Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology最新文献

{"title":"TBI, not just for humans","authors":"Daniel J. Tobiansky,&nbsp;Joy S. Reidenberg,&nbsp;Nicole L. Ackermans","doi":"10.1002/ar.70183","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70183","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death that can develop into long-term disability, causing significant healthcare burden. The last decade has shown laudable advancements in disease characterization, but challenges remain in injury prevention and in understanding the link between TBI and chronic neurodegenerative disease. Historically, animal models have been crucial in untangling molecular mechanisms of injury, but difficulties in translation have resulted in a lack of applicable therapies. The ongoing search for treatment has overlooked the potential of animals that experience repeated, high-velocity head impacts as part of their natural behavior. Addressing this gap could improve our understanding of acute and chronic effects of head injury and potential protective mechanisms. TBI, not just for humans is a thematic issue covering an array of topics surrounding brain injury and non-model species. Topics include a paleontological perspective of head-hitting in extinct species, a historic perspective on head-hitting animals and TBI, non-model animals in biomedicine, anatomical descriptions of exotic head-hitters like helmeted hornbills and muskoxen, and a molecular investigation of resilience pathways against brain injury in woodpeckers. Since prehistory, humans have observed animals hitting heads and wondered whether it resulted in brain injury. Using evidence-based approaches rooted in biology, we may better understand our own brain injuries by studying the animals that regularly engage in such behaviors. The untapped potential of non-model species should be recognized and integrated into the field as we continue to search for solutions to the neurodegeneration crisis.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 5","pages":"1197-1202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147438551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary: Three questions for the study of traumatic brain injury in animals","authors":"Gregory Hollin","doi":"10.1002/ar.25465","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25465","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;It will likely not be news to this audience that, for much of the 21st century, sports have been in the midst of a “concussion crisis” (e.g., Carroll &amp; Rosner, &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Malcolm, &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;; Nowinski, &lt;span&gt;2007&lt;/span&gt;). This crisis has a number of constituent parts, including an increasing concern with the acute effects of brain injury. Nonetheless, the links between brain trauma and neurodegenerative disease—most prominently an Alzheimer's-like dementia known as Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, or CTE—holds center-stage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In fact, in the 2020s, it feels increasingly inappropriate to talk about a concussion crisis &lt;i&gt;in sport&lt;/i&gt;. In 2021, CTE was posthumously diagnosed in a victim of domestic abuse (Danielsen et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;) and the risk of brain injury resulting from intimate partner violence is increasingly being foregrounded (For historical and social scientific work on the relationship between gender and brain injury see, for example: Casper &amp; O'Donnell, &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;; Henne, &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Furthermore, and as I write, there is a renewed focus upon the effects of brain injury suffered as part of military activity—a focus which follows suggestions that an army reservist who killed 18 people in a mass shooting may have been exposed to as many as 10,000 blasts on a grenade training range (Philipps, &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Given this cultural milieu, it is unsurprising to see a vast, interdisciplinary body of science developing that aims to better understand the links between brain trauma and neurodegenerative disease. It is similarly unsurprising that some of these scientists aim to achieve insight through the use of animal modeling. I am a sociologist of science, and my research involves observing laboratory work and speaking to scientists about their own research. For several years I have worked with scientists exploring the relationship between traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease, including a number who engage in various forms of animal modeling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is nothing new in the idea that we can study both neurodegenerative disease and traumatic brain injury through animal modeling. In the case of the former we need only think of the various mouse models of Alzheimer's Disease; in the case of the latter we can go back to studies on automotive safety that have long involved pigs, baboons, and various other species (e.g., Mertz et al., &lt;span&gt;1982&lt;/span&gt;). (Or simply peruse the abstracts for the latest Society for Neuroscience conference.) Nonetheless, when one speaks to animal modelers or goes into their laboratories, there is a distinct sense that when it comes to animal modeling and the long-term effects of brain injury, we are dealing with a &lt;i&gt;nascent&lt;/i&gt; research area in which comparatively little is known and a great deal remains uncertain. In the rest of this commentary, I take these claims of newness and uncertainty seriously, and (re)pose three questions which, ","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 5","pages":"1203-1208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7616512/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141089393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of meningeal transcriptomes in birds: Potential pathways of resilience to repeated impacts","authors":"Abby E. Beatty,&nbsp;Tara M. Barnes-Tompkins,&nbsp;Kira M. Long,&nbsp;Daniel J. Tobiansky","doi":"10.1002/ar.25583","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25583","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The meninges and associated vasculature (MAV) play a crucial role in maintaining cerebral integrity and homeostasis. Recent advances in transcriptomic analysis have illuminated the significance of the MAV in understanding the complex physiological interactions at the interface between the skull and the brain after exposure to mechanical stress. To investigate how physiological responses may confer resilience against repetitive mechanical stress, we performed the first transcriptomic analysis of avian MAV tissues using the Downy Woodpecker (<i>Dryobates pubescens</i>) and Tufted Titmouse (<i>Baeolophus bicolor</i>) as the comparison species. Our findings reveal divergences in gene expression profiles related to immune response, cellular stress management, and protein translation machinery. The male woodpeckers exhibit a tailored immune modulation strategy that potentially dampens neuroinflammation while preserving protective immunity. Overrepresented genes involved in cellular stress responses suggest enhanced mechanisms for mitigating damage and promoting repair. Additionally, the enrichment of translation-associated pathways hints at increased capacity for protein turnover and cellular remodeling vital for recovery. Our study not only fills a critical gap in avian neurobiology but also lays the groundwork for research in comparative neuroprotection.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 5","pages":"1281-1298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142395017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transplants of fresh and cryopreserved autologous adipose tissue improve reintegrative phenomena in newly formed muscle tissue in the reconstruction of muscle volume loss: A histological evaluation","authors":"Irene Cantarero,&nbsp;Maria A. Peña-Toledo,&nbsp;Maria E. Lopez-Espejo,&nbsp;Maria Jesús Gil-Belmonte,&nbsp;Rafael Villalba,&nbsp;Ignacio Jimena,&nbsp;José Peña-Amaro","doi":"10.1002/ar.70010","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Repair of volumetric muscle loss (VML) lesions tends to be poor, leading to fibrosis and functional loss. Here we investigated the effectiveness of fresh versus cryopreserved autologous adipose tissue transplantation to facilitate repair. Wistar rats were distributed into four experimental groups: normal control, VML lesions, VML lesions treated with a fresh autologous adipose tissue graft, and VML treated with a cryopreserved autologous adipose tissue graft. At 60 days post-intervention, a histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess changes related to the degree of fibrosis, vascularization, and innervation. These changes were quantified and statistically analyzed. The changes generated by the two types of adipose tissue implanted in the VML lesion were highly similar, with some significant differences favoring the use of cryopreserved adipose tissue. Compared with the VML group, the following outcomes were observed: (1) significant presence of regenerated muscle fibers; (2) significant reduction of fibrosis, albeit with a higher proportion of type III collagen; (3) significant increase in the microvascular pattern; and (4) significant reduction in the number of angulated atrophic muscle fibers and increase in cytoarchitectural changes indicative of reinnervation. This study suggests that autologous adipose tissue transplantation in VML lesions promotes reintegrative processes, facilitating the regeneration and formation of new muscle fibers. Furthermore, the freezing did not diminish outcomes in the CAAT group, highlighting its potential for preservation in tissue banks and applications in regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 5","pages":"1406-1421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hominoid-specific calretinin-immunopositivity of the optic radiation (geniculocalcarine tract)","authors":"Nelyane N. M. Santana,&nbsp;Jordan Swiegers,&nbsp;Mads F. Bertelsen,&nbsp;Chet C. Sherwood,&nbsp;José R. L. P. Cavalcanti,&nbsp;Paul R. Manger","doi":"10.1002/ar.70094","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It has been proposed that the optic radiation (OR) of primates is specifically revealed with parvalbumin immunohistochemistry. To test this proposition, the immunohistochemical expression of three calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs, parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin), was investigated in the OR (also known as the geniculocalcarine tract) of five primate species, including a Strepsirrhini (<i>Galago moholi</i>—southern lesser galago), a Platyrrhini (<i>Saimiri boliviensis</i>—black-capped squirrel monkey), a Cercopithecidae (<i>Macaca nigra</i>—crested macaque) and two Hominoidea (<i>Hylobates lar</i>—lar gibbon, <i>Pan troglodytes</i>—chimpanzee). The OR of the southern lesser galago did not reveal substantial immunostaining of any of the CaBPs investigated. The black-capped squirrel monkey, and crested macaque evinced strong intensity parvalbumin-immunostaining of the OR. In contrast, the OR of the lar gibbon and chimpanzee presented with strong intensity calretinin-immunostaining, with weak to moderate parvalbumin-immunostaining. These results indicate that the neurochemistry of the OR differs between the major primate lineages, although the trajectory of the OR through the white matter, including the temporal loop, is consistent across primates. While it is unclear precisely what effect this differing CaBP neurochemistry has on the processing of visual information, it is possible that these differences modulate axonal excitability or signal fidelity in the OR of hominoids when compared to other primates.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 5","pages":"1343-1367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13047949/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145498110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of the motoneuronal pools controlling the forelimb muscles in the cervical spinal cord of the Acomys cahirinus","authors":"Aleksandr Veshchitskii,&nbsp;Polina Shkorbatova,&nbsp;Natalia Merkulyeva","doi":"10.1002/ar.70096","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The spinal motoneuronal pools innervating forelimb muscles in <i>Acomys cahirinus</i> were mapped using Fast Blue retrograde fluorescent tracing. The spatial organization (dorsoventral, mediolateral, and rostrocaudal) of motoneuron pools controlling the targeted muscles was mapped in the cervical spinal cord: (i) motoneuronal pools innervating the <i>m. levator claviculae</i> extend from the rostral part of segment C3 to the caudal part of segment C4 and are located in the ventrolateral column; (ii) motoneuronal pools innervating the <i>m. acromiodeltoideus</i> extend from the rostral part of segment C5 to the caudal part of segment C6 and are located in the central column; (iii) motoneuronal pools innervating the <i>m. spinodeltoideus</i> extend from the middle part of segment C5 to the middle part of segment C7 and are located in the central column; (iv) motoneuronal pools innervating the <i>m. triceps brachii</i> extend from the rostral part of segment C7 to the middle part of segment T1 and are located in the central column; (v) motoneuronal pools innervating the <i>m. biceps brachii</i> extend from the rostral part of segment C5 to the middle part of segment C6 and are located in the dorsolateral column; (vi) motoneuronal pools innervating the <i>m. brachialis</i> extend from the rostral part of segment C5 to the middle part of segment C6 and are located in the dorsolateral column; (vii) motoneuronal pools innervating the <i>m. extensor carpi radialis longus</i> extend from the caudal part of segment C5 to the caudal part of segment C6 and are located in the dorsolateral column; (viii) motoneuronal pools innervating the <i>m. flexor digitorum profundus</i> extend from the middle part of segment C7 to the caudal part of segment T1 and are located in the dorsolateral column. These findings represent the first detailed mapping of cervical motoneuronal pools in <i>A. cahirinus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 5","pages":"1368-1385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145566696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The aging human larynx, presbyphonia, and voice quality: The evolutionary and social effects on listeners.","authors":"Benjamin M Laitman, Jeffrey T Laitman","doi":"10.1002/ar.25632","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human voice is a major signal transmission modality for our species. Accordingly, perception of its quality serves as an intraspecific window into the status of an individual's health, robusticity, and even stature in the group. Diminished quality-as may occur in aging or certain diseases-is a major feature in the lessening of an individual's communication modality. Here, we review the underlying anatomy and function that comprise the voice producing elements-the vocal tract sensu lato-from the lungs through the larynx and supralaryngeal modifying elements. Aspects of the aging larynx and constituent elements such as the vocal folds (\"true vocal cords\") and intrinsic laryngeal joints, are discussed within the context of how their aging or disease degradation may affect an individual's speech and concomitant perception and interpretation by listeners. The aging voice is considered within the context of the overall effects of aging sensory systems in both humans and other mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1185-1188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A morphometric comparison of the ductus reuniens in humans and guinea pigs, with a note on its evolutionary importance.","authors":"Christopher M Smith, Ian S Curthoys, Jeffrey T Laitman","doi":"10.1002/ar.25534","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mammalian inner ear contains the sensory organs responsible for balance (semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule) and hearing (cochlea). While these organs are functionally distinct, there exists a critical structural connection between the two: the ductus reuniens (DR). Despite its functional importance, comparative descriptions of DR morphology are limited, hindering our understanding of the evolutionary diversification of hearing and balance systems among mammals. Using virtual 3D models derived from micro-CT, we examine the morphology of the DR and its relationship to the bony labyrinth in humans compared to that in a commonly used animal model, the guinea pig. Anatomical reconstructions and univariate measurements were carried out in the software 3D Slicer. Data indicate similarities in DR morphology between humans and guinea pigs in terms of overall shape. However, there are considerable differences in relative DR length and width between humans and guinea pigs. Humans possess a relatively shorter and narrower DR but with wider openings to the saccule and cochlear duct. This results in a relatively more constricted DR lumen in humans which may differentially limit fluid transfer between the saccule and cochlea. Our results reveal previously hidden morphological diversity in the communication between the hearing and balance systems of the mammalian inner ear which may indicate alternative strategies for isolating the Organ of Corti from the peripheral vestibular system throughout mammalian evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":"1178-1184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141535921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting ecology and hearing sensitivities in Parapontoporia—An extinct long-snouted dolphin","authors":"Joyce Sanks,&nbsp;Rachel Racicot","doi":"10.1002/ar.25538","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25538","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Analyses of the cetacean (whale and dolphin) inner ear provide glimpses into the ecology and evolution of extinct and extant groups. The paleoecology of the long-snouted odontocete (toothed whale) group, <i>Parapontoporia</i>, is primarily marine with its depositional context also suggesting freshwater tolerance. As an extinct relative of the exclusively riverine <i>Lipotes vexillifer</i>, <i>Parapontoporia</i> provides insight into a transition from marine to freshwater environments. High-resolution X-ray CT scans (~3 microns or less) of three individual specimens from two species, <i>P. sternbergi</i> and <i>P. pacifica</i>, were acquired. Digital endocasts of the inner ear labyrinths were extracted non-destructively. Nine measurements of the inner ear were compared with an existing dataset covering 125 terrestrial and aquatic artiodactyls. These measurements were then subjected to a principal component analysis to interpret hearing sensitivities among other artiodactyls. Based on our analyses, <i>Parapontoporia</i> was likely to have been able to hear within narrow-band high frequency (NBHF) ranges. This finding indicates another convergence of NBHF-style hearing, or, more intriguingly, suggests that it may be an ancestral characteristic present among the longirostrine dolphins that dominated in the Miocene prior to the evolution of more modern lineages.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 4","pages":"853-863"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12961360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141621743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioimaging of sense organs and the central nervous system in extant fishes and reptiles in situ: A review","authors":"Shaun P. Collin,&nbsp;Kara E. Yopak,&nbsp;Jenna M. Crowe-Riddell,&nbsp;Victoria Camilieri-Asch,&nbsp;Caroline C. Kerr,&nbsp;Hope Robins,&nbsp;Myoung Hoon Ha,&nbsp;Annalise Ceddia,&nbsp;Travis L. Dutka,&nbsp;Lucille Chapuis","doi":"10.1002/ar.25566","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25566","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bioimaging is changing the field of sensory biology, especially for taxa that are lesser-known, rare, and logistically difficult to source. When integrated with traditional neurobiological approaches, developing an archival, digital repository of morphological images can offer the opportunity to improve our understanding of whole neural systems without the issues of surgical intervention and negate the risk of damage and artefactual interpretation. This review focuses on current approaches to bioimaging the peripheral (sense organs) and central (brain) nervous systems in extant fishes (cartilaginous and bony) and non-avian reptiles <i>in situ</i>. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), micro-computed tomography (μCT), both super-resolution track density imaging and diffusion tensor-based imaging, and a range of other new technological advances are presented, together with novel approaches in optimizing both contrast and resolution, for developing detailed neuroanatomical atlases and enhancing comparative analyses of museum specimens. For MRI, tissue preparation, including choice of fixative, impacts tissue MR responses, where both resolving power and signal-to-noise ratio improve as field strength increases. Time in fixative, concentration of contrast agent, and duration of immersion in the contrast agent can also significantly affect relaxation times, and thus image quality. For μCT, the use of contrast-enhancing stains (iodine-, non-iodine-, or nanoparticle-based) is critical, where the type of fixative used, and the concentration of stain and duration of staining time often require species-specific optimization. Advanced reconstruction algorithms to reduce noise and artifacts and post-processing techniques, such as deconvolution and filtering, are now being used to improve image quality and resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"309 4","pages":"826-852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12998421/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142120966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}