Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology最新文献

{"title":"A new semi-fossorial thescelosaurine dinosaur from the Cenomanian-age Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah","authors":"Haviv M. Avrahami,&nbsp;Peter J. Makovicky,&nbsp;Ryan T. Tucker,&nbsp;Lindsay E. Zanno","doi":"10.1002/ar.25505","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25505","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thescelosaurines are a group of early diverging, ornithischian dinosaurs notable for their conservative bauplans and mosaic of primitive features. Although abundant within the latest Cretaceous ecosystems of North America, their record is poor to absent in earlier assemblages, leaving a large gap in our understanding of their evolution, origins, and ecological roles. Here we report a new small bodied thescelosaurine—<i>Fona herzogae</i> gen. et sp. nov.—from the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA. <i>Fona herzogae</i> is represented by multiple individuals, representing one of the most comprehensive skeletal assemblages of a small bodied, early diverging ornithischian described from North America to date. Phylogenetic analysis recovers <i>Fona</i> as the earliest member of Thescelosaurinae, minimally containing <i>Oryctodromeus</i>, and all three species of <i>Thescelosaurus</i>, revealing the clade was well-established in North America by as early as the Cenomanian, and distinct from, yet continental cohabitants with, their sister clade, Orodrominae. To date, orodromines and thescelosaurines have not been found together within a single North American ecosystem, suggesting different habitat preferences or competitive exclusion. Osteological observations reveal extensive intraspecific variation across cranial and postcranial elements, and a number of anatomical similarities with <i>Oryctodromeus</i>, suggesting a shared semi-fossorial lifestyle.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"307 12","pages":"3717-3781"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141560277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A morphometric comparison of the ductus reuniens in humans and guinea pigs, with a note on its evolutionary importance.","authors":"Christopher M Smith, Ian S Curthoys, Jeffrey T Laitman","doi":"10.1002/ar.25534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mammalian inner ear contains the sensory organs responsible for balance (semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule) and hearing (cochlea). While these organs are functionally distinct, there exists a critical structural connection between the two: the ductus reuniens (DR). Despite its functional importance, comparative descriptions of DR morphology are limited, hindering our understanding of the evolutionary diversification of hearing and balance systems among mammals. Using virtual 3D models derived from micro-CT, we examine the morphology of the DR and its relationship to the bony labyrinth in humans compared to that in a commonly used animal model, the guinea pig. Anatomical reconstructions and univariate measurements were carried out in the software 3D Slicer. Data indicate similarities in DR morphology between humans and guinea pigs in terms of overall shape. However, there are considerable differences in relative DR length and width between humans and guinea pigs. Humans possess a relatively shorter and narrower DR but with wider openings to the saccule and cochlear duct. This results in a relatively more constricted DR lumen in humans which may differentially limit fluid transfer between the saccule and cochlea. Our results reveal previously hidden morphological diversity in the communication between the hearing and balance systems of the mammalian inner ear which may indicate alternative strategies for isolating the Organ of Corti from the peripheral vestibular system throughout mammalian evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141535921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Headbutting through time: A review of this hypothesized behavior in \"dome-headed\" fossil taxa.","authors":"D Cary Woodruff, Nicole L Ackermans","doi":"10.1002/ar.25526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Headbutting is a combative behavior most popularly portrayed and exemplified in the extant bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). When behaviorally proposed in extinct taxa, these organisms are oft depicted Ovis-like as having used modified cranial structures to combatively slam into one another. The combative behavioral hypothesis of headbutting has a long and rich history in the vertebrate fossil literature (not just within Dinosauria), but the core of this behavioral hypothesis in fossil terrestrial vertebrates is associated with an enlarged osseous cranial dome-an osteological structure with essentially no current counterpart. One confounding issue found in the literature is that while the term \"headbutting\" sounds simplistic enough, little terminology has been used to describe this hypothesized behavior. And pertinent to this special issue, potential brain trauma and the merits of such proposed pugilism have been assessed largely from the potential deformation of the overlying osseous structure; despite the fact that extant taxa readily show that brain damage can and does occur without osteological compromise. Additionally, the extant taxa serving as the behavioral counterpart for comparison are critical, not only because of the combative behaviors and morphologies they display, but also the way they engage in such behavior. Sheep (Ovis), warthogs (Phacochoerus), and bison (Bison) all engage in various forms of \"headbutting\", but the cranial morphologies and the way each engages in combat is markedly different. To hypothesize that an extinct organism engaged in headbutting like an extant counterpart in theory implies specific striking:contacting surfaces, speed, velocity, and overall how that action was executed. This review examines the history and usage of the headbutting behavioral hypothesis in these dome-headed fossil taxa, their respective extant behavioral counterparts, and proposes a protocol for specific behavioral terms relating to headbutting to stem future confusion. We also discuss the disparate morphology of combative cranial structures in the fossil record, and the implications of headbutting-induced brain injury in extinct taxa. Finally, we conclude with some potential implications for artistic reconstructions of fossil taxa regarding this behavioral repertoire.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141535922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The skull of the semi-aquatic neotropical lizard Echinosaura horrida (Gymnophthalmidae: Cercosaurinae) reveals new synapomorphies within Gymnophthalmoidea","authors":"Cristian Hernández-Morales,&nbsp;Alison Ngo,&nbsp;Leila Abdelhadi,&nbsp;Walter E. Schargel,&nbsp;Juan D. Daza,&nbsp;Mario H. Yánez-Muñoz,&nbsp;Eric N. Smith","doi":"10.1002/ar.25530","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25530","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rough teiid or water cork lizard (<i>Echinosaura horrida</i>) is a small reptile from Colombia and Ecuador placed in a genus that contains eight species and well-known phylogenetic relationships. Here we provide a detailed description and illustrations, bone by bone, of its skull, while we discussed its intraspecific variation by comparing high-resolution computed tomography data from two specimens and the variation within the genus by including previously published data from <i>Echinosaura fischerorum</i>. This allowed to propose putative diagnostic character states for <i>Echinosaura horrida</i> and synapomorphies for <i>Echinosaura</i>. In addition, our discussion includes broader comparisons of new character transformations of the jugal, vomer, orbitosphenoid, and hyoid. These characters are important for diagnosing clades at different levels of the Gymnophthalmoidea phylogeny.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 3","pages":"775-800"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141535923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The consequences of calcium: investigating intracortical reproductive signals in the American alligator for sex determination","authors":"Christian T. Heck,&nbsp;Holly N. Woodward","doi":"10.1002/ar.25533","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25533","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Identifying sex in extinct archosaurs has proven difficult due, in part, to low sample sizes, preservation biases, and methodology. While previous studies have largely focused on morphological traits, here we investigate intracortical signals of egg-shelling in extant alligators. Egg-shelling requires large mobilizations of calcium reserves. Aves utilize medullary tissue as a calcium reserve, whereas crocodylians mobilize calcium from cortical bone or osteoderms. If crocodylians derive calcium from bone cortices for egg-shelling, then egg-shelling events should be detectable in female crocodylian cortical bone. We examined mid-diaphyseal <i>Alligator mississippiensis</i> femoral bone cross-sections for signals of reproduction. Compaction and area of resorbed tissue were measured in femoral cross-sections from captive raised male (<i>n</i> = 10) and female (<i>n</i> = 29) <i>A. mississippiensis</i> of 26–27 years at age of death. This sample is more robust than previous studies, though reproductive history data is unknown. Femora from a small sample of wild caught male (<i>n</i> = 6) and female (<i>n</i> = 6) <i>A. mississippiensis</i> were also measured. Data were analyzed by pairwise <i>t</i>-tests between sex and captivity status. There was no significant difference in either compaction or resorbed tissue values between male and female alligators, regardless of habitat (wild or captive-raised). A reproductive signal was undetectable in this study and any quantifiable differences between sexes appears to be driven by size dimorphism. Cortical resorption rates in the femora of male and female alligators are reflective of normal aging processes and not indicative of egg-shelling during reproduction. Examination of younger alligators would clarify processes driving bone turnover during reproductively active years.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 2","pages":"629-635"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141494183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanical modeling of musculoskeletal function related to the terrestrial locomotion of Riojasuchus tenuisceps (Archosauria: Ornithosuchidae)","authors":"M. Belen von Baczko,&nbsp;Juned Zariwala,&nbsp;Sarah Elizabeth Ballentine,&nbsp;Julia B. Desojo,&nbsp;John R. Hutchinson","doi":"10.1002/ar.25528","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Riojasuchus tenuisceps</i> was a pseudosuchian archosaur from the Late Triassic period in Argentina. Like other ornithosuchids, it had unusual morphology such as a unique “crocodile-reversed” ankle joint, a lesser trochanter as in dinosaurs and a few other archosaurs, robust vertebrae, and somewhat shortened, gracile forelimbs. Such traits have fuelled controversies about its locomotor function—were its limbs erect or “semi-erect”? Was it quadrupedal or bipedal, or a mixture thereof? These controversies seem to persist because analyses have been qualitative (functional morphology) or correlative (morphometrics) rather than explicitly, quantitatively testing mechanistic hypotheses about locomotor function. Here, we develop a 3D whole-body model of <i>R. tenuisceps</i> with the musculoskeletal apparatus of the hindlimbs represented in detail using a new muscle reconstruction. We use this model to quantify the body dimensions and hindlimb muscle leverages of this enigmatic taxon, and to estimate joint ranges of motion and qualitative joint functions. Our model supports prior arguments that <i>R. tenuisceps</i> used an erect posture, parasagittal gait and plantigrade pes. However, some of our inferences illuminate the rather contradictory nature of evidence from the musculoskeletal system of <i>R. tenuisceps</i>—different features support (or are ambiguous regarding) quadrupedalism or bipedalism. Deeper analyses of our biomechanical model could move toward a consensus regarding ornithosuchid locomotion. Answering these questions would not only help understand the palaeobiology and bizarre morphology of this clade, but also more broadly if (or how) locomotor abilities played a role in the survival versus extinction of various archosaur lineages during the end-Triassic mass extinction event.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 2","pages":"369-393"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141472281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The comparative and functional anatomy of the forelimb muscle architecture of Humboldt's woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha)","authors":"Andrew S. Deane,&nbsp;Magdalena N. Muchlinski,&nbsp;Jason M. Organ,&nbsp;Evie Vereecke,&nbsp;Vanya Bistrekova,&nbsp;Lindsey Hays,&nbsp;Timothy Butterfield","doi":"10.1002/ar.25514","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25514","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Humboldt's woolly monkey (<i>Lagothrix lagortricha</i>) is a ceboid primate that more frequently engages in plantigrade quadrupedalism (~89%) but is, like most other members of the subfamily Atelinae, capable of suspensory postures and “tail assisted” brachiation. That taxon's decreased reliance on suspension is reflected in the skeletal anatomy of the upper limb which is less derived relative to more frequently suspensory atelines (<i>Ateles</i>, <i>Brachyteles</i>) but is in many ways (i.e., phalangeal curvature, enlarged joint surfaces, elongated diaphyses) intermediate between highly suspensory and quadrupedal anthropoids. Although it has been suggested that muscle may have morphogenetic primacy with respect to bone this has not been explicitly tested. The present study employs analyses of <i>Lagothrix</i> upper limb muscle fiber length, relative physiological cross-sectional area and relative muscle mass to test whether muscular adaptations for suspensory postures and locomotion in <i>Lagothrix</i> precede adaptive refinements in the skeletal tissues or appear more gradually in conjunction with related skeletal adaptations. Results demonstrate that <i>Lagothrix</i> upper limb musculature is most like committed quadrupeds but that limited aspects of the relative distribution of segmental muscle mass may approach suspensory hylobatids consistent with only a limited adaptive response in musculature prior to bone. Results specific to the shoulder were inconclusive owing to under-representation of quadrupedal shoulder musculature and future work should be focused more specifically on the adaptive and functional morphology of the muscular anatomy and microstructure of the scapulothoracic joint complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"307 12","pages":"3850-3869"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ar.25514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141472283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesencephalic trigeminal neuron dendritic structures in the macaque","authors":"Niping Wang,&nbsp;Susan Warren,&nbsp;Paul J. May","doi":"10.1002/ar.25523","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25523","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is presumed that the unusual central location of mesencephalic trigeminal neurons is a specialization that allows them to receive synaptic input. However, relatively few synaptic terminals were observed on the somata of mesencephalic trigeminal neurons in macaque monkeys via electron microscopy. This leaves the question of dendritic synaptic terminals open. Unlike the pseudounipolar neurons found in the trigeminal ganglion, some mesencephalic trigeminal neurons have been reported to be multipolar cells exhibiting a number of dendritic processes in non-primate species. To examine whether this morphological feature was also present in macaque monkeys, we retrogradely filled these cells with biotinylated dextran amine by injecting it into the trigeminal nerve entry zone. A portion of the mesencephalic trigeminal neurons exhibited short, poorly branched, dendritic processes. They also exhibited very fine, short processes believed to be somatic spines. Thus, primate trigeminal mesencephalic neurons appear to have specializations aimed at increasing the membrane surface area available for synaptic input.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 1","pages":"180-190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical correlates for the newly discovered meningeal layer in the existing literature: A systematic review","authors":"Ashutosh Kumar,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar,&nbsp;Ravi K. Narayan,&nbsp;Banshi Nath,&nbsp;Ashok K. Datusalia,&nbsp;Ashok K. Rastogi,&nbsp;Rakesh K. Jha,&nbsp;Pankaj Kumar,&nbsp;Vikas Pareek,&nbsp;Pranav Prasoon,&nbsp;Muneeb A. Faiq,&nbsp;Prabhat Agrawal,&nbsp;Surya Nandan Prasad,&nbsp;Chiman Kumari,&nbsp;Adil Asghar","doi":"10.1002/ar.25524","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25524","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The existence of a previously unrecognized subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane (SLYM) was reported in a recent study. SLYM is described as an intermediate leptomeningeal layer between the arachnoid and pia mater in mouse and human brains, which divides the subarachnoid space (SAS) into two functional compartments. Being a macroscopic structure, having missed detection in previous studies is surprising. We systematically reviewed the published reports in animals and humans to explore whether prior descriptions of this meningeal layer were reported in some way. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases using combinations of <i>MeSH</i> terms and keywords with Boolean operators from inception until 31 December 2023. We found at least eight studies that provided structural evidence of an intermediate leptomeningeal layer in the brain or spinal cord. However, unequivocal descriptions for this layer all along the central nervous system were scarce. Obscure names like the epipial, intermediate meningeal, outer pial layers, or intermediate lamella were used to describe it. Its microscopic/ultrastructural details closely resemble the recently reported SLYM. We further examined the counterarguments in current literature that are skeptical of the existence of this layer. The potential physiological and clinical implications of this new meningeal layer are significant, underscoring the urgent need for further exploration of its structural and functional details.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 1","pages":"191-210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cranial musculature of batoids: A standardized nomenclature","authors":"C. Ramírez-Díaz,&nbsp;M. A. Kolmann,&nbsp;C. M. Peredo,&nbsp;V. H. Cruz-Escalona,&nbsp;R. Peña","doi":"10.1002/ar.25527","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ar.25527","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Batoids (rays and skates) are cartilaginous fishes whose jaws are not articulated directly to the neurocranium. The only point of contact between them are the hyomandibular cartilages, resulting in a unique mandibular suspension called euhyostyly. Due to this decoupling of the jaws from the skull, muscles play an essential role in modulating mandibular movements during the feeding process, especially during mandibular protrusion. The main objectives of our study were: (1) to examine the mandibular musculature of eight batoid species from different orders in the Batoidea and (2) establish a standardized musclulature terminology for future comparative myological studies in batoids. For each muscle bundle, the general characteristics of each cranial muscle were described and their origin and insertions were identified. The number of muscle bundles differed intraspecifically. On the dorsal surface, we reported the first evidence of the presence of the precranial muscle (PCM) in <i>U. halleri</i>, as well as the ethmoideo-parethmoidalis muscle (ETM) in <i>R. velezi</i>, <i>P. glaugostigma</i> and <i>Z. exasperata</i>; in addition, the insertion of the spiracularis muscle (SP) extended to the ventral surface of the oropharyngeal tract in myliobatiforms. On the ventral surface of the head, both <i>N. entemedor</i> and <i>M. californica</i> exhibited additional muscles in the mandibular area. These muscles were renamed as part of the standardization of mandibular terminology: the depressor mandibularis minor (DMM) in <i>N. entemedor</i> and the adductor mandibulae profundus (AMP) in <i>M. californica</i>. The standardization of terminology is essential for futures studies of the mandibular apparatus in batoids, to facilitate the morphological description of muscles in species without anatomical accounts and for continuity in broader comparative analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":50965,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology","volume":"308 1","pages":"163-179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}