different directions. Collecting in vivo data and directly measuring the masticatory muscles anatomically in various Carnivora species is practically problematic. This is because some carnivorans can be ferocious, rare, or even extinct. Consequently, the most practical method to collect data on the force generated by the masticatory muscle is to estimate the force based on skulls. The physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of each masticatory muscle, which correlates to the maximum force that can be produced by a muscle, was quantified. Using computed tomography, we defined the three-dimensional measurement area for 32 carnivoran species based on the origin and insertion of masticatory muscles specified by observable crests, ridges, and scars. Subsequent allometric analysis relating the measurement area on skull surface to the PCSA for each masticatory muscle measured in fresh specimens revealed a strong correlation between the two variables. This finding indicates that within Carnivora, an estimation of absolute masticatory muscle PCSA can be derived from measurements area on skull surface. This method allows for the use of cranial specimens, housed in museums and research institutions, that lack preserved masticatory muscles in quantitative studies involving masticatory muscle PCSA. This approach facilitates comprehensive discussions on the masticatory muscle morphology of Carnivora, including rare and extinct species.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 9","pages":"2368-2394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tooth eruption status and bite force determine dental microwear texture gradients in albino rats (Rattus norvegicus forma domestica)","authors":"Daniela E. Winkler,&nbsp;Isabelle Bernetière,&nbsp;Christine Böhmer","doi":"10.1002/ar.25595","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25595","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) is widely applied for inferring diet in vertebrates. Besides diet and ingesta properties, factors like wear stage and bite force may affect microwear formation, potentially leading to tooth position-specific microwear patterns. We investigated DMTA consistency along the upper cheek tooth row in young adult female rats at different growth stages, but with erupted adult dentitions. Bite forces for each molar (M) position were determined using muscle cross-sectional areas and lever arm mechanics. Rats were categorized into three size classes based on increasing skull length. Maximum bite force increased with size, while across all size classes, M3 bite force was almost 1.4 times higher than M1 bite force. In size class 1, M1 and M2 showed higher values than M3 for DMTA complexity, height, and volume parameters, while in size class 3, M1 had the lowest values. Comparing the same tooth position between size classes revealed opposing trends: M1 and M2 showed, for most parameters, decreasing roughness and complexity from size class 1–3, while M3 displayed the opposite trend, with size class 1 showing lowest, and either size class 2 or 3 the highest roughness and complexity values. This suggests that as rats age and M3 fully occludes, it becomes more utilized during mastication. DMTA, being a short-term diet proxy, is influenced by eruption and occlusion status changes. Our findings emphasize the importance of bite force and ontogenetic stage when interpreting microwear patterns and advise to select teeth in full occlusion for diet reconstruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 9","pages":"2411-2423"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25595","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mandible composition and properties in two selected praying mantises (Insecta, Mantodea)","authors":"Malo Roze,&nbsp;Stanislav N. Gorb,&nbsp;Timo Zeimet,&nbsp;Wencke Krings","doi":"10.1002/ar.25602","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25602","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Insects process their food with their cuticle-based mouthparts. These feeding structures reflect their diversity and can, in some cases, showcase adaptations in material composition, mechanical properties, and shape to suit their specific dietary preferences. To pave the way to deeply understand the interaction between mouthparts and food and to determine potential adaptations of the structures to the food, this study focuses on the mandibles of two praying mantis species. <i>Gongylus gongylodes</i> feeds mainly on Diptera, and <i>Sphodromantis lineola</i> forages on larger prey. Employing scanning electron microscopy, the mandibular morphologies were analyzed. The degree of the cuticle tanning was tested using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, the contents of transition and alkaline earth metals in the mandible cuticle were studied using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and the mechanical properties tested by nanoindentation. We found that <i>S. lineola</i> mandibles show pronounced gradients of Young's modulus and hardness from the basis to the tip, which might be an adaptation against high stresses during biting and chewing. <i>G. gongylodes</i>, in contrast, did not show pronounced gradients, which may indicate that there is less stress involved in feeding—necessary to test in future studies. The mechanical properties of manidibles in both species are related to the degree of cuticle tanning but also positively correlate with the content of magnesium. These findings enrich our understanding of insect cuticle biology but also present new sets of data on praying mantis structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 9","pages":"2298-2314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25602","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142606856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A perspective from the Mesozoic: Evolutionary changes of the mammalian skull and their influence on feeding efficiency and high-frequency hearing","authors":"Julia A. Schultz","doi":"10.1002/ar.25652","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25652","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The complex evolutionary history behind modern mammalian chewing performance and hearing function is a result of several changes in the entire skeletomuscular system of the skull and lower jaw. Lately, exciting multifunctional 3D analytical methods and kinematic simulations of feeding functions in both modern and fossil mammals and their cynodont relatives approach this topic, giving fresh insights into the history of mammalian masticatory behaviors and their evolutionary trends. One crucial transformation in this context is the segregation of postdentary bones (becoming the mammalian middle ear) from the lower jaw, which is posited to have led to the important functional decoupling of the hearing and feeding systems. Evolution of the middle ear is regarded as the key transition that enhanced both mammalian chewing performance and hearing capacity. Three major functional parts undergo substantial evolutionary changes in this process that are anatomically linked to each other: the lower jaw and dentition, middle ear, and inner ear. Sound, transmitted via vibrations of the bony middle ear elements to the inner ear, is converted into movements of the endolymph fluid that shift hair cells of the organ of Corti, triggering neural stimuli perceived as hearing. Structural changes in one part of the system influence the function of the other two. In this review, I highlight recent advances in research focusing on the enhancement of both chewing performance and hearing ability in mammalian history to feature the mechanisms that led to the decoupling of the hearing system (i.e., middle and inner ear) from the feeding system.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 9","pages":"2315-2330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-vitro puncture experiment using alligator teeth tracks the formation of dental microwear and its association with hardness of the diet","authors":"K. Usami,&nbsp;M. O. Kubo","doi":"10.1002/ar.25659","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25659","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the development of dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA), there has been an increasing application of DMTA for dietary estimation in extant and fossil reptiles, including dinosaurs. While numerous feeding experiments exist for herbivorous mammals, knowledge remains limited for carnivorous reptiles. This study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the formation of dental microwear through repeated puncture of different types of food using isolated teeth from the American alligator (<i>Alligator mississippiensis</i>) in an in-vitro experiment. Eleven isolated teeth were mounted on a force gauge, and each tooth sample was repeatedly punctured 200 times into sardines (tooth sample size, <i>N</i> = 6) and crayfish (<i>N</i> = 5). The tooth surfaces were scanned using a confocal laser microscope before, during, and after the experiment to track changes in the tooth surface. Additionally, the maximum force during puncture was measured with the force gauge. Examination of surface roughness parameters before and after the experiment revealed a significant increase at the tooth apexes for both types of food. Furthermore, the trials with crayfish increased microwear depth and density more than the sardine trials. There was a significant positive correlation between the total force experienced by each tooth and the changes in surface roughness parameters in the crayfish trials, indicating that greater force results in more dental wear. The findings of this study are significant as they complement existing feeding experiments and comparative studies of wild species with different diets, and they demonstrate the effectiveness of experimental approaches in understanding the formation mechanisms of dental microwear.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 9","pages":"2424-2441"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25659","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144042539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in parrot jaw musculature","authors":"Ana Carolina L. Faillace,&nbsp;Arin Berger,&nbsp;Marcelo Ismar S. Santana,&nbsp;Adam Hartstone-Rose","doi":"10.1002/ar.25667","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25667","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Psittaciformes, the order encompassing parrots and their relatives, are highly diverse and generally known for having a strong beaks used for multiple behaviors. The muscles related to the masticatory apparatus should reflect this functional complexity; however, few studies have described the cranial myology across the order. Through original dissections, we describe and compare the masticatory musculoskeleton of 27 species—the most taxonomically diverse sample of psittaciformes to date. As in previous studies, we found osteological differences in the configuration of the suborbital arch, zygomatic process, and temporal fossa, and while most muscles are relatively similar across the order, there are notable exceptions found in the morphology of the <i>m. pseudomasseter</i>, <i>m. adductor mandibulae externus</i>, <i>pars rostralis</i>, and a <i>venter externus</i> portion of the <i>m. pterygoideus ventralis</i>, <i>pars lateralis</i>. Our findings reinforce the amazing anatomical diversity found within this group—data that can be incorporated into future studies of the biomechanics and diversification of this order. Further analysis should focus on (a) filling in more of the remarkable number of species across the order, especially uncommon and functionally interesting taxa unavailable in the present study, (b) examining dietary specialization to understand whether dietary adaptive signals are encoded within this anatomy, and (c) advancing to anatomical studies with other techniques such as DiceCT to visualize the relationship and biomechanics of these muscles in 3D space and be able to evaluate specimens relatively non-destructively, a priority for hard-to-dissect (e.g., small) taxa and (e.g., rare) specimens that collections wish to more fully preserve.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 9","pages":"2519-2533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25667","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative and functional anatomy of masticatory muscles and bite force in opossums (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae)","authors":"Juann A. F. H. Abreu,&nbsp;Diego Astúa","doi":"10.1002/ar.25675","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25675","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Opossums (Didelphidae) are American marsupials traditionally known for their generalized morphology and generalist feeding habits. They include a diversity of similar items in their diets, but the proportion of types of items consumed varies between taxa. Thus, feeding ecology shows varying degrees of omnivory or food preference that cannot be distinguished into strict dietary categories. With few exceptions, the anatomical and functional relationship between the masticatory muscles and variation in food resources used in opossums is unknown. Here we provide comparative descriptions of the jaw adductor muscle anatomy and architecture of nine Didelphidae genera. The muscles were dissected, weighed, and chemically digested for separation and measurement of the muscle fascicles. We estimated the potential physiological cross-sectional area (pPCSA) of the muscles and used 2D lever arm mechanics to calculate the potential bite force on the canine and first molar. We tested the allometric relationships of muscle variables and bite forces and the correlation of bite forces with diet and diet mechanical challenge (relative frequency of hard items). The adductor muscles were represented by the <i>m. temporalis</i> and <i>m. masseter</i>, with two layers (superficial and deep) each, and <i>m. pterygoideus medialis</i> across the sample. The <i>m. zygomaticomandibularis</i> was also identified in most genera, except for <i>Didelphis</i> and <i>Lutreolina</i>. Muscle anatomy is conserved but varies in the extent of the attachment areas, in part due to differences in skull morphology. The anatomical diversification and relationships between muscles corresponded to a generalized pattern in most genera, which proved to be efficient for adding different items to the diet. The mass, average fascicle length, and pPCSA of the adductor muscles scaled isometrically with size. Bite forces on the canine and first molar also scaled isometrically and were not correlated with diet or diet mechanical challenge. Therefore, the variation in quantitative myological data and bite force was consistent with size, and the increase in bite force supports dietary diversification associated with increased size in opossums.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 9","pages":"2346-2367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25675","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional morphology of the pharyngeal teeth of the ocean sunfish, Mola mola","authors":"Benjamin Flaum,&nbsp;Michael J. Blumer,&nbsp;Mason N. Dean,&nbsp;Laura J. Ekstrom","doi":"10.1002/ar.25531","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25531","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many fish use a set of pharyngeal jaws in their throat to aid in prey capture and processing, particularly of large or complex prey. In this study—combining dissection, CT scanning, histology, and performance testing—we demonstrate a novel use of pharyngeal teeth in the ocean sunfish (<i>Mola mola</i>), a species for which pharyngeal jaw anatomy had not been described. We show that sunfish possesses only dorsal pharyngeal jaws where, in contrast to their beaklike oral teeth, teeth are recurved spikes, arranged in three loosely connected rows. Fang-like pharyngeal teeth were tightly socketed in the skeletal tissue, with shorter, incompletely-formed teeth erupting between, suggesting tooth replacement. Trichrome staining revealed teeth anchored into their sockets via a combination of collagen bundles originating from the jaw connective tissue and mineralized trabeculae extending from the teeth bases. In resting position, teeth are nearly covered by soft tissue; however, manipulation of a straplike muscle, running transversely on the dorsal jaw face, everted teeth like a cat's claws. Adult sunfish suction feed almost exclusively on gelatinous prey (e.g., jellyfish) and have been observed to jet water during feeding and other activities; flume experiments simulating jetting behavior demonstrated adult teeth caught simulated gelatinous prey with 70%–100% success, with the teeth immobile in their sockets, even at 50x the jetting force, demonstrating high safety factor. We propose that sunfish pharyngeal teeth function as an efficient retention cage for mechanically challenging prey, a curious evolutionary convergence with the throat spikes of divergent taxa that employ spitting and jetting.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 9","pages":"2286-2297"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25531","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142001268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}