Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology最新文献

{"title":"Integrative paleophysiology of the metriorhynchoid Pelagosaurus typus (Pseudosuchia, Thalattosuchia)","authors":"Jorge Cubo,&nbsp;Mariana V. A. Sena,&nbsp;Romain Pellarin,&nbsp;Mathieu G. Faure-Brac,&nbsp;Paul Aubier,&nbsp;Cassandra Cheyron,&nbsp;Stéphane Jouve,&nbsp;Ronan Allain,&nbsp;Nour-Eddine Jalil","doi":"10.1002/ar.25548","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25548","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Paleophysiology is an emergent discipline. Organismic (integrative) approaches seem more appropriate than studies focusing on the variation of specific features because traits are tightly related in actual organisms. Here, we used such an organismic approach (including lifestyle, thermometabolism, and hunting behavior) to understand the paleobiology of the lower Jurassic (Toarcian) thalattosuchian metriorhynchoid <i>Pelagosaurus typus</i>. First, we show that the lifestyle (aquatic, amphibious, terrestrial) has an effect on the femoral compactness profiles in amniotes. The profile of <i>Pelagosaurus</i> indicates that it was amphibious, with a foraging activity in shallow marine environments (as suggested by the presence of salt glands) and thermoregulatory basking behavior in land (as suggested by the presence of osteoderms with highly developed ornamentation). As for the thermometabolism, we show that the mass-independent resting metabolic rate of <i>Pelagosaurus</i> is relatively high compared to the sample of extant ectothermic amniotes, but analysis of vascular canal diameter and inferences of red blood cell size refute the hypothesis suggesting incipient endothermy. Finally, the foraging behavior was inferred using two proxies. <i>Pelagosaurus</i> had a mass-independent maximum metabolic rate and an aerobic scope higher than those measured in the almost motionless <i>Iguana iguana</i>, similar to those measured in the sit-and-wait predator <i>Crocodylus porosus</i> but lower than those quantified in the active hunter <i>Varanus gouldii</i>. These results suggest that <i>Pelagosaurus</i> may have had a hunting behavior involving a slow sustained swimming or a patient waiting in shallow waters, and may have caught preys like gharials, using fast sideways sweeping motions of the head.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 2","pages":"394-411"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142047473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipopolysaccharide, arbiter of the gut–liver axis, modulates hepatic cell pathophysiology in alcoholism","authors":"Ki M. Mak,&nbsp;Aditya C. Shekhar","doi":"10.1002/ar.25562","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25562","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the last four decades, clinical research and experimental studies have established that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria—is a potent hepatotoxic molecule in humans and animals. Alcohol abuse is commonly associated with LPS endotoxemia. This review highlights LPS molecular structures and modes of release from bacteria, plasma LPS concentrations, induction of microbiota dysbiosis, disruption of gut epithelial barrier, and translocation of LPS into the portal circulation impacting the pathophysiology of hepatic cells via the gut-liver axis. We describe and illustrate the portal vein circulation and its distributaries draining the gastrointestinal tract. We also elaborate on the gut-liver axis coupled with enterohepatic circulation that represents a bidirectional communication between the gut and liver. The review also updates the data on how circulating LPS is cleared in a coordinated effort between Kupffer cells, hepatocytes, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Significantly, the article reviews and updates the modes/mechanisms of action by which LPS mediates the diverse pathophysiology of Kupffer cells, hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells primarily in association with alcohol consumption. Specifically, we review the intricate linkages between ethanol, microbiota dysbiosis, LPS production, gut-liver axis, and pathophysiology of various hepatic cells. The maintenance of the gut barrier structural and functional integrity and microbiome homeostasis is essential in mitigating alcoholic liver disease and improving liver health.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 3","pages":"975-1004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incubation time, embryonic development and the vomeronasal organ of the Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis)","authors":"S. J. Rehorek,&nbsp;T. D. Smith","doi":"10.1002/ar.25560","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25560","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effect of lengthened incubation periods on embryonic development, especially vestigial structures, is poorly understood. An example of which is the avesuchian vomeronasal organ (VNO), a nasal chemosensory organ found in many tetrapods but absent in adult avesuchians (crocodilians and birds) in whom it is presumed to be a transitory fetal structure. The Laysan Albatross (<i>Phoebastria immutabilis</i>) has an incubation period of their eggs of about 65 days. This incubation period is twice that of domestic fowl, wherein a putative VNO has been documented as an epithelial thickening. The purpose of this study is to document the development of a putative VNO in the albatross. Serial histological sections of nine albatross embryonic heads, across 6 stages (representing days 19 to 32: stages 31–39), were examined. A paired putative VNO was present as a short, tubular structure in the anterodorsal aspect on either side of the nasal septum from stage 32 onwards, getting steadily longer in later specimens. At the earliest stages, the epithelial walls of the tube resemble a neuroepithelium, but then becomes thinner and simpler in morphology. Based on our available age range, it is unclear whether it persists as a rudimentary structure (like that of the human) or if it is a transitory structure (like in chickens) in these mid embryonic stages. Though future studies must determine the fate of the Laysan albatross VNO (e.g., is it retained postnatally?), the role of incubation period length on embryonic development is a bigger question to be explored.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 5","pages":"1452-1462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141996882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional microanatomy of the vomeronasal complex of bats.","authors":"Timothy D Smith, Sarah E Downing, Veronica B Rosenberger, Julia R Loeffler, Nicholas A King, Abigail A Curtis, Thomas P Eiting, Sharlene E Santana","doi":"10.1002/ar.25557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, Yohe and Krell (The Anatomical Record, vol. 306:2765-2780) lamented the incongruence between genetics and morphology in the vomeronasal system of bats. Here, we studied 105 bat species from 19 families using histology, iodine-enhanced computed tomography (CT), and/or micro-CT. We focused on structural elements that support a functional peripheral vomeronasal receptor organ (vomeronasal organ [VNO]), together comprising the \"vomeronasal complex.\" Our results support prior studies that describe a functional VNO in most phyllostomid bats, miniopterids, and some mormoopids (most known Pteronotus spp.). All of these species (or congeners, at least) have vomeronasal nerves connecting the VNO with the brain and some intact genes related to a functional VNO. However, some bats have VNOs that lack a neuroepithelium and yet still possess elements that aid VNO function, such as a \"capsular\" morphology of the vomeronasal cartilages (VNCs), and even large venous sinuses, which together facilitate a vasomotor pump mechanism that can draw fluid into the VNO. We also show that ostensibly functionless VNOs of some bats are developmentally associated with ganglionic masses, perhaps involved in endocrine pathways. Finally, we demonstrate that the capsular VNC articulates with the premaxilla or maxilla, and that these bones bear visible grooves denoting the location of the VNC. Since these paraseptal grooves are absent in bats that have simpler (bar-shaped or curved) VNCs, this trait could be useful in fossil studies. Variable retention of some but not all \"functional\" elements of the vomeronasal complex suggests diverse mechanisms of VNO loss among some bat lineages.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141972306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Neanderthal mandibular remains from Baume Moula-Guercy (Soyons, Ardèche)","authors":"Gary D. Richards,&nbsp;Rebecca S. Jabbour,&nbsp;Gaspard Guipert,&nbsp;Alban Defleur","doi":"10.1002/ar.25550","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25550","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We provide an ontogenetically-based comparative description of mandibular remains from Last Interglacial deposits (MIS 5e) at Baume Moula-Guercy and examine their affinities to European and Middle Eastern Middle-to-Late Pleistocene (≈MIS 14—MIS 1) <i>Homo</i>. Description of the M-G2-419 right partial mandibular corpus with M_1-3 (15–16.0 years ±0.5 years) and mandibular fragments M-F4-77 and M-S-TNN1 is with reference to original fossils, casts, CT scans, literature descriptions, and virtual reconstructions. Our comparative sample is ontogenetically based and divided into a Preneanderthal—Neanderthal group and a <i>Homo sapiens</i> group. These groups are subdivided into (1) Preneanderthals (≈MIS 14-9), Early Neanderthals (MIS 7-5e), and Late Neanderthals (MIS 5d-3), and (2) Middle (MIS 5) and Upper (MIS 3-Pre-MIS 1) Paleolithic and recent <i>H. sapiens</i>. Standard techniques were employed for developmental age and sex determinations and measurements. The M-G2-419 mandible possesses corpus features that link it most closely with the Sima de los Huesos Preneanderthal and Early Neanderthal groups. These include mental foramen position, number, and height on the corpus, anterior marginal tubercle position, and mylohyoid line orientation. Metrically, the M-G2-419 mandibular corpus is small relative to adults in all groups, but the thickness/height relationship is like the adult condition. The thickness of the corpus is more like Neanderthal children than adolescents. Molar crown features suggest affinities with the Preneanderthal—Neanderthal group. The Moula-Guercy mandibles possess a combination of Neanderthal-associated features that provides insights into MIS 7-5e paleodeme variation and the timing of appearance of MIS 5d-3 Neanderthal facial features.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 3","pages":"892-929"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141917940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses of humerus ecomorphology: New perspectives for paleohabitat reconstruction in carnivorans and ungulates","authors":"Carmela Serio,&nbsp;Richard P. Brown,&nbsp;Marcus Clauss,&nbsp;Carlo Meloro","doi":"10.1002/ar.25553","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25553","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Long bone ecomorphology has proven effective for paleohabitat reconstructions across a wide range of mammalian clades. Still, there is no comprehensive framework to allow interpretation of long bone morphological variation within and between different monophyletic groups. Here, we investigated the use of humerus morphometry to classify living members of the orders Carnivora and ungulates based on their preferred habitats. Using geometric morphometrics, we extracted three different kinds of humerus shape data describing interspecific variation with and without accounting for evolutionary allometry and phylogenetic signal. The traditional <i>a priori</i> categorization of species in open, mixed, and closed habitats was employed in combination with selected subsets of shape variables to identify the best-predictive models for habitat adaptation. These were identified based on the statistical performance of phylogenetic and non-phylogenetic discriminant analyses and then applied to predict habitats on a subsample of fossil species. Size-free shape data combined with phylogenetic discriminant analyses showed the highest rate of accuracy in habitat classification for a combined sample of carnivorans and ungulates. Conversely, when the two groups were investigated separately, traditional shape data analyzed with phylogenetic discriminant function analyses provided models with the greatest predictive power. By combining carnivorans and ungulates within the same methodological framework we identified common adaptive features in closed habitat-adapted species that show compressed epiphyses, while open habitat-adapted species have expanded epiphyses. These morphologies evolved to allow significant degree of direction switches during locomotion in closed habitats compared to open habitat-adapted species whose forelimb joints evolved to stabilize articulations for increasing speed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 3","pages":"946-974"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuronal diversity in the caudate nucleus: A comparative study between camel and human brains","authors":"Juman M. Almasaad,&nbsp;Ziad M. Bataineh,&nbsp;Sami Zaqout","doi":"10.1002/ar.25555","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25555","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Caudate nucleus (CN) neurons in camels and humans were examined using modified Golgi impregnation methods. Neurons were classified based on soma morphology, dendritic characteristics, and spine distribution. Three primary neuron types were identified in both species: rich-spiny (Type I), sparsely-spiny (Type II), and aspiny (Type III), each comprising subtypes with specific features. Comparative analysis revealed significant differences in soma size, dendritic morphology, and spine distribution between camels and humans. The study contributes to our understanding of structural diversity in CN neurons and provides insights into evolutionary neural adaptations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 5","pages":"1410-1424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontal sinus size in South African Later Stone Age Holocene Khoe-San","authors":"Frederick E. Grine,&nbsp;Nicholas W. Post,&nbsp;Victoria Greening,&nbsp;Isabelle Crevecoeur,&nbsp;Brendon K. Billings,&nbsp;Anja Meyer,&nbsp;Sharon Holt,&nbsp;Wendy Black,&nbsp;Alan G. Morris,&nbsp;Krishna R. Veeramah,&nbsp;Carrie S. Mongle","doi":"10.1002/ar.25556","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25556","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Frontal size variation is comparatively poorly sampled among sub-Saharan African populations. This study assessed frontal sinus size in a sample of Khoe-San skeletal remains from South African Later Stone Age contexts. Volumes were determined from CT scans of 102 adult crania; individual sex could be estimated in 82 cases. Sinus volume is not sexually dimorphic in this sample. The lack of frontal sinus aplasia is concordant with the low incidences recorded for other sub-Saharan African and most other global populations save those that inhabit high latitudes. There is considerable variation in frontal sinus size among global populations, and the Khoe-San possess among the smallest. The Khoe-San have rather diminutive sinuses compared to sub-Saharan Bantu-speaking populations but resemble a northern African (Sudanese) population. Genetic studies indicate the earliest population divergence within <i>Homo sapiens</i> to have been between the Khoe-San and all other living groups, and that this likely occurred in Africa during the span of Marine Isotope Stages 8–6. There is scant information on frontal sinus development among Late Quaternary African fossils that are likely either closely related or attributable to <i>Homo sapiens</i>. Among these, the MIS 3 cranium from Hofmeyr, South Africa, exhibits distinct Khoe-San cranial affinities and despite its large size has a very small frontal sinus. This raises the possibility that the small frontal sinuses of the Holocene South African Khoe-San might be a feature retained from an earlier MIS 3 population.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 3","pages":"801-826"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac regeneration in goldfish (Carassius auratus) associated with increased expression of key extracellular matrix molecules","authors":"Charles H. Webb IV,&nbsp;Yadong Wang","doi":"10.1002/ar.25549","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25549","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cardiac regeneration is a natural phenomenon that occurs in many species outside of humans. The goldfish (<i>Carassius auratus</i>) is an understudied model of cardiac wound response, despite its ubiquity as pets as well as its relationship to the better-studied zebrafish. In this study, we examined the response of the goldfish heart to a resection injury. We found that by 70 days post-injury, goldfish scarlessly heal cardiac wounds under a certain size, with local cardiomyocyte proliferation driving the restoration of the myocardial layer. We also found the upregulation of extracellular matrix components related to cardiac regeneration in the injury site. This upregulation correlated with the level of cardiomyocyte proliferation occurring in the injury site, indicating an association between the two that warrants further exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 5","pages":"1378-1390"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141876636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond head and wings: Unveiling influence of diet, body size, and phylogeny on the evolution of the femur in phyllostomid bats","authors":"Nathália Siqueira Veríssimo Louzada,&nbsp;William Corrêa Tavares","doi":"10.1002/ar.25551","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25551","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phyllostomidae, the most diverse family of Neotropical bats, encompass 230 species with varied dietary habits and food acquisition methods. Their feeding niche diversification has shaped skull and wing morphologies through natural selection, reflecting food processing and flight strategies. Yet, evolution of bat hindlimbs, especially in phyllostomids, remains little understood. Previous studies highlighted the femur's morphology as a key to understanding the evolution of quadrupedalism in yangochiropteran bats, including the adept walking observed in vampire bats (Desmodontinae). Here, we aimed to describe the femoral morphological variation in Phyllostomidae, correlating this with body size and assessing the effects of phylogenetic history, dietary habits, and hindlimb usage. Analyzing 15 femoral traits from 45 species across 9 subfamilies through phylogenetically informed methods, we discovered a significant phylogenetic structure in femoral morphology. Allometric analysis indicated that body mass accounts for about 85% of the variance in phyllostomid femoral size and about 11% in femoral shape. Relatively smaller femurs showed to be typical in Stenodermatinae, Lonchophyllinae, and Glossophaginae, in contrast to the larger femurs of Phyllostominae, Desmodontinae, Micronycterinae, and Lonchorrhininae. Furthermore, extensive femur shape variation was detected, with the most distinct morphologies in vampire bats, followed by frugivorous species. Adaptive evolutionary models related to diet more effectively explained variations in femoral relative size and shape than stochastic models. Contrary to the conventional belief of limited functional demand on bat femurs, our findings suggest that femoral morphology is significantly influenced by functional demands associated with diet and food capture, in addition to being partially structured by body size and shared evolutionary history.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 3","pages":"930-945"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141879830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}