Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology最新文献

{"title":"Toe pad morphology and adhesion in the miniaturized gecko, Chatogekko amazonicus (Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae)","authors":"Aaron H. Griffing,&nbsp;Juan D. Daza,&nbsp;Stuart V. Nielsen,&nbsp;Fernanda P. Werneck,&nbsp;Patrik F. Viana,&nbsp;Tony Gamble","doi":"10.1002/ar.25511","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Chatogekko amazonicus</i> is a miniaturized gecko from northern South America and is among the smallest of toe pad bearing lizards. The toe pads of <i>C. amazonicus</i> are miniscule, between 18% and 27% of the plantar surface area. We aimed to investigate the relationship between adhesive toe pad morphology, body size, and adhesive capabilities. Using scanning electron microscopy, we determine that the adhesive pads of <i>C. amazonicus</i> exhibit branched setae similar to those of other geckos, but that are generally much smaller. When compared with other gecko taxa, we show that <i>C. amazonicus</i> setae occupy a similar range of seta length: snout–vent length ratio and aspect ratio as other gekkonoid species (i.e. Gekkonidae, Phyllodactylidae, and Sphaerodactylidae). We demonstrate that <i>C. amazonicus</i>—even with its relatively small toe pads—is capable of climbing a smooth glass surface at a nearly vertical angle. We suggest that sphaerodactylids like <i>C. amazonicus</i> offer an excellent system for studying toe pad morphology and function in relation to miniaturization.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"307 11","pages":"3421-3431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141159204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient contribution of the sphenoid ala major to the socket of the temporomandibular joint in near-term fetuses","authors":"Hidetomo Hirouchi,&nbsp;Yuki Takeuchi,&nbsp;Tianyi Yang,&nbsp;Masahito Yamamoto,&nbsp;Shogo Hayashi,&nbsp;Gen Murakami,&nbsp;Jose Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez,&nbsp;Shinichi Abe","doi":"10.1002/ar.25507","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25507","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex structure that plays a vital role in the movement of the jaw. Some anatomy and dental textbooks show that, at the medial margin, the TMJ capsule attaches to a suture between the sphenoid ala major and the temporal bone squamosa. In near-term fetuses, the ala major extends posterolaterally to approach the TMJ. In this study, we aimed to investigate the contribution of the sphenoid ala major to the socket of the TMJ in near-term fetuses. We examined histological sections from 22 human fetuses (approximately 15–40 weeks). At midterm, the lateral and superior walls of the TMJ cavity were formed by the temporal bone squamosa, whereas the ala major was distant from the joint. However, at near-term, the ala major formed the medial wall of almost the entire part of the joint cavity. The top of the TMJ was attached to both the squamosa and ala major, with the condylar head consistently separated from the sphenoid by the joint disk. We observed a significant descent of the middle cranial fossa in near-term fetuses, which brought the ala major close to the TMJ. This transient position of the TMJ near the sphenoid is likely due to brain enlargement and posterolateral growth of the ala major. After birth, occlusion causes the anterior growth of the mandibular fossa of the squamosa, which moves the ala major away from the TMJ. Similarly, the lateral growth of the sphenoid toward the squamosa suture may also stop in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"307 11","pages":"3574-3581"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141094427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary: Three questions for the study of traumatic brain injury in animals.","authors":"Gregory Hollin","doi":"10.1002/ar.25465","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25465","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7616512/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141089393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Anatomical Record celebrates the magnificence of human antiquity from the Sima de los Huesos caves of Atapuerca, Spain, in a novel Special Issue","authors":"Jeffrey T. Laitman,&nbsp;Heather F. Smith","doi":"10.1002/ar.25467","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25467","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"307 7","pages":"2217-2219"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140960562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin and distribution of the brachial plexus in red-necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus, Marsupialia: Macropodidae)","authors":"Caner Bakıcı,&nbsp;Hasen Awel Yunus,&nbsp;Barış Batur","doi":"10.1002/ar.25466","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Notamacropus rufogriseus</i> (red-necked wallaby) are in the family <i>Macropodidae</i>, which is the second largest family of marsupials after the family <i>Didelphidae</i>. This study was conducted with the aim of providing a detailed description of the origin and distribution of the brachial plexus in <i>N</i>. <i>rufogriseus</i>. Two-year-old male and 3-year-old female red-necked wallabies were used for the study. The brachial plexus was formed by ventral rami of C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1 spinal nerves. It is composed of three trunks that give rise to 12 principal nerves. The cranial trunk is formed by the combination of the rami C4–C7; the middle trunk is formed by the combination of the rami C6 and C7; and the caudal trunk is formed by the combination of the rami C8 and T1. Differences between left and right side of the plexus brachialis were not observed. C6 ventral spinal rami contribute the most to brachial plexus nerve formation, while C4 contributes the least. The formation and distribution of the plexus in <i>N</i>. <i>rufogriseus</i> exhibited more resemblance to the patterns observed in marsupial animals rather than placental mammals. Marsupial mammals demonstrate the involvement of C4 in the development of the brachial plexus. The formation and branching of the brachial plexus sequentially adapt in accordance with changes in their thoracic limb activities and innervation points. Anatomical data from brachial plexus studies optimizes thoracic limb clinical and surgical treatments. This work can provide baseline data for future marsupial brachial plexus studies and fill gaps in the scarce literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"307 11","pages":"3582-3595"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic comparative description of extant turtle humeri, with comments on humerus disparity and evolution based on fossil comparisons","authors":"Guilherme Hermanson,&nbsp;Fernando A. M. Arnal,&nbsp;Tomasz Szczygielski,&nbsp;Serjoscha W. Evers","doi":"10.1002/ar.25450","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25450","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The humerus is central for locomotion in turtles as quadrupedal animals. Osteological variation across testudine clades remains poorly documented. Here, we systematically describe the humerus anatomy for all major extant turtle clades based on 38 species representing the phylogenetic and ecological diversity of crown turtles. Three Late Triassic species of shelled stem turtles (Testudindata) are included to establish the plesiomorphic humerus morphology. Our work is based on 3D models, establishing a publicly available digital database. Previously defined terms for anatomical sides of the humerus (e.g., dorsal, ventral) are often not aligned with the respective body sides in turtles and other quadrupedal animals with sprawling gait. We propose alternative anatomical directional terms to simplify communication: radial and ulnar (the sides articulating with the radius/ulna), capitular (the side bearing the humeral head), and intertubercular (opposite to capitular surface). Turtle humeri show low morphological variation with exceptions concentrated in locomotory specialists. We propose 15 discrete characters to summarize osteological variation for future phylogenetic studies. Disparity analyses comparing non-shelled and shelled turtles indicate that the presence of the shell constrains humerus variation. Flippered aquatic turtles are released from this constraint and significantly increase overall disparity. Ontogenetic changes of turtle humeri are related to increased ossification and pronunciation of the proximal processes, the distal articulation areas, and the closure of the ectepicondylar groove to a foramen. Some turtle species retain juvenile features into adulthood and provide evidence for paedomorphic evolution. We review major changes of turtle humerus morphology throughout the evolution of its stem group.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"307 11","pages":"3437-3505"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140877856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Buoyancy control and air breathing in royal knifefish (Chitala blanci) and a new hypothesis for the early evolution of vertebrate air-breathing behaviors.","authors":"Elska B Kaczmarek, Elizabeth L Brainerd","doi":"10.1002/ar.25460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present the first description of inspiration-first air breaths in royal knifefish, Chitala blanci, a ray-finned fish known to use four-stroke air breaths. Four-stroke breaths are used by nearly all ray-finned fish species that use their gas bladder to breathe air and are the ancestral breath type of ray-finned fishes. Interestingly, one such species, Amia calva, is known to perform two distinct breath types. Amia use four-stroke breaths when they need more oxygen and performs inspiration-first breaths to restore buoyancy. We observed that C. blanci also performs inspiration-first breaths and tested whether the two breath types are performed for the same functions in C. blanci as they are in Amia. We recorded the frequency of each breath type when exposed to aquatic hypoxia and two conditions of oxygen availability. We found that C. blanci performed more four-stroke breaths (81% ± 15% of total breaths) than inspiration-first breaths when exposed to aerial normoxia but performed more inspiration-first breaths (72% ± 40%) than four-stroke breaths when exposed to aerial hyperoxia. These patterns match those described for Amia and indicate that C. blanci performs four-stroke breaths in response to oxygen depletion and performs inspiration-first breaths to maintain buoyancy. Few studies have examined the role of air-breathing in buoyancy regulation. Decreasing buoyancy, rather than oxygen availability, to stimulate air breaths may reveal that inspiration-first breaths are more common among fishes than we are aware. We consider this possibility and present a new hypothesis for the origin and early evolution of air breathing in vertebrates.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140867257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on AR Human fossils from the Sima de los Huesos. Forty years of discoveries and research SI: Of ancient and present lifestyles","authors":"José Luis Trejo","doi":"10.1002/ar.25457","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25457","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The present Special Issue “Atapuerca” of The Anatomical Record contains both invaluable new evidence about our ancestors and is, as Ignacio Martínez, one of our fantastic co-guest editors for this Special Issue states, a unique sample of the site with the most fossil remains of the human genre ever in the world, and the one that has contributed the most to understanding the evolution of hominins in the Pleistocene. However, I would like to focus in this Commentary on another transcendental aspect of this volume. Apart from the impressive cultural and academic value of this knowledge, what other uses does this scientific knowledge have? Let's reflect on lifestyles. Our lifestyles. Through ancient lifestyles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The vast majority of us know who we are. Among other things, because we know who were our parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, and so on, were, we know where we come from and where we are (it remains to be determined where we are going). However, except for very generic data derived from genetic analysis, it is extremely difficult for us to know much further back than a few 100 years. Very few people know their historical life line beyond 200 years; in a few cases, perhaps a few centuries more. Beyond this, nothingness. As a human species, the approach is very similar in theory. However, in practice, it is even more complex. There is a growing body of evidence that the lifestyle of our close ancestors has an epigenetic impact on us. Difficult not to conclude that the lifestyle of our one-million-year old ancestors, being active for hundreds of thousand years, is not going to have a similar, or even greater, impact. And to know where we, as a species, come from, we must analyze the remains that our ancestors have left on the planet. Which is obviously enormously difficult, both because there are very few remains and those that exist are partial or almost completely destroyed, and because the evidence will, in any case, be indirect in terms of the knowledge we want to extract about where we come from. This is the gap that the scientists who have worked in Atapuerca in recent decades come to fill.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to the scientific evidence obtained in the Burgos sites and the theories developed based on them, we have an idea as surprising as it is continually growing and, therefore, more promising than we could never have suspected just a few decades ago. In this commentary, I am going to raise a simple example of the enormous usefulness that the scientific knowledge of our ancestors has for human culture.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The current lifestyle of humans has been defined numerous times as very harmful for us, exemplified in the health problems derived from our terrible diet, our sedentary lifestyle, and the stress suffered by a huge percentage of the world population. This is understood in the context of a progressive worsening of our diet, our sedentary lifestyle, and our current level of stress compared to that of 300, 400, 500, or even 1000 y","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"307 7","pages":"2220-2221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140830262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reinterpretation of human breast anatomy includes all the layers of the anterior body wall","authors":"Margaret I. Hall,&nbsp;Ana Suarez-Venot,&nbsp;Tyler Lindvall,&nbsp;Jeffrey H. Plochocki,&nbsp;Aryeh Grossman,&nbsp;Jose R. Rodriguez-Sosa,&nbsp;Georgina M. Voegele,&nbsp;Dominik R. Valdez,&nbsp;Justin A. Georgi","doi":"10.1002/ar.25456","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25456","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mammary glands define mammals as a group, yet a comprehensive anatomical description of the mammary gland does not exist for almost any mammalian species. In humans, the anatomical and surgical literature provide conflicting and incomplete descriptions of the gross anatomy of the breast. We dissected 9 male and 15 female human body donors to clarify this gross anatomy. We found that, like other epidermally derived glands of the body, the mammary glandular tissue is constrained to a membrane-bound, central structure referred to as the corpus mammae in the surgical literature, and not dispersed throughout the breast as typically described in the anatomical literature. The major fasciae of the human anterior body wall, including the superficial fatty Camper's fascia and the deeper membranous Scarpa's fascia, both contribute to the structure of the breast. This anatomical arrangement suggests that, as the mammary gland invaginates posteriorly from the integument during embryological development, the mammary fat pad most likely derives from Camper's fascia, and growth of Scarpa's fascia around this fat pad forms the anterior and posterior lamellae of the breast pocket. Anteriorly, Scarpa's fascia becomes a double layer that creates the surface structure of the breast. Posteriorly, Scarpa's fascia forms a circummammary ligament that (1) stabilizes the breast against the thoracic wall and (2) is continuous with Scarpa's fascia on the rest of the anterior body wall. The suspensory ligaments of the breast represent the typical retinaculae cuti found consistently throughout the human body wall, and do not directly attach to the skin. Instead, these retinaculae attach to the anterior or posterior lamella of Scarpa's fascia.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"307 11","pages":"3564-3573"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140830305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How smart was T. rex? Testing claims of exceptional cognition in dinosaurs and the application of neuron count estimates in palaeontological research","authors":"Kai R. Caspar,&nbsp;Cristián Gutiérrez-Ibáñez,&nbsp;Ornella C. Bertrand,&nbsp;Thomas Carr,&nbsp;Jennifer A. D. Colbourne,&nbsp;Arthur Erb,&nbsp;Hady George,&nbsp;Thomas R. Holtz Jr,&nbsp;Darren Naish,&nbsp;Douglas R. Wylie,&nbsp;Grant R. Hurlburt","doi":"10.1002/ar.25459","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25459","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent years have seen increasing scientific interest in whether neuron counts can act as correlates of diverse biological phenomena. Lately, Herculano-Houzel (2023) argued that fossil endocasts and comparative neurological data from extant sauropsids allow to reconstruct telencephalic neuron counts in Mesozoic dinosaurs and pterosaurs, which might act as proxies for behaviors and life history traits in these animals. According to this analysis, large theropods such as <i>Tyrannosaurus rex</i> were long-lived, exceptionally intelligent animals equipped with “macaque- or baboon-like cognition”, whereas sauropods and most ornithischian dinosaurs would have displayed significantly smaller brains and an ectothermic physiology. Besides challenging established views on Mesozoic dinosaur biology, these claims raise questions on whether neuron count estimates could benefit research on fossil animals in general. Here, we address these findings by revisiting Herculano-Houzel's (2023) work, identifying several crucial shortcomings regarding analysis and interpretation. We present revised estimates of encephalization and telencephalic neuron counts in dinosaurs, which we derive from phylogenetically informed modeling and an amended dataset of endocranial measurements. For large-bodied theropods in particular, we recover significantly lower neuron counts than previously proposed. Furthermore, we review the suitability of neurological variables such as neuron numbers and relative brain size to predict cognitive complexity, metabolic rate and life history traits in dinosaurs, coming to the conclusion that they are flawed proxies for these biological phenomena. Instead of relying on such neurological estimates when reconstructing Mesozoic dinosaur biology, we argue that integrative studies are needed to approach this complex subject.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"307 12","pages":"3685-3716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140806803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}