{"title":"Abstracts from the 2025 International Symposium on Morphological Sciences","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ar.70037","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 S1","pages":"S2-S142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.70037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Anatomical Record sinks its teeth into the world of sabertooths in a new special issue","authors":"Jeffrey T. Laitman, Heather F. Smith","doi":"10.1002/ar.70052","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Next to paying taxes, having in-laws move next door, or, for academics, getting a call saying “the Dean wants to see you,” having to go to the dentist is up there with most hated activities. Many of us can still hear in our mind's ear the buzzing sounds of those horrid drills for days after our painful visits to those chairs of pain. No matter how many tanks with cute angel fish, pictures of Greek beaches, or attempts at soothing music, nothing makes a dentist visit, and their (seemingly gleeful) assault on our teeth, bearable. These encounters are for many of us the modern equivalent of the medieval torture of being put on the rack. With apologies to dentists, most of the world really hates teeth!</p><p>With the possible exception, that is, of paleontologists and evolutionary biologists. Many of that ilk are as inseparably glued to teeth as accountants are to tax time. For them, every nook and cranny, every related feature of bite force, the nature of masticatory biomechanics and muscle function, or the influence of tooth shape on skull shape, and how all this fits into the evolutionary cosmos, is their perpetual candy store of insatiable delicatibles. While it is hard to pinpoint when the systematic study of teeth began—our ancestors probably first gained interest when one was hit in the mouth with a rock in the Pliocene of Africa and noticed things falling out—much can be traced to the work by the great Richard Owen in <i>Odontography: or, A Treatise on the Comparative Anatomy of the Teeth</i> (<span>1840</span>–1845; see also Turp, Brace, and Alt, <span>1997</span>). Ever since, it has been an ongoing smorgasbord for any and all fascinated by those enamel-wrapped packages lodged in the mouth (for a glimpse into this world, particularly as it realtes to mammalian and human diet and evolution, see the overview by Ungar (<span>2017</span>)—a brilliant anthropologist from New York City who gave up biting into Pastrami sandwiches for the delicacies of Arkansas!)</p><p>While toothophiles find any shard of enamel from our past a possible story, there are some animals that set their collective mouths watering. Indeed, what could be more fascinating to them than examing one of the most curious, complicated, and extraordinary groups to ever show their toothy grins: sabertooths? This group can be seen as the “Holy Grail” for those who seek to explore many facets of the comparative biology of teeth, from internal structure, to masticatory forces and effects on the skull, to societal communication among and between groups, to how this morphology appeared and re-appeared evolutionarily. And this leads us to this month's special, Special Issue: “Long in the Tooth: New Insights into the Functional Morphology of Sabertooths.” The Special Issue has been Guest edited by three most interesting, and accomplished, comparative anatomists: Adam Hartstone-Rose of the Department of Biological Sciences of North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina; T","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 11","pages":"2821-2824"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145031582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Looking into Chinese fossils: Paleobiology, evolution, and biodiversity","authors":"He Chen, Tong Bao, Hong Pang","doi":"10.1002/ar.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 10","pages":"2529-2533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144985892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Paleobiology, evolution, and biodiversity of Chinese fossils in The Anatomical Record","authors":"Heather F. Smith, Jeffrey T. Laitman","doi":"10.1002/ar.70034","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For the past century, China has provided a wealth of exciting fossil discoveries (e.g., Dodson, <span>2025</span>). Starting with the initial discovery of dinosaurs and hominins in China in the 1920s, a plethora of findings quickly followed of early mammaliaforms, birds, sabretooth cats, Ice Age megafauna, and much more. In fact, China now has more described dinosaur genera than any other country.</p><p>In this Special Issue of <i>The Anatomical Record</i>, we celebrate the paleobiology, evolution, and biodiversity of the Chinese fossil record. The volume brings together a collection of papers on diverse taxa ranging from flying pterosaurs (Chen et al., <span>2025</span>; Wu et al., <span>2025</span>) to oversized primates (Pan et al., <span>2025</span>) to giant swamp otters (Adrian et al., <span>2025</span>) to tiny insects (Zhang et al., <span>2025</span>) to sabretooth cats (Jiangzuo et al., <span>2025</span>) to long-necked archosauromorphs (Wang et al., <span>2025</span>). The issue has been Guest Edited by three experts in the field of paleontology, Drs. He Chen, Tong Bao, and Hong Pang (Figure 1).</p><p>Dr. He Chen is an Associate Researcher at Sun Yat-sen University's School of Ecology, specializing in Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleoecology, with a particular interest in the evolution of Pterosaurs. Her team investigates the relationship between the environment and vertebrates through the study of coprolites and dental calculus (Chen et al., <span>2018</span>; Rummy et al., <span>2021</span>). She is one of the key members of a long-term international collaborative research team between China and Brazil focusing on pterosaurs (Chen et al., <span>2020</span>) and has discovered numerous new species of pterosaurs (Wang, Kellner, et al., <span>2023</span>; Wang, Zhang, et al., <span>2023</span>), including the renowned and rare <i>Hamipterus</i> (Wang et al., <span>2017</span>). In their ongoing research on <i>Hamipterus</i>, Dr. Chen's team conducted a preliminary analysis of its dental microstructure (Chen et al., <span>2025</span>) and emphasized the similarities and differences between the flight apparatus of pterosaurs and birds by studying the pectoral girdle of <i>Hamipterus</i> (Wu et al., <span>2025</span>). To clarify the poorly understood palatal region of pterosaurs, they employed advanced x-ray imaging techniques on various clades of pterosaur specimens (<i>Dsungaripterus</i>, <i>Kunpengopterus</i>, <i>Hongshanopterus</i>, and <i>Hamipterus</i>). They showed that advanced x-ray imaging techniques provide insights into pterosaur cranial anatomy and offer a fresh perspective for exploring the evolutionary history of these flying reptiles (Chen et al., <span>2024</span>).</p><p>Dr. Tong Bao is an Associate Professor at Sun Yat-sen University's School of Ecology, and he pioneers research on Mesozoic insect-plant coevolution using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and confocal laser microscopy. His team's landmark discovery of 100","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 10","pages":"2525-2528"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.70034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144802395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam Hartstone-Rose, Tahlia I. Pollock, Lars Werdelin
{"title":"Commentary: What's so interesting about sabertooths?","authors":"Adam Hartstone-Rose, Tahlia I. Pollock, Lars Werdelin","doi":"10.1002/ar.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sabertooth creatures are fascinating to the public and to scientists. This Special Issue on The Anatomy of Sabertooths starts with a discussion of what exactly a sabertooth is, continues with a couple of papers about other animals with extraordinarily long teeth, and then delves into analyses of fossil sabertoothed taxa—some of which are not traditionally thought of as sabertooths and some of which are, but may not fit into the functional paradigm that we most associate with the sabertooth suite of morphology. The issue concludes with several studies that closely examine the function of the sabers themselves and then a final paper on one of the enduring mysteries about sabertooth anatomy that has nothing to do with their teeth at all. We proudly present this issue that has been years in the making and represents the work of scholars from around the world, all career stages, and experts in methodologies from traditional to cutting-edge, unified in our desire to bring you new and interesting insights into these taxa that continue to spark the imagination of budding future paleontologists and emeritus colleagues alike.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 11","pages":"2825-2830"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144277965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"China shares fossil treasures with the world","authors":"Peter Dodson","doi":"10.1002/ar.25696","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25696","url":null,"abstract":"<p>China has been a rich source of fossils for nearly a century, beginning with the discovery of so-called Peking man (<i>Sinanthropus pekinensis</i>), known today as <i>Homo erectus pekinensis</i> in the mid 1920s. The first Chinese dinosaurs were described in 1929, the sauropod <i>Helopus</i> (now <i>Euhelopus</i>) and the ornithopod <i>Tanius,</i> described by the Swedish paleontologist Carl Wiman. Over the next six decades, further dinosaurs were described by Yang Zhongjian (C.C. Young) and his students Dong Zhi-Ming and Zhao Xijin, but remained poorly known in the West. A golden age of Chinese paleontology began as spectacular feathered dinosaurs were described from Lagerstätten in northeastern China beginning in 1996. Today, China has more genera of dinosaurs than any country on earth. In addition to dinosaurs and birds, China has among the oldest fossil vertebrates on earth with Cambrian fish such as <i>Haikouella</i> and <i>Myllokunmingia,</i> one of the first fossil flowers with Early Cretaceous <i>Archaefructus,</i> and a rich fauna of mammals, including Early Eocene <i>Archicebus,</i> one of the earliest known fossil primates. Fossil mammals range from a Jurassic beaver-tailed aquatic docodont, <i>Castorocauda,</i> to a Cretaceous gobiconodontid, <i>Repenomamus,</i> which had the nerve to munch on a baby dinosaur, to Ice Age elephants, woolly rhinoceros, horses, and saber-toothed cats. Surprising new fossils of all kinds will continue to be discovered in China for decades to come.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 10","pages":"2806-2812"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25696","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The anatomical record explores the remarkable interface of cartilage and the skull in a new Special Issue","authors":"Jeffrey T. Laitman, Heather F. Smith","doi":"10.1002/ar.25691","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25691","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Unlike people, not all body parts are equally important. We need our spleens, but can largely do without them. Portions of our intestines can be lost; parts of our liver, pancreas, thyroid, and lobes of our lungs are all needed, of course, but we can, more or less, survive while missing them. And while we have spares, an eye, ear, kidney, limb, tooth, or gonad (ouch!) can go. Even large parts of our heart can be grudgingly removed. But of all body parts, the one we can't be without, the pinnacle of all, is, well, our head! Data has shown that, for most humans, loss of the head significantly decreases the quality of life. Just ask (via a seance) Marie-Antoinette or some of Henry VIII's wives!</p><p>The scaffold for that remarkable and obviously essential region is the skull. Indeed, how this complex framework came to be evolutionarily and developmentally, and the meanderings that occur in disease and pathology, remain a topic of intense study. Many secrets to seminal patterns of animal form and function reside within the nooks and crannies that lie within. Indeed, few areas of human, comparative, evolutionary, and more recently, developmental, anatomy sensu lato, attract as much investigation as those exploring the skull.</p><p>Fascination with the skull probably first occurred when some Pliocene hominid ancestor hit some neighbor atop their head with a rock, heard a cracking sound, and stood fascinated by both the sound and oozing after-effects. In more recent, historical times, systematic exploration of the skull likely appeared with the Egyptians in preparation for mummification processes (see Elhadi et al., <span>2012</span>; Laitman, <span>2015</span>; Laitman & Albertine, <span>2015</span>; Lindsay et al., <span>2015</span>; Marquez et al., <span>2015</span>). Various anatomical explorers visited the skull in the ensuing centuries, each looking at differing aspects of the extraordinary container. Vesalius himself noted observations in cranial variation in his short chapter in the <i>Fabrica</i> itself (Vesalius, <span>1543</span>; see Hast & Garrison, <span>2000</span> for discussion) yet commented relatively little on internal structures and, interestingly, never portrayed structures such as the sinuses. Arguably, among the most intriguing of cranial “anatomists” was Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo had an unrelenting fascination with the skull, particularly the skull base, the cornerstone of this special issue (vide infra). Leonardo's fascination derived, interestingly, not from his desire to uncover the basic anatomy and structure of the cranial base, but to identify the <i>senso comune</i>, “the seat of the soul,” which was a hot topic in his time and argued to reside somewhere within the cranial domain. Leonardo, never a modest soul, believed he indeed found its location, identifying it to be by the anterior part of what we now call the hypophyseal fossa (we hope you gain new reverence for this structure!) Interestingly, once he “","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 7","pages":"1805-1808"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25691","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144130014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sharpening our understanding of saber-tooth biomechanics","authors":"Tahlia Pollock, Philip S. L. Anderson","doi":"10.1002/ar.25690","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25690","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Saber-teeth are a striking example of convergent evolution in vertebrate predators, having evolved multiple times in mammals and their early ancestors. While there is broad consensus that saber-toothed taxa employed a distinct biting strategy compared to conical-toothed carnivores, like the lion, the precise mechanics and variability of this bite remain debated. In this review, we integrate current knowledge of pointed tooth mechanics and puncture mechanics to explore predatory function, focusing on the canine shear-bite hypothesis. We quantify the key morphological characteristics of saber-teeth–elongation, slenderness, curvature, sharpness, and cross-sectional shape in a sample of saber-and conical-toothed taxa. Using the morphological diversity observed and insights from experimental studies, we examine the capacity of saber-teeth to perform the canine shear-bite, contrasting them with the clamp-and-hold bite of extant carnivores with conical canines. Our findings indicate that the morphological characteristics associated with extreme saber-tooth forms, as seen in <i>Smilodon</i>, suggest the prioritization of deeper puncture and slicing actions and limiting of lateral loads, favorable for a canine shear-bite. However, we also demonstrate that these morphological characteristics exist on a continuum accross saber-toothed taxa suggesting greater functional diversity beyond the shear-bite versus clamp-and-hold bite dichotomy. While this study refines our understanding of saber-tooth function, key gaps remain, particularly regarding the role of cross-sectional shape, curvature, and serrations in puncture mechanics.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 11","pages":"3022-3040"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25690","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144121975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Commentary: The missing sabertooth baculum—At what point might the absence of evidence reasonably be considered evidence of absence?","authors":"Adam Hartstone-Rose","doi":"10.1002/ar.25692","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25692","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most carnivorans and all modern felids have ossified bacula; however, no machairodont baculum has ever been identified. This is true despite the many fairly complete skeletons found around the world of several sabertooth taxa. Although the bacula of modern felids are much smaller than those of canoids (even the least weasel's baculum is longer than the tiger's barely 1 cm baculum!), among the 166,000 bones found at the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits (RLB) of perhaps 3000 <i>Smilodon fatalis</i> individuals there are other small and delicate bones—including clavicles, hyoids, and tiny ossicles—from that taxon. Furthermore, the matrix from that site found around the large fossils is painstakingly sorted under microscopes, resulting in the identification of thousands of microfossils. Despite these concerted efforts, including the posting of images of modern felid bacula near the RLB fossil lab to help form potential search parameters for those sorting the matrix, the search continues for this elusive bone. It is possible that RLB's unique “pit wear”—abrasion related to the notable seismic activity in Southern California—has pulverized this bone that may have been less dense than the other small bones that are found at the site. Parsimoniously, machairodonts <i>should</i> have bacula, but our failure to identify a sabertooth baculum in the richest fossil carnivoran locality in the world naggingly forces us to consider whether, at some point, we have to accept this stubborn absence of evidence as legitimate evidence of absence.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 11","pages":"3053-3062"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25692","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144121971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brent Adrian, Jay Kelley, Xiaoming Wang, Xueping Ji, Denise F. Su
{"title":"Postcranial functional morphology of the large swamp otter Siamogale melilutra (Lutrinae: Mustelidae: Carnivora) from northeastern Yunnan, south-western China","authors":"Brent Adrian, Jay Kelley, Xiaoming Wang, Xueping Ji, Denise F. Su","doi":"10.1002/ar.25669","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25669","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Siamogale melilutra</i> was a large otter from the Late Miocene site of Shuitangba in Yunnan Province, China. Previous analyses have hypothesized that the species was a molluscivore and a dominant predator in an otherwise depauperate local carnivoran guild. Here we describe limb elements of <i>S. melilutra</i> and perform quantitative analyses to categorize the functional morphology of the species to better understand its role in the predominantly aquatic and near-water environments at Shuitangba. Our results indicate morphological similarities to both semi-aquatic and semi-fossorial modern mustelids. The limbs suggested unspecialized swimming abilities that were probably limited to paddling along the water surface. Multiple traits suggest semi-fossorial capabilities, possibly related to increased hip stabilization and postural maintenance during digging or intensive foraging. Features relating to semi-fossorial capability are consistently in the ranges of those of modern badgers. The combined functionality associated with both fore- and hind limb morphology was consistent with the more primitively generalized morphology of early lutrines. Many features of the limbs reveal the influence of body size that overwhelms or is indistinguishable from functional signals. Results suggest behaviors similar to those of the modern clawless otter <i>Aonyx</i>, which is more reliant on shoreline foraging, often involving digging, and terrestrial locomotion than other modern otters. The large size of <i>S. melilutra</i> likely provided advantages such as increased potential prey size range and the ability to utilize terrestrial resources, although it would have been more constrained by drag-related forces in the water.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 10","pages":"2680-2709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}