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Investigation of Torque and Reduction of Torque Ripples through Assisted-Poles in Low-Speed, High-Torque Density Spoke-Type PMSMs 研究低速、高扭矩密度辐条式 PMSM 扭矩和通过辅助极降低扭矩波纹

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050327

Sayyed Haleem Shah, Yun-Chong Wang, D. Shi, Jian-Xin Shen

{"title":"Investigation of Torque and Reduction of Torque Ripples through Assisted-Poles in Low-Speed, High-Torque Density Spoke-Type PMSMs","authors":"Sayyed Haleem Shah, Yun-Chong Wang, D. Shi, Jian-Xin Shen","doi":"10.3390/machines12050327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050327","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, rotor designs utilizing assisted-poles are investigated for a high-torque density spoke-type permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with fractional slot concentrated winding (FSCW) to explore the rich air-gap magnetic field harmonics and torque generation mechanism. Due to their higher average torque output, spoke-type PMSMs with FSCW are increasingly used in high-torque density applications. However, slot harmonics generate torque ripples that are difficult to eliminate in FSCW spoke-type PMSMs. Removing slot harmonics from the stator or winding results in a large drop in torque since their winding factors are identical to those of the main harmonic. Therefore, rotor designs having assisted-poles (symmetrical and asymmetrical) are investigated in this work to mitigate slot harmonics and minimize torque ripples. Firstly, the air-gap flux density is analyzed for the machines having assisted-poles, and a model of interaction between the stator and rotor-MMF harmonics is created and validated through Finite element analysis (FEA) to analyze the torque production mechanism. In addition, an analytical relationship between the assisted-poles’ dimensions and the generated torque harmonics is proposed. Furthermore, a generalized torque ripple reduction concept for the FSCW spoke-type PMSM having asymmetrically designed assisted-poles is presented. The proposed design and optimization method are validated through analytical calculations and FEA simulations, and a brief comparative analysis is presented for the analyzed machine prototypes. It has been established that the machine designed by applying the proposed asymmetrical assisted-poles can achieve a reduction in torque ripples while also significantly lowering cogging torque in comparison to the conventional spoke-type PMSMs and other spoke-type PMSMs with rotor having symmetrical assisted-poles.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":" 98","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140990593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Determination of Optimal Machining Parameters Based on Roughness and Vibration Measurements of Pieces Produced by Whirling on a Lathe Machine 根据车床旋切工件的粗糙度和振动测量结果确定最佳加工参数

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050328

Z. Botak, K. Pisačić, Marko Horvat, Tanja Tomić

{"title":"Determination of Optimal Machining Parameters Based on Roughness and Vibration Measurements of Pieces Produced by Whirling on a Lathe Machine","authors":"Z. Botak, K. Pisačić, Marko Horvat, Tanja Tomić","doi":"10.3390/machines12050328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050328","url":null,"abstract":"Worms can be produced using special machines or standard lathes equipped with a whirling thread-cutting device. A blank is placed on the mandrel and tightened using the three-jawed chuck of the standard lathe. If the workpiece diameter is excessively large, passage through the driven pulley is not possible, and the workpiece cannot be supported. Therefore, a new tool holder for whirling devices is needed. During the whirling process, vibrations in the form of machine velocity amplitudes were measured. After whirling was complete, roughness values were calculated. Using numerical procedures of Wolfram Mathematica 10, vibration peaks were extracted, from which frequencies and maximum amplitudes were determined. The data were then inputted into Design Expert, and the rotational speed and amount of separated material were optimized. The results of the study showed that the quality of the processed surface did not improve with processing in two passes of the tool. The measured vibration amplitudes on the lathe carrier and thread whirling attachment increased with cutting speed at the same cutting depth, whereas the quality of the machined surface was best at the smallest and largest cutting depths.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":" 87","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Coupling Study on Quasi-Static and Mixed Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Behavior of Precision High-Speed Machine Spindle Bearing with Spinning 带旋转的精密高速机床主轴轴承的准静态和混合热弹流体动力学润滑行为耦合研究

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050325

Hao Liu, Yun Chen, Yi Guo, Yongpeng Shi, Dianzhong Li, Xing-Qiu Chen

{"title":"Coupling Study on Quasi-Static and Mixed Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Behavior of Precision High-Speed Machine Spindle Bearing with Spinning","authors":"Hao Liu, Yun Chen, Yi Guo, Yongpeng Shi, Dianzhong Li, Xing-Qiu Chen","doi":"10.3390/machines12050325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050325","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a modified numerical algorithm that couples the quasi-static theory with the mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (mixed-TEHL) model is proposed to examine the mechanical properties and lubrication performance of the spindle bearing that is used in a high-speed machine tool with spinning. The non-Newtonian fluid characteristics of the lubricant and the non-Gaussian surface roughness are also considered. Moreover, the mechanical properties and lubrication state of the bearing are examined in various service environments. The results indicate that the temperature reduces the lubrication efficiency, which in turn exerts a significant impact on the mechanical properties. The lubrication that either behaves in the manner of Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid has a relatively negligible influence on the bearing working state, while the non-Gaussian surface roughness significantly alters the oil film thickness and temperature. Calculations with different operating conditions demonstrate that the operating parameters (i.e., axial load, rotation speed) will directly affect the performance of the bearings via the changes in the oil film thickness and the temperature.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140995424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simplified Strategy for Trajectory Tracking Application of a Passive Suspension Rover-Type Mobile Robot 被动悬挂漫游型移动机器人轨迹跟踪应用的简化策略

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050322

Jheison Duvier Diaz-Ortega, Octavio Gutiérrez-Frías, J. A. Aguirre-Anaya, A. Luviano-Juárez

引用次数: 0

Structural Optimization of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle as Part of a Robotic Grazing System Design 无人地面飞行器的结构优化，作为机器人放牧系统设计的一部分

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050323

N. Korunović, Milan Banić, Vukašin Pavlović, Tamara Nestorović

{"title":"Structural Optimization of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle as Part of a Robotic Grazing System Design","authors":"N. Korunović, Milan Banić, Vukašin Pavlović, Tamara Nestorović","doi":"10.3390/machines12050323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050323","url":null,"abstract":"Unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) have gained increased attention in different fields of application; therefore, their optimization requires special attention. Lowering the mass of a UGV is especially important to increase its autonomy, agility, and payload capacity and to reduce dynamic forces. This contribution deals with optimizing a UGV unit prototype that, when connected with similar units, forms a moving electric fence for animal grazing. Together, these units form a robotic system that is intended to solve the critical problem of lack of human capacity in herding and grazing. This approach employs topology optimization (TO) and finite element analysis (FEA) to lower the mass of a UGV unit and validate the design of its structural components. To our knowledge, no optimization of this type of UGV has been reported in the literature. Here, we present the results of a case study in which a set of four load cases served as a basis for the optimization of the UGV frame. Response surface analysis (RSA) was used to identify the worst load cases, while substructuring was used to allow for more detailed meshing of the frame portion that was subjected to TO. Thereby, we demonstrate that the prototype of the UGV unit can be built using standard parts and that TO and FEA can be efficiently used to optimize the load-carrying structure of such a specific vehicle.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":" 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141001102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Self-Diagnostic Opportunities for Battery Systems in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 电动汽车和混合动力汽车电池系统的自我诊断机会

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050324

Szabolcs Kocsis Szürke, Gergo Sütheö, Péter Őri, István Lakatos

{"title":"Self-Diagnostic Opportunities for Battery Systems in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","authors":"Szabolcs Kocsis Szürke, Gergo Sütheö, Péter Őri, István Lakatos","doi":"10.3390/machines12050324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050324","url":null,"abstract":"The number of battery systems is also growing significantly along with the rise in electric and hybrid car sales. Different vehicles use different types and numbers of batteries. Furthermore, the layout and operation of the control and protection electronics units may also differ. The research aims to develop an approach that can autonomously detect and localize the weakest cells. The method was validated by testing the battery systems of three different VW e-Golf electric vehicles. A wide-range discharge test was performed to examine the condition assessment and select the appropriate state of charge (SoC) for all three vehicles. On the one hand, the analysis investigated the cell voltage deviations from the average; the tests cover deviations of 0 mV, 12 mV, 60 mV, 120 mV, and 240 mV. On the other hand, the mean value calculation was used to filter out possible erroneous values. Another important aspect was examining the relationship between the state of charges (SoC) and the deviations. Therefore, the 10% step changes were tested to see which SoC level exhibited more significant voltage deviations. Based on the results, it was observed that there are differences between the cases, and the critical range is not necessarily at the lowest SoC level. Furthermore, the load rate (current) and time of its occurrence play an important role in the search for a faulty cell. An additional advantage of this approach is that the process currently being tested on the VW e-Golf can be relatively simply transferred to other types of vehicles. It can also be a very useful addition for autonomous vehicles, as it can self-test the cells in the system at low power consumption.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141001148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing Industrial Process Control: Integrating Intelligent Digital Twin Technology with Proportional-Integral-Derivative Regulators 增强工业过程控制：将智能数字孪生技术与比例-积分-微分调节器相结合

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050319

Austėja Dapkutė, V. Siozinys, Martynas Jonaitis, Mantas Kaminickas, M. Siozinys

引用次数: 0

Mechanics 4.0 and Mechanical Engineering Education 力学 4.0 和机械工程教育

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050320

Eusebio Jiménez López, Pablo Alberto Limon Leyva, Armando Ambrosio López, Francisco Javier Ochoa Estrella, Juan Delfín Vázquez, Baldomero Lucero Velázquez, Víctor Manuel Martínez Molina

{"title":"Mechanics 4.0 and Mechanical Engineering Education","authors":"Eusebio Jiménez López, Pablo Alberto Limon Leyva, Armando Ambrosio López, Francisco Javier Ochoa Estrella, Juan Delfín Vázquez, Baldomero Lucero Velázquez, Víctor Manuel Martínez Molina","doi":"10.3390/machines12050320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050320","url":null,"abstract":"Industry 4.0 is an industrial paradigm that is causing changes in form and substance in factories, companies and businesses around the world and is impacting work and education in general. In fact, the disruptive technologies that frame the Fourth Industrial Revolution have the potential to improve and optimize manufacturing processes and the entire value chain, which could lead to an exponential evolution in the production and distribution of goods and services. All these changes imply that the fields of engineering knowledge must be oriented towards the concept of Industry 4.0, for example, Mechanical Engineering. The development of various physical assets that are used by cyber-physical systems and digital twins is based on mechanics. However, the specialized literature on Industry 4.0 says little about the importance of mechanics in the new industrial era, and more importance is placed on the evolution of Information and Communication Technologies and artificial intelligence. This article presents a frame of reference for the importance of Mechanical Engineering in Industry 4.0 and proposes an extension to the concept of Mechanics 4.0, recently defined as the relationship between mechanics and artificial intelligence. To analyze Mechanical Engineering in Industry 4.0, the criteria of the four driving forces that defined mechanics in the Third Industrial Revolution were used. An analysis of Mechanical Engineering Education in Industry 4.0 is presented, and the concept of Mechanical Engineering 4.0 Education is improved. Finally, the importance of making changes to the educational models of engineering education is described.","PeriodicalId":509264,"journal":{"name":"Machines","volume":"26 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141005629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Novel Probabilistic Collision Detection for Manipulator Motion Planning Using HNSW 使用 HNSW 进行机械手运动规划的新型概率碰撞检测

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050321

Xiaofeng Zhang, Bo Tao, Du Jiang, Baojia Chen, Dalai Tang, Xin Liu

引用次数: 0

The Effect of a Ferromagnetic Steel Enclosure on Magnetic Shielding Systems: Analysis, Modeling, and Experimental Validation 铁磁钢外壳对磁屏蔽系统的影响：分析、建模和实验验证

Machines Pub Date : 2024-05-05 DOI: 10.3390/machines12050317

Yuan Cheng, Jiang Huang, Yaozhi Luo, Feng Lu

引用次数: 0